1.

INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER –I

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL:

This chapter briefly outlines the motivation for this work and explains why
research in this area is of interest to human beings. It focuses on aspects of the
traditional adobe, characteristics of the raw material and why they are important
for human needs. It also focuses on the need for development to face new
requirementsand the need to understand the properties of building materials to
increase the strength and durability of earth blocks against destructive effects. This
is very important towards a more sustainable construction of walling and buildings.

Human civilization has its origin before 6000 years ago, the mesapatomian
Civilization the ancient civilization in the world and they are the first peoples to
live in a masonry buildings. Peoples used the locally available material to make
the masonry buildings. They used the alluvial soil which was deposited on the
banks of river Euphrates and Tigris to dwell on the banks of the rivers. This is the
reason why the ancient civilizations were found on the banks of the river.

In the case of the rocky and the huge mountains the stones were used as
material to build the masonry, the best example is the pyramids build by the
Egyptians on the rocky borders of the Nile River. The next great example on the
eastern side of our earth is the Great Wall of China which is standing bravely still
today. The great structure has a good life because of the usage of the lime as a
binding material. The reason for the origin of the civilization on the banks of the
river is that the availability of the material easily.

2
 Table 1.1 Ancient Building Materials

MATERIAL PERIOD

Mud,stones,wood/thatch Prior 8000 BC

Sun dried bricks 6000 BC

Pottery products 4000 – 8000 BC

Burnt bricks 4000 BC

Lime 3000 BC

Lime – pozzolana cement 300 BC – 476 AD

Portland cement 1824 AD

The Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro is one of the civilization which has the
utilization of the alluvial and the red soil on the banks of the river Indus and the
building made from the red soil and the usage of the lime has its fragments till
today, the great bath belonging to the same civilization is the best example for the
environmental safety measures did by our ancestors

3
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

 To study the material property of brick made using granite dust and
vermiculite
 In order to dispose the hazardous waste such as granite dust
 Brick made using this material shows good properties than the normal brick

1.3 PROPOSED STUDY:

Our aim is to utilize the hazardous and waste material such as GRANITE
DUST and VERMICULITE along with normal soil used to manufacture bricks.
Totally about 3 categories of bricks are fabricated .first category is purely with
granite dust and normal soil. Second category is purely with vermiculite and
normal soil . And the third category is mixer of both granite dust and vermiculite
along with the normal soil .

In each of this case about 4 proportions are made (i.e) 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%
along with soil respectively and also a set of normal control brick is also
fabricated

4
2. BRICKS AND TYPES OF BRICK

5
2.1 BRICKS

A brick is a block or a single unit of a kneaded Clay-bearing soil, sand

and lime, or concrete material, fire hardened or air dried, used in masonry
construction. Fired brick are the most numerous type and are laid in courses and
numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively known as brickwork, and may be
laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to make a durable
structure.

Brick is inherent with excellent fire resistance. A 100 mm brickwork with

12.5 mm normal plastering will provide a fire-resistance of 2 hours and a 200 mm
non-plastered brickwork will give a maximum rating of 6 hours for non-load
bearing purposes. Brick can support considerable load even when heated to
1000oC in contrast to concrete wall at only up to 450oC due to loss of water of
hydration It is a fact that the non-combustibility of brick helps to promote its use in
building houses against fire. There have been numerous examples in the past that
people chose to use bricks for their houses after a devastating fire that burned
down the whole city. Perhaps the most famous instance is the great London Fire in
1666, after which the rebuilding was largely done if not entirely in brick.

