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  • Lesson 5 Continuity Equation And Applications: Inflow=Outflow M M Ρav)

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    veronica Ngunzi
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    The document introduces the continuity equation, which expresses the relationship between mass flow rates at different points in a fluid system under steady-state flow conditions. It outlines the learning outcomes which are to introduce and derive the continuity equation, illustrate its applications, and solve problems involving it. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the continuity equation to problems involving fluid flow in pipes and branching pipe systems.

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    LESSON 5

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    The document introduces the continuity equation, which expresses the relationship between mass flow rates at different points in a fluid system under steady-state flow conditions. It outlines the learning outcomes which are to introduce and derive the continuity equation, illustrate its applications, and solve problems involving it. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the continuity equation to problems involving fluid flow in pipes and branching pipe systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    22 views8 pages

    Lesson 5 Continuity Equation And Applications: Inflow=Outflow M M Ρav)

    Uploaded by

    veronica Ngunzi
    The document introduces the continuity equation, which expresses the relationship between mass flow rates at different points in a fluid system under steady-state flow conditions. It outlines the learning outcomes which are to introduce and derive the continuity equation, illustrate its applications, and solve problems involving it. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the continuity equation to problems involving fluid flow in pipes and branching pipe systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    LESSON 5

    CONTINUITY EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS

    5.1 INTRODUCTION

    Welcome to our fifth lesson on continuity equation and application to thermodynamic processes.
    From the first lesson you were introduced to the concept of thermodynamic process.
    Understanding the quantities measured by the volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate is crucial
    to understanding other fluid flow topics. The continuity equation expresses the relationship
    between mass flow rates at different points in a fluid system under steady-state flow conditions. .

    5.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

    By the end of this lesson, you will be able

    5.2.1 Introduce and derive continuity equation

    5.2.2 Illustrate the application continuity equation

    5.2.3 Solve problems involving continuity equation

    5.2.1 Introduction and derivation of continuity equation

    The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can be neither created nor destroyed. Using
    the Mass Conservation Law on a steady flow process - flow where the flow rate does not change
    over time through a control volume where the stored mass in the control volume do not change
    implies that;

    Inflow=outflow 5.1

    m inlet
    ˙ =ṁ outlet 5.2

    ( ρAv)inlet =¿ 5.3

    For a control volume with multiple inlets and outlets, the principle of conservation of mass
    requires that the sum of the mass flow rates into the control volume equal the sum of the mass
    flow rates out of the control volume. The continuity equation for this more general situation is
    expressed by Equation 5.4

    ∑ m inlets
    ˙ =∑ ṁoutlets 5.4
    Assumption of Continuity Equation

    Following are the assumptions of continuity equation:

     The tube is having a single entry and single exit

     The fluid flowing in the tube is non-viscous

     The flow is incompressible

     The fluid flow is steady

    Numbering, pacing and sequencing 5.2.1


    Title
    Introduction and derivation of continuity
    equation

    Purpose Introduce and derive continuity equation

    Brief summary of overall task Watch this video on The Continuity Equation:
    Derive the continuity equation

    Spark

    Given; inlet diameter= 0.8m, outflow rate is


    148000kg/m3; density of fluid is 785kg/m3. Calculate
    the inlet velocity of the fluid.
    Individual task After watching the video name some applications of
    the continuity equation.
    Give the answer to the question on the spark
    Post your answers on the discussion forum 5.2.1
    provided
    Interaction begins ● Read what your colleagues have posted in the
    discussion forum 5.2.1
    ● Keeping netiquette in mind, comment on what three
    of your colleagues have posted.
    ● Read the facilitator’s comments too to get feedback
    Add any new point you have learnt to your
    notes/portfolio
    E-moderator interventions

    Schedule and time This task should take you 30 minutes


    Next Application of continuity equation

    5.2.2 Application of continuity equation

    Common application where the Equation of Continuity are used are pipes, tubes and ducts with
    flowing fluids or gases, rivers, overall processes as power plants, diaries, logistics in general,
    roads, computer networks and semiconductor technology and more.

    Numbering, pacing and sequencing 5.2.2


    Title
    Application of continuity equation

    Purpose Illustrate the application continuity equation

    Brief summary of overall task Watch this video on the application Continuity
    Equation:
    Illustrate with a diagram the application of continuity
    equation
    Spark

    A piping system has a "Y" configuration for


    separating the flow as shown in the spark. The
    diameter of the inlet leg is 0.3m., and the diameters
    of the outlet legs are 0.2 and 0.25m. The velocity in
    the 0.25m leg is 3m/s. The flow through the main
    portion is 230kg/sec. The density of water is
    100kg/m3. What is the velocity out of the 0.2m.
    pipe section?

