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Compensator Basics

The document discusses compensators, which are additional components added to a control system to improve performance. It describes several types of compensators, including lead, lag, and lag-lead compensators, which can be realized using electrical networks or other means. The key role of compensators is to modify the system dynamics and alter the frequency response or root locus to meet stability, response time, and error specifications. Compensator design involves choosing elements that place system poles and zeros in locations yielding the desired closed-loop response.

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harish9
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views

Compensator Basics

The document discusses compensators, which are additional components added to a control system to improve performance. It describes several types of compensators, including lead, lag, and lag-lead compensators, which can be realized using electrical networks or other means. The key role of compensators is to modify the system dynamics and alter the frequency response or root locus to meet stability, response time, and error specifications. Compensator design involves choosing elements that place system poles and zeros in locations yielding the desired closed-loop response.

Uploaded by

harish9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit­1

Compensator Fundmentals

Prof.H.T.Patil
Compensator
• A  feedback  control  system  that  provides  an  optimum 
performance without any necessary adjustment is rare.

• In  building  a  control  system,  we  know  that  proper 


modification of the plant dynamics may be a simple way 
to meet the performance specifications.

• This,  however,  may  not  be  possible  in  many  practical 


situations  because  the  plant  may  be  fixed  and  not 
modifiable. 

• Then  we  must  adjust  parameters  other  than  those  in 


the fixed plant.
Compensator

• In  CS­1,  you  might  have  studied  root  locus  method  for 
loop gain adjustment.

• To  achieve  the  desired  system  response,  it  is  possible  to 
adjust the system parameters but it is often not enough.
Compensator
• It is then required to reconsider the structure of the system 
and redesign the system.

• In  practice,  if  a  system  is  to  be  designed  as  to  meet  the 
required specifications, therefore, it is necessary to alter the 
system by adding an external device to it.

• Such a  redesign or  alteration of system  using an  additional 


suitable  device  is  called  compensation  of  a  control 
system.

• The  design  problems,  therefore,  become  those  of  improving 


system performance by insertion of a extrenal device call as 
Compensator.
Compensator

• Compensator: 
A  compensator  is    an  additional  component  or 
circuit  that  is  inserted  into  a  control  system  to 
equalize  or  compensate  for  a  deficient 
performance.
Compensator
• Necessities of compensation
A system may be unsatisfactory in :


Stability.

Speed of response.

Steady-state error.
• Thus  the  design  of  a  system  is  concerned  with  the 
alteration  of  the  frequency  response  or  the  root  locus  of 
the  system  in  order  to  obtain  a  suitable  system 
performance.
Compensator Types
• Compensation  schemes  commonly  used  for 
feedback control systems are:
– Series/Cascade Compensation

The flow of signal in such a series scheme is from lower energy level towards higher
energy level and requires more components.
Compensator Types
• Compensation  schemes  commonly  used  for 
feedback control systems are:
– Feedback/ Parallel Compensation

The flow of signal in such a series scheme is from higher energy level towards lower
energy level and requires less components.
Compensator Types
• Compensation  schemes  commonly  used  for 
feedback control systems are:
– Feed Forword Compensation
Compensator Types
• Compensation  schemes  commonly  used  for 
feedback control systems are:
– Series­Feedback  Compensation
Compensator Types
• The  choice  between  series  compensation  and  parallel 
compensation depends on: 

– the nature of the signals 

– the power levels at various points

– available components

– the designer’s experience

–  economic considerations  and so on.
Compensator Types
• Among  the  many  kinds  of  compensators, 
widely employed compensators are the

– lead compensators

– lag compensators

– lag–lead compensators
Compensator Types

• Lead compensators
– If  a  sinusoidal  input  is  applied  to  the  input  of  a 
network, and the steady­state output (which is also 
sinusoidal)  has  a  phase  lead,  then  the  network  is 
called a lead network.
Compensator Types

• Lag compensators
– If the steady­state output has a phase lag, then the 
network is called a lag network.
Compensator Types

• Lag–Lead compensators
– In  a  lag–lead  network,  both  phase  lag  and  phase 
lead  occur  in the  output  but in  different  frequency 
regions.