6
 Figure: 2.1 Brick

Table 2.1 Constituent of Normal Brick

MATERIAL PROPORTION

Silica (sand) 50% to 60% by weight

Alumina (clay) 20% to 30% by weight

Lime 2 to 5% by weight

Iron oxide ≤ 7% by weight

Magnesia less than 1% by weight

7
 Two most basic categories of brick are fired and non-fired brick. Fired brick
are one of the longest lasting.

2.2 TYPES OF BRICKS

Bricks are usually classified into two categories based on the two aspects
(i.e) Method of manufacturing and quality

2.2.1 Based on Method

1. Sun dried bricks

2. Burnt or pucca bricks

2.2.1.1 Sun Dried Bricks

The bricks are dried in sun light after moulding .These bricks have
low crushing strength. Hence these are used in the temporary structures

2.2.1.2 Burnt or Pucca Bricks

Burnt bricks are burnt in kilns or clamps. These bricks have high
crushing strength. Hence these are used for all construction works.

8
2.2.2 Based on Quality

1. First class brick

2. Second class brick
3. Third class brick
4. Fourth class brick

2.2.2.1 First Class Brick

These bricks are table –moulded and burnt in kilns . A first class
brick should be free from cracks or lumps. It should be of standard size and shape
straight and smooth

2.2.2.2 Second Class Brick

These bricks are ground-moulded and burnt in kilns. These are

slightly irregular in shape, rough, chipped or may have surface crack

2.2.2.3 Third Class Brick

These bricks are ground –moulded and burnt in clamps .These are not
hard . These have rough and irregular edges. They give a dull sound

2.2.2.4 Fourth Class Brick

These bricks are over-burnt bricks with irregular shape and dark
colour. These are used as aggregate for concrete in foundations, floors etc.

9
2.3 BRICK SIZES

Table:2.2 Different Sizes of Brick

Standard Imperial Metric

Australia 9 × 4⅓ × 3 inch 230 × 110 × 76 mm

Denmark 9 × 4¼ × 2¼ inch 228 × 108 × 54 mm

Germany 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ inch 240 × 115 × 71 mm

India 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ inch 228 × 107 × 69 mm

Romania 9 × 4¼ × 2½ inch 240 × 115 × 63 mm

Russia 10 × 4¾ × 2½ inch 250 × 120 × 65 mm

United Kingdom 8½ × 4 × 2½ inch 215 × 102.5 × 65mm

South Africa 8¾ × 4 × 3 inch 222 × 106 × 73 mm

Sweden 10 × 4¾ × 2½ inch 250 × 120 × 62 mm

United States 7⅝ × 3⅝ × 2¼ inch 194 × 92 × 57 mm

2.4 MATERIALS USED:

1. Red soil
2. Black soil
3. Clay soil
4. Granite dust
5. Vermiculite

10
2.4.1 Red Soil

Red soil is any of a group of soils that develop in a warm, temperate, moist
climate under deciduous or mixed forests and that have thin organic and organic-
mineral layers overlying a yellowish-brown leached layer resting on an illuvial (see
illuviation) red layer. Red soils generally form from iron-rich sedimentary rock

Table:2.3. Engineering Properties of Soil

Parameters Composition

Bulk density 1.18 mg/m3

Particle density 2.65 mg/m3

Porosity 44.2%

PH 5.9
EC (Soluble salt content) 0.63dSm-1
Calcium 0.14%
Magnesium 0.07%
Sulphur 0.07%
Ferric oxides 0.94%
Aluminum 0.11%
Copper 0.06%
Manganese 0.31%
Zinc 0.05%
Silicon 8.2%

11
 Figure: 2.2 Red Soil

2.4.2 Clay Soil

Clay is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or

more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Clays are
plastic due to their water content and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon
drying or firing

Figure :2.3 Clay Soil

12
2.4.3 Black Soil

Among the in situ soils of India, black soil are found in the lava-covered
areas are the most conspicuous. These soils are often referred to be popularly
known as “black cotton soils,” since cotton has been the most common traditional
crop in areas where they are found. Black soils are derivatives of trap lava and are
spread mostly across interior Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya
Pradesh

Figure:2.4 Black Soil

2.4.4 Granite Dust

Granite dust are nothing but the left over fragments of granite which are very
fine pozzolin material this material is very similar to flour . This material is highly
hazardous it could cause various disease which are mentioned below

13
 Lungs cancer
 Sever cough
 Epidermal diseases
 Chocking of lungs

This material will also chock up the pores of soil and does not allow
water to peculate into the ground , As this material is a very fine material as
it mix up in air it can cause severe effects during locomotion and cause
respiratory diseases .