    Individual task After watching the video, illustrate the application


    of continuity equation in real life
    Give the answer to the question on the spark
    Post your answers on the discussion forum 5.2.2
    provided
    Interaction begins ● Read what your colleagues have posted in the
    discussion forum 5.2.2
    ● Keeping netiquette in mind, comment on what three
    of your colleagues have posted.
    ● Read the facilitator’s comments too to get feedback
    Add any new point you have learnt to your
    notes/portfolio
    E-moderator interventions

    Schedule and time This task should take you 30 minutes


    Next Solving problems involving continuity equations

    5.2.3 Solving problems involving continuity equation

    Example 1: Suppose water is flowing through a pipe of diameter 1 cm with a flow velocity of 2
    m/s. If the pipe widens to a diameter of 3 cm, what is the new flow rate?

    Solution: This is one of the most basic examples because it occurs in an incompressible fluid. In
    this case, density is constant and can be cancelled from both sides of the continuity equation.
    You then only need to plug in the formula for area and solve for the second velocity:

    A 1 v 1= A 2 v 2 ⟹ π (d 1 /2)2 v 1=π ( d 2 /2)2 v

    Ans=0.22 m/s

    Numbering, pacing and sequencing 5.2.3


    Title
    Solving problems involving continuity equation
    Purpose To solve problems involving continuity equation

    Brief summary of overall task Watch this video on Problem based on continuity
    equation
    Work out the example shown in the video

    Spark

    The figure in the spark illustrates blood flow from


    major artery region 1 with a cross section area of 0.9
    cm2 branching into region 2 with 18 smaller arteries
    each with an average cross-section area of o.36 cm 2.
    Find the velocity ratio of blood flow from major
    artery in region 1 to smaller artery in region 2

    Individual task After watching the video, show the working of the
    example given
    Give the answer to the question on the spark
    Post your answers on the discussion forum 5.2.3
    provided
    Interaction begins ● Read what your colleagues have posted in the
    discussion forum 5.2.3
    ● Keeping netiquette in mind, comment on what three
    of your colleagues have posted.
    ● Read the facilitator’s comments too to get feedback
    Add any new point you have learnt to your
    notes/portfolio
    E-moderator interventions

    Schedule and time This task should take you 1 hour


    Next Working fluids
    5.3 Assessment Questions

    1. A liquid flows through a pipe with a diameter of 10cm at a velocity of 9cm/s. If the diameter
    of the pipe then decreases to 6cm, what is the new velocity of the liquid?

    a. 5cm/s

    b. 21cm/s

    c. 12cm/s

    d. 18cm/s

    e. 25cm/s

    2. If blood flows through the aorta with velocity, va, with what velocity would blood flow
    through the capillaries in the body?

    Ac va 3
    a. m /s
    Aa
    b. Ac v 2a A a m 3 /s
    Aa va 3
    c. m /s
    Ac
    A C v 2a 3
    d. m /s
    AA
    3. Which will produce the greatest increase in flow velocity through a tube?

    a. Halving the tube radius


    b. Doubling the viscosity of the liquid
    c. Doubling the tube area
    d. Dividing the tube area by three
    e. Doubling the tube radius

    4. If a pipe with flowing water has a cross-sectional area nine times greater at point 2 than at
    point 1, what would be the relation of flow speed at the two points?

    a. The flow speed at point 2 is three times that at point 1


    b. The flow speed at point 1 is three times that at point 2
    c. The flow speed relation will depend on the viscosity of the water
    d. The flow speed at point 1 is nine times that at point 2
    e. The flow speed at point 2 is nine times that at point 1
    5. As water is traveling from a water tower, to somone's home, the pipes it travels in frequently
    change size. Water is traveling at 5m/s in a tube with a diameter of 0.5m. The tube gradually
    increases in size to a diameter of 1.5m, and then gradually decreases to a diameter of 1m.
    Neglecting any energy losses due to friction and pressure changes, what is the speed of the water
    when it reaches the tube diameter of 1m?

    a. 1.25m/s

    b. 20m/s

    c. 17m/s

    d. 45m/s

    e. 0.56m/s

    6. Statement 1: The stream of water flowing at high speed from a garden hose pipe tends to
    spread like a fountain when held vertically up, but tends to narrow down when held vertically
    down.

    Statement 2: In any steady flow of an incompressible fluid, the volume flow rate of the fluid
    remains constant.

    a. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is a correct ex- planation for


    statement 1.

    b. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is not a correct explanation for


    statement 1.

    c. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.

    d. Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.

    7. The continuity equation is based on the principle of

    a. conservation of mass

    b. conservation of momentum

    c. conservation of energy

    d. conservation of force
    5.4 E-references

    Audiopedia available at

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3VFqv1PQFE

    Audiopedia available at

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NAW0sSNs18

    audiopedia available at

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wykn-JTnacE

    The Continuity Equation: Conservation of Mass for a Fluid Element available at

    https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-25-advanced-fluid-mechanics-fall-

    2013/the-continuum-viewpoint-and-the-equations-of-motion/MIT2_25F13_The_cont_equa.pdf

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