Dynamics of Machines Lab Manual
Dynamics of Machines Lab Manual
Dynamics of Machines Lab Manual
(ME 304P)
Laboratory Manual
Procedure:
1. Fix the spring to the stud
2. Attach the mass holder to the bottom of the spring
3. Note the initial reading
4. Attach different masses to the spring and note down the deflection
respectively
5. Find out the spring stiffness
6. With weight attached to the spring, give slight deflection to the mass so
that the spring mass system starts to vibrate longitudinally
7. Note down the number of oscillations in 10 seconds
8. Repeat the experiment with different springs and different masses
Observation Table:
Sr. Number of turns Attached Initial Number of Average
No. of spring Mass (kg) Deflection Oscillations Experimental
(m) in 10 s Frequency
Calculations:
Spring Deflection: =_________________________m
ଵ
Theoretical Frequency of Oscillations: ݂௧ = ଶగ ට=__________________Hz
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What do you mean by natural frequency of a system? What is its
significance?
2. What components must be essentially present in a system to undergo
vibrations?
3. How does mass affect the natural frequency of the spring-mass system?
4. What are the sources of damping in the current experimental system?
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Practical-2
Procedure:
1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the beam
2. Grip one end of the shaft at the bracket by the chuck
3. Fix the rotor on the other end of the shaft
4. Twist the rotor on the other end of the shaft
5. Note the number of oscillations in 10 seconds
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of the shaft
Observation Table:
Sr. Shaft Length, L (m) Number of Average
No. Oscillations in Experimental
10 s Frequency (fexp)
ଵ
Theoretical Frequency of Oscillations: ݂௧ = ଶగ ට ூ =__________________Hz
Where,
గௗర
J = Polar moment of Inertia of the shaft =
ଷଶ
=__________________
d = Shaft Diameter = 3 mm
Result Table:
Sr. Shaft Length L Average Experimental Theoretical Difference (%)
No. (m) Natural Frequency Natural
(fexp) Frequency
(fth)
Questions:
1. How do torsional vibrations differ from longitudinal vibrations?
2. Where do you find torsional vibrations in the real world?
3. How does mass of the disc affect the natural frequency of the single rotor
system?
4. What are the sources of damping in the current experimental system?
Aim: To determine the natural frequency for the two rotor system
Procedure:
1. Fix the shaft in the chucks of the two discs (rotors) A and B
2. Deflect the discs in opposite direction and release
3. Note down the number of oscillations in 10 s for both the rotors
4. Repeat the procedure with different pair of masses attached to the disc A
Observation Table:
Sr. Mass attached Number of Number of Average Average
No. to disc A, m1 Oscillations Oscillations Experimental Experimental
(kg) in 10 s for in 10 s for Frequency Frequency
rotor-A rotor-B (fexp) for Rotor (fexp) for
A Rotor B
Small Disc-A
Big Disc-B
Where,
L = Length of Shaft
ܫ ܫ
ܶ௧ = 2ߨඨ
ܭ௧ (ܫ + ܫ )
Where,
m = Mass of Disc
Result Table:
Sr. Mass Attached Average Experimental Theoretical Difference (%)
No. on Small Disc A Natural Frequency Natural
(m1) (fexp) Frequency
Rotor A Rotor B (fth) Rotor Rotor
A B
Conclusion:
Aim: To determine the Gyroscopic Couple and its effect on a rotating disc
Procedure:
1. Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame
2. Start the motor and increase the voltage with auto-transformer. Wait till
the disc attains constant speed
3. Put mass (0.3 kg, 0.6 kg and 1.2 kg) in the pan, and instantly start the stop-
watch to note the time taken to precess to 30°, 45° and 60°. Use the lap
function of the stop-watch
4. Use Tachometer to measure the Speed of the rotor
Observation Table:
Sr. Speed of the disc Mass placed in Angle of Time (t) s
No. (N) rpm the pan (m) kg Rotation θ
30°
45°
60°
30°
45°
60°
30°
45°
60°
Distance between the centre of the Disc and the centre of mass pan (L) = 0.15 m
Where,
where,
Theoretical Couple:
GCtheo = (mg)(L)
=_________________ Nm
Where,
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. Describe the behavior of Gyroscope when loaded with mass?
2. Sketch the Axis of Spin, Precession and Couple w.r.t. the apparatus?
3. How will you, ideally, use Stroboscope to measure the speed of a rotating
disc?
Procedure:
1. The setup consists of parallel plates, which can be rotated using a single
motor
2. Masses of different magnitude can be mounted on plates and the plates
can be rotated in order to study the effect of unbalance. The location of
mass placement will govern the type and magnitude of unbalance
3. Observe the system behavior for following mass placement. Also draw the
force and couple diagram:
a. One mass vertically downward on one plate
b. Both masses vertically downward on each plate
c. One mass vertically downward on one plate and other vertically
upward on the other plate
d. Two masses vertically downward and upward on one plate and the
same on the other plate
Note: Use masses of same magnitude for the demonstration. Also, place them at
equal radii
Observations:
Questions:
1. Differentiate Static and Dynamic Balance?
2. How can you transfer a force from one plane to another parallel plane
without altering the net effect on the system?