Figure :2.5 Granite Dust

14
2.4.5 Vermiculite

Vermiculite is a hydrous phyllosilicatemineral , Vermiculite is the

geological name given to a group of hydrated laminar minerals which are
aluminum-iron-magnesium silicates, resembling mica in appearance. Vermiculite
is a safe inert material and is light in colour. The exfoliation process converts the
dense flakes of ore into lightweight porous granules containing innumerable
minute air layers. Vermiculite are higher denser material than balsa wood which is
widely used in foreign nations for prototype model of buildings and bridges

Table :2.4 Chemical Composition

Chemical Analysis

Silicon (SiO2) 39.4%

Magnesium (MgO) 25.2%

Aluminium (Al2O3) 8.8%

Potassium (K2O) 4.5%

Iron (Fe2O3) 4.0%

Calcium (CaO) 1.8%

Carbonate (CO2) 1.4%

Titanium (TiO2) 0.8%

Fluorine (F) 0.5%

15
2.5 COMMERCIAL USE:

 As a soil conditioner: Where the native soil is heavy or sticky, gentle

mixing of vermiculite up to one-half the volume of the soil is recommended
 As an additive to fireproof wallboard
 Light-weight insulate concrete
 Soilless growing media: exfoliated vermiculite is combined with other
materials such as peat or composted pine bark compost to produce soilless
growing media for the professional horticulturalist

Figure :2.6 Vermiculite

16
2.6 ADVANTAGES OF OUR BRICK

 By using vermiculite weight of each brick shall be reduced

 Since granite dust is a hazardous material using that in brick would reduce
adverse effects on mankind
 Since vermiculite consists of more micro silica particals compressive
strength of brick units shall be higher when compared to normal
conventional bricks
 Vermiculite is high denser material and also after heating it becomes
stronger than the normal one
 This method influence the diposal of hazardous waste

17
3. REVIEW OF LITRATURE

18
 1. INFLUENCE OF EXPANDED VERMICULITE ON PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CLAY
BRICKS
 MucahitSutcu,

Abstract
Porous clay bricks lightened by adding 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt. % expanded
vermiculite have been fabricated by semi-dry pressing process. The expanded
vermiculite (in Yildizeli, Sivas, Turkey) was used as an additive into a brick raw
material to produce the porosity. Chemical composition, phase identification,
thermal behaviour and microstructure of the raw materials were analysed by XRF,
XRD, TGA and SEM, respectively. The brick mixtures containing vermiculite at
different proportions were formed, dried and then fired at 900 and 1000 °C for two
hours. Properties such as drying and firing shrinkages, loss on ignition, bulk
density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and
microstructure of the samples were determined. It is found that the use of expanded
vermiculite addition reduced the bulk density of the samples containing 10 wt.%
additive down from 1.76 to 1.34 g/cm3. It was observed that their porosity ratios up
to 45% improved with increasing of vermiculite addition, whereas their
compressive strengths (min. 14 MPa) decreased. However, their strengths were still
quite higher than that of required by the standards. Thermal conductivity of the
porous samples with vermiculite of 10% decreased from 0.96 to 0.65 W/mK by
raising porosity, which corresponds to a reduction of 32% compared to the
reference sample. Increasing of the firing temperature also affected their
mechanical and physical properties. In consequence, this study revealed that the
brick samples produced with vermiculite addition could be used as an insulating
material in construction applications.

