Compensator Basics
Compensator Basics
Compensator Fundmentals
Prof.H.T.Patil
Compensator
• A feedback control system that provides an optimum
performance without any necessary adjustment is rare.
• In CS1, you might have studied root locus method for
loop gain adjustment.
• To achieve the desired system response, it is possible to
adjust the system parameters but it is often not enough.
Compensator
• It is then required to reconsider the structure of the system
and redesign the system.
• In practice, if a system is to be designed as to meet the
required specifications, therefore, it is necessary to alter the
system by adding an external device to it.
• Compensator:
A compensator is an additional component or
circuit that is inserted into a control system to
equalize or compensate for a deficient
performance.
Compensator
• Necessities of compensation
A system may be unsatisfactory in :
●
Stability.
●
Speed of response.
●
Steady-state error.
• Thus the design of a system is concerned with the
alteration of the frequency response or the root locus of
the system in order to obtain a suitable system
performance.
Compensator Types
• Compensation schemes commonly used for
feedback control systems are:
– Series/Cascade Compensation
The flow of signal in such a series scheme is from lower energy level towards higher
energy level and requires more components.
Compensator Types
• Compensation schemes commonly used for
feedback control systems are:
– Feedback/ Parallel Compensation
The flow of signal in such a series scheme is from higher energy level towards lower
energy level and requires less components.
Compensator Types
• Compensation schemes commonly used for
feedback control systems are:
– Feed Forword Compensation
Compensator Types
• Compensation schemes commonly used for
feedback control systems are:
– SeriesFeedback Compensation
Compensator Types
• The choice between series compensation and parallel
compensation depends on:
– the nature of the signals
– the power levels at various points
– available components
– the designer’s experience
– economic considerations and so on.
Compensator Types
• Among the many kinds of compensators,
widely employed compensators are the
– lead compensators
– lag compensators
– lag–lead compensators
Compensator Types
• Lead compensators
– If a sinusoidal input is applied to the input of a
network, and the steadystate output (which is also
sinusoidal) has a phase lead, then the network is
called a lead network.
Compensator Types
• Lag compensators
– If the steadystate output has a phase lag, then the
network is called a lag network.
Compensator Types
• Lag–Lead compensators
– In a lag–lead network, both phase lag and phase
lead occur in the output but in different frequency
regions.
• Lead, Lag, and Lag–Lead compensators may
be realized by:
– Electronic devices such as circuits using
operational amplifiers
– Electrical Networks (RC networks)
– Mechanical Networks (SpringMassDamper
Networks).
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
If Z0 > P0 the compensator is known as Phaselag
Compensator
For a given S1 = б + jw , the transfer function angle given
by Өc = (Өzo− Өpo) is negative.
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
If Z0 < P0 the compensator is known as Phaselead
Compensator
For a given S1 = б + jw , the transfer function angle given
by Өc = (Өzo− ӨP0) is positive
Lead -Lag Compensator
Lead -Lag Compensator
Lead -Lag Compensator
This circuit looks like both the compensators are cascaded. So, the
transfer function of this circuit will be the product of transfer functions
of the lead and the lag compensators.
Comparision: Lead and Lag Compensator
● Lag: improves the steadystate performance
at the expense of slower settling time.
● Lead: improves the transient response.
● LeadLag: combines both
Compensation via Root Locus
• Performance measures in the time domain:
– Peak time;
– Overshoot;
– Settling time for a step input;
– Steadystate error for test inputs
K K
G(S ) = Add a Pole at -1
G(S ) =
S S ( S + 1)
Root Locus Root Locus
0.06 0.998 0.996 0.993 0.986 0.965 0.86 0.5 0.86 0.76 0.64 0.5 0.34 0.16
0.999 0.4
0.94
0.04
0.3
0.2
0.02 1 0.985
0.1
0 1
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Imag Axis 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0
-0.1
-0.02 1
0.985
-0.2
-0.04 -0.3
0.999 0.94
-0.4
-0.06 0.998 0.996 0.993 0.986 0.965 0.86 0.86 0.76 0.64 0.5 0.34 0.16
-0.5
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 -1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
Real Axis Real Axis
Effect of Addition of poles
K
G(S ) =
S ( S + 1)( S + 2)
Root Locus
3
0.93
2
0.98
1
Imag Axis
6 5 4 3 2 1
0
-1
0.98
-2
0.93
-3
-4
0.84
0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Real Axis
Effect of Addition of poles
Effect of Addition of Zeros on Root Locus
• The addition of a zero to the openloop transfer function has the
effect of pulling the root locus to the left, tending to make the
system more stable and to speed up the settling of the response.
• Physically, the addition of a zero in the feed forward transfer
function means the addition of derivative control to the system.
• The effect of such control is to introduce a degree of anticipation
into the system and speed up the transient response.
Effect of Addition of zeros
K Add a zero at -3 K ( S + 3)
G(S ) = G(S ) =
S ( S + 1) S ( S + 1)
Root Locus
0.8 Root Locus
0.84 0.72 0.58 0.44 0.3 0.14 2.5
0.96 0.92 0.85 0.74 0.56 0.3
0.6
2
0.92 0.982
0.4 1.5
0.98 1
0.2 0.996
Imaginary Axis
0.5
Imag Axis
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 8 6 4 2
0
-0.2 -0.5
0.98
0.996
-1
-0.4
0.92 -1.5
-0.6 0.982
-2
0.84 0.72 0.58 0.44 0.3 0.14 0.96 0.92 0.85 0.74 0.56 0.3
-0.8 -2.5
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Real Axis
Real Axis
Effect of Addition of zeros
K K ( S + 3)
G(S ) = Add a zero at -3 G(S ) =
S ( S + 1)( S + 2) S ( S + 1)( S + 2)
Root Locus
Root Locus
0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16
0.84
4 0.28 0.19 0.135 0.095 0.06 0.03 8
8
3 0.42 6
0.93 6
2
4
4
0.98
1 0.7
2
2
Imag Axis
Imag Axis
6 5 4 3 2 1
0
0
-1
0.98 -2
2
-2 0.7
-4
0.93 4
-3
-6
0.42 6
-4
0.84 -8
0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16 8
0.28 0.19 0.135 0.095 0.06 0.03
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
Real Axis Real Axis
Effect of Addition of zeros
Effect of Addition of zeros and poles