– Phase  lag  occurs  in  the  low­frequency  region  and 


phase lead occurs in the high­frequency region.
Compensator Types

• Lead, Lag, and Lag–Lead compensators may 
be realized by: 

– Electronic devices such as circuits using 
operational amplifiers 

–  Electrical Networks (RC networks)

– Mechanical Networks (Spring­Mass­Damper 
Networks).
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator
Lag Compensator

If Z0 > P0 the compensator is known as Phase­lag 
Compensator

For a given S1 = б + jw , the transfer function angle given 
by Өc = (Өzo− Өpo) is negative.
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator
Lead Compensator

If Z0 < P0 the compensator is known as Phase­lead 
Compensator

For a given S1 = б + jw , the transfer function angle given 
by Өc = (Өzo− ӨP0) is positive
Lead -Lag Compensator
Lead -Lag Compensator
Lead -Lag Compensator
This  circuit  looks  like  both  the  compensators  are  cascaded.  So,  the 
transfer function of this circuit will be the product of transfer functions 
of the lead and the lag compensators.
Comparision: Lead and Lag Compensator

● Lag:  improves the steady­state performance 
at the expense of slower settling time.
● Lead:  improves the transient response.

● Lead­Lag:  combines both
Compensation via Root Locus
• Performance measures in the time domain: 

– Peak time;

– Overshoot;

– Settling time for a step input;

– Steady­state error for test inputs

These  performance  specifications  can  be  defined  in 


terms  of  the  desirable  location  of  the  poles  and  zeros  of 
the closed­loop.
Root  locus  method  can  be  used  to  find  a  suitable 
compensator  Gc(s)  so  that  the  resultant  root  locus 
results in the desired closed­loop root configuration.  
Effect of Addition of Poles on Root Locus

• The  addition  of  a  pole  to  the  open­loop  transfer  function 


has the effect of pulling the root locus to the right, tending 
to  lower  the  system’s  relative  stability  and  to  slow  down 
the settling of the response.
Effect of Addition of poles

K K
G(S ) = Add a Pole at -1
G(S ) =
S S ( S + 1)
Root Locus Root Locus
0.06 0.998 0.996 0.993 0.986 0.965 0.86 0.5 0.86 0.76 0.64 0.5 0.34 0.16

0.999 0.4
0.94
0.04
0.3

0.2
0.02 1 0.985

0.1

0 1
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Imag Axis 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0

-0.1
-0.02 1
0.985
-0.2

-0.04 -0.3
0.999 0.94
-0.4
-0.06 0.998 0.996 0.993 0.986 0.965 0.86 0.86 0.76 0.64 0.5 0.34 0.16
-0.5
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 -1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
Real Axis Real Axis
Effect of Addition of poles

K
G(S ) =
S ( S + 1)( S + 2)
Root Locus

0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16


0.84
4

3
0.93
2

0.98
1
Imag Axis

6 5 4 3 2 1
0

-1
0.98

-2
0.93
-3

-4
0.84
0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Real Axis
Effect of Addition of poles
Effect of Addition of Zeros on Root Locus
• The  addition  of  a  zero  to  the  open­loop  transfer  function  has  the 
effect  of  pulling  the  root  locus  to  the  left,  tending  to  make  the 
system more stable and to speed up the settling of the response.

• Physically,  the  addition  of  a  zero  in  the  feed  forward  transfer 
function means the addition of derivative control to the system.

• The  effect  of  such  control  is  to  introduce  a  degree  of  anticipation 
into the system and speed up the transient response.
Effect of Addition of zeros

K Add a zero at -3 K ( S + 3)
G(S ) = G(S ) =
S ( S + 1) S ( S + 1)

Root Locus
0.8 Root Locus
0.84 0.72 0.58 0.44 0.3 0.14 2.5
0.96 0.92 0.85 0.74 0.56 0.3
0.6
2
0.92 0.982

0.4 1.5

0.98 1
0.2 0.996
Imaginary Axis

0.5

Imag Axis
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 8 6 4 2
0

-0.2 -0.5
0.98
0.996
-1
-0.4
0.92 -1.5

-0.6 0.982
-2

0.84 0.72 0.58 0.44 0.3 0.14 0.96 0.92 0.85 0.74 0.56 0.3
-0.8 -2.5
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Real Axis
Real Axis
Effect of Addition of zeros

K K ( S + 3)
G(S ) = Add a zero at -3 G(S ) =
S ( S + 1)( S + 2) S ( S + 1)( S + 2)

Root Locus
Root Locus
0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16
0.84
4 0.28 0.19 0.135 0.095 0.06 0.03 8
8
3 0.42 6
0.93 6
2
4
4
0.98
1 0.7
2
2
Imag Axis

Imag Axis
6 5 4 3 2 1
0
0
-1
0.98 -2
2
-2 0.7
-4
0.93 4
-3
-6
0.42 6
-4
0.84 -8
0.74 0.6 0.46 0.3 0.16 8
0.28 0.19 0.135 0.095 0.06 0.03
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
Real Axis Real Axis
Effect of Addition of zeros
Effect of Addition of zeros and poles

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