19
 2. PROPERTIES OF BRICKS MADE USING FLY ASH, QUARRY DUST
AND BILLET SCALE
 Alaa A. Shakir,
 SivakumarNaganathan, ,
 Kamal Nasharuddin Mustapha

Abstract
This paper reports the findings of an investigation done on bricks made
using fly ash (FA), quarry dust (QD), and billet scale (BS) by non conventional
method. The procedure for producing the bricks includes mixing the constituents
along with cement and water, and then forming the bricks within moulds without
applying pressure over them. Unlike the traditional method of brick manufacturing,
the new approach neither uses clay or shale nor requires high pressure on mould or
high temperature kiln firing having remarkable environmental and ecological gain.
Results for mechanical properties and durability were rewarding and promising.
The optimum ratio of billet scale and fly ash is found to be 1:1, billet scale and
quarry dust is 1:1. It is indicated that the bricks developed in this study can be used
as an alternative to conventional bricks.

20
 3.USE OF GRANITE SAWING WASTES IN THE PRODUCTION OF
CERAMIC BRICKS AND TILES
 Romualdo R. Menezesa, , ,
 Heber S. Ferreirab, ,
 Gelmires A. Nevesb, ,
 Helio de L. Lirab, ,
 Heber C. Ferreirab,

Abstract
Granite process industry generates a large amount of wastes, which pollute
and damage the environment. This work aims to characterize and evaluate the
possibilities of using the granite sawing wastes, generated by the process industries
from Paraiba State, Brazil, as alternative ceramic raw materials in the production
of ceramic bricks and tiles. Samples of granite sawing wastes were collected from
companies located in Paraiba State. Their characterization were carried out with
the determination of density, particle size distribution, surface area (BET),
chemical composition, and by DTA, TGA, XRD, and SEM. In a second part of the
work, tests in ceramic compositions were conducted in order to evaluate the
suitability of addition of wastes in ceramic compositions used in the production of
ceramic bricks and tiles. The results showed that the granite wastes have physical
and mineralogical characteristics that were similar to those of conventional
ceramic raw materials. The ceramic bodies produced from reformulated ceramic
compositions had technological characteristics in agreement with the Brazilian
standardizations for ceramic bricks and tiles.

21
4. EDAX TEST AND GRAPH

22
4.1 GRANITE DUST

Granite dust has been collect at a granite quarry near Madurai and the
sample has been test at “GANDHIGRAM RURAL INISTITUE’’on 15.1.2015in
order to analyze the material property and the composition. The test reports are as
follows

Figure :4.1 EDAX Analysis Of Granite Dust

23
 Graph:4.2 Composition Analysis Graph

Table:4.1 Composition

EI AN Series C norm C Atom C Error ( 1 sigma )

( wt ) ( wt ) ( at ) ( wt )

O 8 K- series 57.11 51.02 62.24 7.84

SI 14 K- series 30.72 27.44 19.07 1.40

C 6 K- series 5.00 4.47 7.26 1.66

AL 13 K- series 9.55 8.53 6.17 0.52

K 19 K- series 6.38 5.70 2.84 0.23

24
5. METHODOLOGY

25
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICK

Brick has been casted in a brick casting unit named STAR BRICKS at
Batlagundu near Dindigul.

Figure : 5.1 Manufacturing Process Of Bricks

26
5.1 MINING

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials

from the earth. In this term it represents the excavation of soil which is required to
fabricate bricks. Machines like JCB etc. are used to excavate soil . Here since it is a
less quantity we are using hand dowels

Figure :5.2 Mining

5.2 STORAGE

Storage here refers to the storing of excavated soil which is required to

fabricate the bricks. While storing usually along with the soil required amount
water for fabricating the bricks is also added to the soil sample . Usually no
27
warehouses are preferred for storing. It is stored in barren land and it is covered
by polythene sheets in order to avoid any dust particles to mix up with it .

Figure :5.3 Storage

5.3 SIZE REDUCTION

Size reduction is third step or process in fabrication of brick. It is the

process of crushing or smashing the huge blocks of soil mass into small
fragments. This is done in order to have uniformity or in order to avoid the
blocking while fabricating bricks .Incase of manual size reduction process it is
kept under feet of men or cattle after adding water

28
 5.4 SCREENING

Screening is the process removal of debris or vegetative material from the

soil which is stored. These agents could cause adverse effects such as cracks in
bricks. It also creates a wet atmosphere around the soil while heating the bricks,

Figure 5.4 a Screening process

Screening is a important process usually these are done on direct

observation such naked eye examination.