Balance the given system by adding suitable masses at suitable location (on outer
planes) for the following system
Also draw the force and couple diagram for the above data.
Procedure:
1. Ensure that the shaft is rigidly clamped by chucks on both ends; one fixed
and one with the rotor
2. Adjust the height of the cylinder filled with oil using the jack
3. Ensure that some amount of plate is dipped in the oil
4. Stick a paper on the cylinder with rotor. Also mount a pencil/ pen / sketch
pen on the pen-holder
5. Give angular defection to the cylinder attached to rotor and release it. It
will start to oscillate torsionally. Simultaneously release the pen from top
position such that it traces the oscillation curve on the paper.
Observation:
Obtain the distance between two consecutive peaks (X1 and X2) from the
oscillation curve:
X1 X2 δ
Average δ
Where,
గௗర
Ip = Polar Moment of Inertia of Shaft =
ଷଶ
=_________________
ௗమ
I = Moment of Inertia of Disc =
଼
= _________________
ݔ 2ߨߞ
ߜ = ln ൬ ൰=
ݔାଵ ඥ1 − ߞ ଶ
ζ =_________________
ܥ
ߞ=
ܥ
Thus, C = _________________ N/m/s
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What is damping? How does it affect the natural frequency of a system?
2. What is the natural frequency of a critically damped system?
3. Describe the working of a suspension system of a motorcycle?
4. What are the sources of damping in the current experimental system?
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Practical-8
Aim: To plot the characteristics for the forced damped vibrations for the given
system
Procedure:
1. Ensure the beam is mounted correctly
2. Check the damper and spring
3. Adjust spring and damper to suitable value
4. Ensure the working of exciter assembly
5. Ensure the working of paper recorder. Check the mounting for pen/ pencil/
sketch pen
6. Measure the paper recorder speed
7. Measure the natural frequency of system
a. Turn on the paper recorder
b. Given deflection to the system. It will instantly get damped
c. Get the oscillations on the paper from paper recorder
d. Calculate the natural frequency (fn)
8. Measure the resonance frequency
a. Obtain the graphs of amplitudes from the paper recorder for various
speed of exciter (excitation or external frequency)
b. Plot the graph of Amplitude versus frequency and obtain the
frequency for maximum amplitude i.e. Resonance frequency (fr)
Results:
Natural Frequency of the system, fn = _______________
Conclusion:
Procedure:
1. Fix the required shaft at driving end.
2. Fix the bearing block at tail end. Secure the shaft
3. Start the motor. Slowly increase the speed of the shaft.
4. Observe the behavior of the shaft at various speeds.
5. At certain speed you may require to support the shaft with hand.
Observations:
(Write in detail regarding the behavior of shaft at various speeds)
Aim:
1. To determine the characteristics of various Governor configurations
2. To study the effect of varying the mass of central sleeve for Porter and
Proell Governors
3. To study the effect of varying initial spring compression for Hartnell
Governor
Description:
Various Governor Configurations exist, each having some unique characteristics.
We will be studying the behavior of four different configurations of Governors,
which include Watt Governor, Porter Governor, Proell Governor and Hartnell
Governor. Procedure essentially remains the same for all configurations.
Procedure:
1. Assemble the governor to be tested, along with auxiliaries.
2. Note down the initial reading of the pointer on the scale.
3. Slowly increase the speed of governor using the variac, until the sleeve is
lifted from its initial position
4. Let the governor stabilize
5. Note the sleeve height and speed of Governor (with Tachometer)
6. Increase the speed of the governor and let the governor stabilize. Take the
readings of sleeve height and speed of Governor.
