CE 415 Columns Part 1
CE 415 Columns Part 1
CE 415 Columns Part 1
CE-415
Reinforced Concrete II
Reinforced Concrete Columns
Load–moment–eccentricity relationship.
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Point A refers to pure axial load and it represents the
largest axial load that can be supported by the
column
Point B represents the onset of concrete crushing the
section is partially cracked below point B
Point C represents a balanced failure where εcu =
0.003 and εt = 0.00207 for Grade-60 rebars
Columns with Pn and Mn that fall between A and C
are called compression controlled
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Balanced conditions
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Axial load with high eccentricity
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Pure
Moment
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Columns with Axial Load & Bending
Column interaction diagram.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNp8gq0bUzU
Column interaction diagram.
Example Problem
d1
A2
A1
A1
Column interaction diagram.
The force in the concrete and in each layer of steel
SUMMARY
Point 1: Pure Axial Load
1830 k
(1380 k, 251k-ft)
1190 k
(893 k, 167 k-ft)
949 k
(555 k, 440 k-ft)
(355 k, 286 k-ft)
(201 k, 336k-ft) (223 k, 373 k-ft)
-432 k
-480 k
Column interaction diagram.
Long Columns
• Slender column
• Buckling load
• Moment magnifier
• Sway vs. Non-sway
• Moment magnifier design
(ACI 318-11)
• Effective buckling length
in non-sway frames
• Non-sway frame design
Slender Column
• When end moments exit, the problem the
buckling deformation increases.
• Moment increase due to lateral deflection δ
M e Pe
M c P (e )
Short column
interaction diagram
A Reduction in
axial capacity
Pn
B
Pe P
Load-max
moment curve
O Mn
Liner radial line O–A is a plot of the end moment (Me) on the column (Constant ‘e’)
Curved line O–B is the maximum moment at mid-height of the column (Mc)
Failure occurs when the load–moment curve O–B for the point of maximum moment
intersects the interaction diagram for the cross section
Due to deflections, axial-load capacity is reduced from A to B –Slenderness effect
Buckling of Axially Loaded
Elastic Columns
The differential equation for the column and the Eulers Solution is
n 0,1, 2, 3,
The buckling load, depends on the end conditions of the column and the
effective length concept kL, where k=1/n
2 EI End conditions K
Pc
kL2 Pin-Pin 1.0
Pin-Fixed 0.7
Restraints against end rotation and lateral Fixed-Fixed 0.5
translation have a major effect on the buckling Fixed-Free 2.0
load of axially loaded elastic columns
Effective lengths of idealized columns
Slender Columns in Structures
Bank of Brazil building, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Each floor extends out
over the floor below it. (Photograph courtesy of J. G. MacGregor.)
Slender-column interaction curves
• To consider the second order effect, the interaction curves for short columns is
modified, which is called Slender-column interaction curves
• This column fails when the curve intersects the at point B1. At the time of failure,
the load and moment at the end of the column are given by point A1.
• If this process is repeated a number of times, we get the slender column
interaction curve shown by the broken line passing through
Deflection A * x A ( o a )
P l 2
EI 2 l
P l 2 l Pl 2 A=H*l/2*2/π
o ( o a ) * 2 ( o a )
EI 2 EI
P o
( o a ) o a
PE 1 P / PE
Non-sway Frames
Member deflection
Analysis of Non-sway Frames
Non-sway frames are those frames prevented from sidesway.
End moments have an effect on non-sway frames that can be considered
by considering cm
M u ns M ns
Cm
ns 1
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
- Pc is the critical load
2 EI
Pc - k for the axis of bending considered
k L 2
- Cm is the equivalent moment factor
Analysis of Non-sway Frames
The coefficient Cm is used to represent the effect of end moments on the
maximum deflection along the element (only for non-sway frames)
When there is transverse loading on
M1
Cm 0.6 0.4 M 0 .4 the beam either of the following
2 case applies
M1
ve M1 Cm 1.00 Cm 0.85
ve
M2 M2
Column Stiffness
It is important to realize that the stiffness of the concrete column “EI”
is a a function of the applied load.
M P
EI
Creep buckling
Effect of creep
Pn Pn
Mn Mn
Column Stiffness
The two following equations were considered by ACI for counting the
critical load Pc
0.25Ec I g Es I se
EI Equation 10-12 ACI
1 dns
0.4 Ec I g
EI Equation 10-13 ACI
1 dns
klu M1
34 12 Equation 10-7 ACI
r M2
(E I b b / lb ) Beam
column 0 column
0.7
0
Moment-magnifier design (ACI 318-08)
Cm
ns 1.0
1 Pu /(0.75 Pc )
Cm 0.6 0.4M 1 / M 2 0.4 M2: larger moment
EI (0.4Ec I g ) /(1 d )
max imum factored axial dead load in the column
d
total factored axial dead load in the column
Design of columns in non-sway frames
• The columns are attached to beams that restrain the rotations of the ends of
the column
P u 0
Q 0.05
Vu lc
Unbraced Columns – Side Sway
Two components of amplification moments can be observed in sway (unbraced)
frames:
Moment due to member deflection (similar to non-sway frames)
Moment due to sidesway of the structure (deflection )
Sway Frames
1. Calculate unfactored axial forces and moments for the columns in the
frame due to DL, LL and WL.
2. Calculate factored loads using as a minimum the following two load
combinations:
LC I: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr (ACI 9-2) (largest total gravity load)
LC II: 1.2D + 1.01L + 0.5Lr + 1.62W (ACI 9-4) (largest gravity load and
sidesway loads)
3. Determine the preliminary column size using the load combination with
the largest factored gravity loads
δns = moment magnification factor for frames braced against sidesway to reflect
effects of member curvature between ends of compression member
Slender Column – Design Procedure
The min. M2 in the equation for Mc above = Pu(0.6 + 0.03h), 0.6 and h are in
inches
Slender Column – Design Procedure
For sway frame
where Mns = the factored moment due to loads that cause no appreciable sidesway
calculated by a first-order analysis
where δns is calculated following the procedure for columns in non-sway frames