29
5.5 FORMING AND CUTTING

It is important stage in fabrication process . This stage involves in

convention of moist soil into a well mouldedblock . Once it is converted into a
well moulded block, it is cutted into bricks of standard size. There are various
methods available in cutting of bricks such as machine cut ,wier cut and manual
cut.

Figure:5.4 Cutting Process Of Brick

Here after the bricks comes from the mouth ,it should be cutted into each
unit for that a hydraulic hand piston is used as shown in figure .

30
 Figure:5.5 Brick Which Are Separated As Each Units

5.6 DRYING

Just like concrete, clay bricks also should be kept un disturbed for 28 days.
But clay bricks should be kept in a dry place where there is a direct influence of
sun light is there. While drying specimen should kept in place away from water
.because drying process influence the strength of brick to a greater extend .

Figure :5.6 Drying Of Bricks

31
5.7 FIRING AND COOLING

After 28 days of drying process now the fabricated bricks are taken for firing
process . Bricks are kept at an optimum temperature (i.e) about 900 to 1100 c .for 5
days . As mentioned early drying and firing process is the most important process
since it influence the strength of brick to a greater extend . Bricks are kept at the
same temperature for with undisturbed . After 5days of firing bricks are then
cooled for certain days or hours depending upon the climatic condition .

Figure: 5.7 Place Where Bricks Are Fired

32
5.8 STORAGE AND SHIPPING

Shipping is process of transporting the fired brick from casting to the area
where bricks are kept in a safety manner. There are some criteria about the area
where the brick should be stored . The area should be free from water , it should
free from salty saline environment .while storing bricks should arranged in an
order so that there is no collision of brick that could cause damages. In early days
bulls and human beings are used for transporting purpose but now adays motor
vehicles are widely used .

Figure:5.8 Brick Which Are Arranged After Fabrication

33
Figure:5.9 Storage

34
6. TEST AND REPORTS

35
6.1 TEST FOR BRICK

As per IS 3495 (PART 1 - 4) , there are certain methods and procedures

adopted for testing a burnt bricks .Methods are as follows

 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 WATER ABSORPTION
 EFFLORESCENCE

In addition to the above test, there are certain visual tests available to test the
brick such as

 SHAPE AND SIZE

 SOUND TEST
 COLOUR TEST

6.1.1 Compressive Strength

There samples for each categories are taken and are tested in UTM.
The results are given below results shown are average values.

36
 Figure: 6.1 Compression Test

6.1.2 Test Result of Vermiculite

Table:6.1 Comparative Result For Vermiculite

S.No Proportion Strength (MPa)

1 10% 9.47
2 20% 9.27
3 30% 8.57
4 40% 8.17

37
 vermiculite
12

10
strength (MPa)

6
vermiculite
4

0
Control 10% 20% 30% 40%
proportions of vermiculite

Graph: 6.2 . Compressive Strength Of Vermiculite

6.1.3 TEST RESULT OF GRANITE DUST

Table: 6.2 Comparative Result For Granite Dust

S.No Proportion Strength (Mpa)

1 10% 11.17
2 20% 12.67
3 30% 10.67
4 40% 10.17

38
 Graph:6.3 Compressive Strength Result Of Granite Dust

6.1.4TEST RESULT OF GRANITE DUST & VERMICULITE

Table:6.3 Comparative Result For Granite Dust And Vermiculite Mixer

S.No Proportion Strength (Mpa)

1 10% 10.37
2 20% 11.17
3 30% 11.5
4 40% 10.1

39
 12

11.5

strength (MPa)
11

10.5
GRANITE DUST AND
VERMICULITE
10

9.5

9
Control 10% 20% 30% 40%

proportions of granite dust& vermiculite

Graph:6.4 Compressive Strength Of Granite Dust & Vermiculite

Graph:6.5 Comparative Result Analysis From Graph 2,3,4

40
 From this graph it is came to know that GRANITE DUST 20% (12.67 Mpa)
shows higher value of compressive strength when compared all other proportions.