7. Make sure you always take reading in increasing tendency of speed, i.e.
never decrease speed during a single set of reading
Data:
L = 110 mm
h' = 95.5 mm
m = 0.45 kg
g = 9.81 m/s2
a = 40 mm
X” = ______________ mm
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Sleeve Height X’ (mm) Speed N, RPM
ܺ = ܺ ᇱ − ܺ" mm
ℎ = ℎᇱ − mm
ଶ
ߙ= cos ିଵ
=ܪቀ ቁ + ℎ mm
୲ୟ୬ ఈ
ܴ = ܽ + ( ܮsin ߙ) mm
ଶగே
߱=
rad/sec
ఠమ
ܨ௧ =
ଵ
N
ோ
ܨ௧ = ݃N
ு
Observation:
Data:
L = 110 mm
h' = 100 mm
m = 0.45 kg
g = 9.81 m/s2
a = 40 mm
Sleeve Mass, m1 = ______________ kg
Mass Added, m2 = ______________ kg
X” = ______________ mm
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Sleeve Height X’ (mm) Speed N, RPM
ܺ = ܺ ᇱ − ܺ" mm
ℎ = ℎᇱ − mm
ଶ
ߙ= cos ିଵ
=ܪቀ ቁ + ℎ mm
୲ୟ୬ ఈ
ܴ = ܽ + ( ܮsin ߙ) mm
ଶగே
߱=
rad/sec
ఠమ
ܨ௧ =
ଵ
N
ܨ௧ = (݉ + ݉ଵ + ݉ଶ ) (tan ߙ) ݃ N
Observation:
Data:
L = 110 mm
h' = 95.5 mm
α’ = 29.8°
ϒ’ = 17°
m = 0.45 kg
g = 9.81 m/s2
a = 40 mm
GC = 178.1 mm
Sleeve Mass, m1 = ______________ kg
Mass Added, m2 = ______________ kg
X” = ______________ mm
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Sleeve Height X’ (mm) Speed N, RPM
ܺ = ܺ ᇱ − ܺ" mm
ℎ = ℎᇱ − mm
ଶ
ିଵ
ߙ= cos
=ܪቀ ቁ + ℎ mm
୲ୟ୬ ఈ
ߛ = (ߙ − ߙ ᇱ ) + ߛ′
ܴ = ܽ + ( ܥܩsin ߛ) mm
ଶగே
߱=
rad/sec
ఠమ
ܨ௧ =
ଵ
N
ܥܩ = ܩܦcos ߛ mm
ME 304P Dynamics of Machines 39
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= ܦܤℎᇱ −
ଶ
mm
M = m1 + m2
୲ୟ୬ ఈ
ܨ௧ = ቂቄ(2݉ + )ܯ ቅ − ݉ tan ߛቃ ݃ N
ீ ୡ୭ୱ ఊ
Calculation Table:
Plot the variation of Fact w.r.t. R, for different masses on a single graph (using
Computer Program)
Observation:
Data:
a = 75 mm
b = 95 mm
R’ = 132.5 mm
m = 0.45 kg
g = 9.81 m/s2
Sleeve Mass, m1 = ______________ kg
Mass Added, m2 = ______________ kg
Free Length of the spring, L0 = _______________
Compressed Length of the spring, L1 = _______________
X” = ______________ mm
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Sleeve Height X’ (mm) Speed N, RPM
ܺ = ܺ ᇱ − ܺ" mm
ܴ = ܴ ᇱ + ܺ( ) mm
ଶగே
߱=
rad/sec
ఠమ
ܨ௧ =
ଵ
N
ܵ= ቀ2ܨ௧ ቁ − (݉ଵ + ݉ଶ )݃ N
ଶ ி
= ݏ2 ቀ ቁ ቀ ቁ N/mm
ோିோᇱ
ߜ = ܮଵ − ܮ mm
Sr. X R ω Fact S s
No.
Observation:
Questions:
1. What do you mean sensitivity of a governor?
2. Describe the role of friction-at-sleeve in the working of a Governor?
3. How do, in function, Spring loaded governors differ from Dead-weight
governors?
4. How does a tachometer work?
5. What are Inertia Governors?
Procedure:
1. Ensure that the cam is mounted firmly.
2. Check for any lose connections, and tighten if necessary.
3. Ensure lubrication between the cam and follower.
4. Initially ensure that the spring (ensuring contact between follower and
cam) is uncompressed.
5. Start the motor and take speed readings using Stroboscope.
6. Slowly increase the speed of the cam rotation.
7. At a particular speed, you will hear a classic clicking sound, more like impact
hammering. Note the speed. This is the jump speed of the cam.
a. Jump speed is defined as the speed at which the follower will touch
the cam once per one cycle of rotation of cam profile. Initially, the
follower will smoothly touch on all points on the cam profile. When
speed increases, the cam will complete one cycle of rotation before
the follower comes down to touch.
8. Compress the spring with the knurled nut and repeat the above procedure.
Note the new jump speed.
9. Utmost safety precautions need to be taken during the performance. Be
alert.
10. Also observe the cam and follower profile.
Note: In your observation, mention when do you think the jump speed of cam is
encountered, i.e. the condition to encounter the jump.
4. Observation:
Conclusion:
Aim: To determine the radius of gyration of a body using Bi-filar and Tri-filar
suspension
Procedure:
1. Mount the body (disc) using the suspension cords, for both Bi-filar as well
as Tri-filar suspension.
2. Ensure equal lengths of cords.
3. Give torsional deflection to the body and allow it to oscillate.
4. Note the natural frequency of oscillations.
5. Calculate the radius of gyration and compare to theoretical values.
5. Observation Table:
Bifilar Suspension:
Calculations:
1. Radius of Gyration:
a. For Bi-Filar Suspension
1 ܾ݃ܽ
݇= ඨ = _______________________
2ߨ݂ ݈
1 ݃ ݎଶ
݇= ඨ = _______________________
2ߨ݂ ݈
Conclusion:
Questions:
1. What is the physical significance of Radius of Gyration?
2. How does a Bi-Filar suspension system differ from a single rotor system?
3. What are the applications of a Bi-Filar or Tri-Filar suspension system?