6.2 WATER ABSORPTION

Procedure

1.Take the weight of the brick (W1).

2.Immerse the brick in the cold water contained in the container for 24
hours with temperature 27oC

3.Take out the samples from water , Let it be kept aside for 3 minutes.

4.Then take the weight of the brick including moisture content (W2).

5.The water absorption can be calculated by the following formula

Water absorption = [(W2-W1)/W1] *100

Figure:6.6 Water Absorption

41
 Figure:6.7 Weighting Of Control Brick

6.2.1 TEST RESULTS OF GRANITE DUST

Table: 6.4 Test Results Of Granite Dust

Percentage of
S.NO Proportion W1 W2 water
absorption
1 10% 3.63 4.169 14.85

2 20% 3.71 4.076 9.87

3 30% 3.60 3.884 7.89

4 40% 3.57 3.849 7.82

42
 16

14

12
% water absorpotion

10

8
Percentage
6

0
10% 20% 30% 40%
proportion

Graph:6.8 Test Results Of Granite Dust

In the above case the proportion with 10% of granite dust shows higher
water absorption. But increase in % of granite dust , decreases the water absorption
rate.

43
6.2.2 TEST RESULT OF VERMICULITE

Table:6.5 Test Report Of Vermiculite

Percentage of
S.NO Proportion W1 W2 water
absorption
1 10% 3.36 3.605 7.29

2 20% 3.33 3.810 14.41

3 30% 3.40 3.945 16.03

4 40% 3.27 3.730 26.39

30

25
%water absorpotion

20

15
Percentage
10

0
10% 20% 30% 40%
proportion

Graph:6.9 Water Absorption Test Result Of Vermiculite

44
6.2.3 TEST REPORT OF GRANITE DUST AND VERMICULITE

Table:6.6 Test Result Of Granite Dust And Vermiculite

S.NO Proportion W1 W2 Percentage

1 10% 3.23 3.620 9.04

2 20% 3.07 3.676 14.90

3 30% 3.21 3.740 18.00

20
18
16
14
% water absorpotion

12
10
8 Percentage

6
4
2
0
10% 20% 30%
proportion

Graph:6.10 Test Report Of Granite Dust And Vermiculite

45
6.3 EFFLORESCENCE

This test should be conducted in a well ventilated room. The brick is

placed vertically in a dish 30 cm x 20 cm approximately in size with 2.5 cm
immersed in distilled water. The whole water is allowed to be absorbed by the
brick and evaporated through it. After the bricks appear dry, a similar quantity of
water is placed in the dish, and the water is allowed to evaporate as before. The
brick is to be examined after the second evaporation and reported as follows:

 Nil: When there is no perceptible deposit of salt

 Slight: When not more than 10% of the area of brick is covered with salt

 Moderate: When there is heavy deposit covering 50% of the area of the
brick but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface.
 Heavy: When there is heavy deposit covering more than 50% of the area
of the brick accompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface.

 Serious: When there is heavy deposit of salts accompanied by

powdering and/or flaking of the surface and this deposition tends
to increase in the repeated wetting of the specimen

46
 Figure:6.11 Efflorescence

Specimen with granite dust shows a this kind of efflorescence as shown in

above figure . It falls under HEAVY efflorescence .

Other categories shows slight and moderate efflorescence

Figure:6.12 With Slight And Moderate Efflorescence

47
 Apart from the above test from IS 3495 there are certain visual test (field
test) , in order toidentify the quality of the brick . Such are mentioned below

 COLOUR
 SIZE AND SHAPE
 SOUNDNESS

 STRUCTURE
 HARDNESS
 TOLERENCE

Since it is visual test there is no apparent standards are values to do these

test. Only visual evidence

6.4 COLOUR

In a random manner about two bricks are taken from each composition and
are tested for colour . The brick should be in red hot colour , if so the brick pass in
colour test . since all bricks are made at the same location , with the same soil all of
our sample pass the colour test . Except two sample (i.e) vermiculite and mixer of
vermiculite and granite dust . These two sample shows some shinning patches on
brick due to the addition of vermiculite which is a shinning material .

48
 Figure:6.13 Colour Test Of Brick

In the below figure , the red colour box shows the shinning patches in the
samples of vermiculite and mixer of granite dust and vermiculite . This shinning
material does not affect the material property or material strength in any aspect

Figure:6.14 Brick With Vermiculite

49
Example of uncoloured brick

Figure:6.15

6.5 SOUNDNESS

In a random mannertwo bricks are taken, one in each hand, and they are
struck with each other lightly. A brick of good quality should not break and a clear
ringing sound should be produced.

6.6 HARDNESS

In this test, a scratch is made on brick surface with the help of a finger nail.
If no impression is left on the surface, brick is treated as to be sufficiently hard.

50
 Figure:6.16 Hardness

The above figure shows that our material made up of granite dust fails in
hardness test since there is impression of nail which was made while testing .

6.7 SIZE AND SHAPE

Brick casted should be of standard size as per IS codal provision 190*90*90

mm , this is an essential criteria in the case of brick . Brick casted should have
sharp edges and the surface of the smooth enough .if a brick fails in the above
criteria then the bricks named as un quality brick

Since all our are casted from same mould , all the categories of our bricks
passes the test .

51
 Figure:6.17 Brick With Sharp Edges

Figure:6.18 Brick With Smooth Finish

EXAMPLES OF GOOD BRICK

Figure:6.19 Example Of Good Brick

52
6.8 WEIGHTCOMPARISON

Table 6.7 Weight Comparison Of Granite Dust

S.NO Proportion Weight

1 Control 3.501
2 10% 3.63
3 20% 3.71
4 30% 3.60
5 40% 3.565

Graph:6.20 Weight Comparison Of Granite Dust

53
 Table:6.8 Weight Comparison Of Vermiculite

S.NO Proportion Weight

1 Control 3.501
2 10% 3.36
3 20% 3.33
4 30% 3.40
5 40% 3.70

Graph:6.21 Weight Comparison Of Vermiculite

54
 Table:6.9 Weight Comparison Of Granite & Vermiculite

S.NO Proportion Weight

1 Control 3.501
2 10% 3.225
3 20% 3.110
4 30% 3.505

Graph:6.22 Weight Comparison Of Granite & Vermiculite

55
Graph:6.23 Weight Comparison For All Categories

56
7.CONCLUSION

From the above test reports , these are the following conclusions made

 Due to addition vermiculite the weight of the brick is drastically reduced

(i.e) weight of ordinary brick is 5.500kg but vermiculite brick is 5.200kg
(average values)
 Due to the addition of granite dust water absorption is reduced
 While in compression test granite 20% shows higher value of about (12.67
N/mm2 )
 In the case granite dust & vermiculite this composition shows very good
properties compared to normal brick.

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 REFERENCES:

1. Ashish Kumar Parashar*, Rinku Parashar , July 2012 “Comparative

Study of Compressive Strength of Bricks Made With Various Materials
to Clay Bricks” International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications
2. K.Venugopla, Dr .V. Prabhu Raj G. Sreekanjana Basic Civil And
Mechanical Engineering
3. Dean Still Aprovecho Research Center 2003 “Making Insulative Clay
Combustion Chambers”
4. Fetravenyriza , Ismail Abdul Rahman, Ahmad Muhajid Ahmad Zaidi
(2001), Preliminary Study Of Compressed Stabilized Bricks (CSEB),
Australian Journal Of Basic And Applied Sciences.
5. IS 1528 (Part 15) :2007 Iso 5017:1998methods Of Sampling And
Physical Tests For Refractory Materials
6. IS 3495: 1992methods Of Tests Of Burnt Clay Building Bricks
Part 1 Determination Of Compressive Strength
Part 2 Determination Of Water Absorption
Part 3 Determination Of Efflorescence

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