REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURE - II
.

CHAPTER ONE
Analysis and Design
of Column

Year: 2013/2021
Kombolcha Institute of Technology,
Civil Engineering Department
Structural Engineering Stream
 .

Lecture Three
Design of Uni-axial Column
 • Column Under Uni-axial Bending

• Interaction Diagrams

Presentation • Type of Failure in Concrete Structure

outline
• Design Eccentricity as Per ESEN: 1992-2015

• Design Procedure For Uniaxial Column

• Reinforcement Detailing of Columns

COLUMN UNDER UNI-AXIAL BENDING
 Almost all compression members in concrete structures are subjected to moments in addition
to axial loads.

Moment may develop due to:

Misalignment of the Load on the Column

Column by Itself May not beVertical

May Result from the Unbalanced Moments at the Ends of the Beams Supported by
Columns.

 Due to the above and other reasons there is a distance b/n the geometric center of the
column and the line of action of the load, which is called eccentricity (e)
COLUMN UNDER UNI-AXIAL BENDING CONT…
.

Case on b and c are the same, because the eccentric load can be replaced by an
axial load P plus a moment M=P*e about the centroid of the cross-section.
COLUMN UNDER UNI-AXIAL BENDING CONT…
The presence of bending in axially loaded members can reduce axial load capacity of member.

To Illustrate the Interaction b/n Moment & Axial Load in A Column,

the Following Assumption are Considered

Column is made from homogenous materials

Column is made from elastic material

compressive strength of concrete (𝑓𝑐𝑢 ) = tensile strength of concrete (𝑓𝑡𝑢 )

 For uniaxial column failure would occurs in a compression when the maximum stresses
reached 𝑓𝑐𝑢 as given by:
𝑃 𝑀.𝑦
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = +
𝐴 𝐼
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS CONT…
Dividing both sides by 𝑓𝑐𝑢 gives:

𝑃 𝑀𝑦
+ =1
𝐴∗𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐼∗𝑓𝑐𝑢

 The maximum axial load the column could support is obtained when M = 0, and is given
by:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐𝑢 *A.
 The maximum bending moment that can be supported by the column occurs when P=0
and is given by:

I∗𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑦

Substituting 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 and𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 gives

𝑃 𝑀
+ =1 - this is interaction Equation since it shows the interaction of or
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
relation ship between P and M at failure (see fig. NS)
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS CONT…

 Points on the lines plotted in this figure represent combinations of P and M

corresponding to the resistance of the section.

 INTERACTION DIAGRAMS CONT…
 Points inside the diagram, such as E, represents a combination of P and M that will not

cause failure

 Combinations of P and M falling on the line or outside the line, such as point F, will

equal or exceed the resistance of the section and hence will cause failure
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR RC COLUMNS
Interaction diagram for RC column is different from the previous one since:
– RC is not elastic

– Concrete has a tensile strength that is lower than its compressive strength,

Interaction diagrams for RC columns are computed by strain Compatibility

• Assuming a series of strain distributions at the ULS

• Each strain distributions corresponding to a particular point on the

interaction diagram
• computing the corresponding values of P and M.

The general shape of the diagram resembles the figure shown on after one
slide
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR RC COLUMNS CONT…
Procedures Strain Compatibility Solution
1. Assume strain distribution and select the location of the neutral axis.
2. Compute the strain in each level of reinforcement from the strain distribution.
3. Using this information, compute the size of the compression stress block and the stress in each layer of
reinforcement.
4.Compute the forces in the concrete and the steel layers, by multiplying the stresses by the areas on
which they act.

5. Finally, compute the axial force 𝑃𝑛 by summing the individual forces in the concrete and steel, and the
moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid of the cross
section.

6. These values of 𝑃𝑛 and 𝑀𝑛 represent one point on the interaction diagram.

Other points on the interaction diagram can be generated by selecting other values for the depth, c, to
the neutral axis from the extreme compression fiber.
A set of interaction
charts are prepared
by Dr-Ing Girma
Zereyohanns for
both uniaxial and
biaxial bending.
Type of Failure in RC Column Structure
Balanced condition
- For a given cross section the design axial force (𝑃𝑏 ) acts at one specific

eccentricity 𝑒𝑏 to cause failure by simultaneous yielding of tension steel and

crushing of concrete

Compression failure controls:

- For a very small eccentricity of the axial force (𝑃𝑛 ), the failure is governed by concrete
compression.
- The vertical axis corresponds to e = 0 and Po is the capacity of the column if concentrically
loaded.

Tension failure controls:

- For a very large eccentricity of the axial force (𝑃𝑛 ), the failure is by yielding of the tension
steel.
- The horizontal axis corresponds to an infinite value of eccentricity (e)
 DESIGN ECCENTRICITY S PER ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015
Eccentricity (e)- is the distance b/n the geometric center of the section and the line of action
eccentric load of column.

In column design we may include the following eccentricity

– Initial eccentricity for geometric imperfection (𝑒𝑖 )

– Equivalent first order eccentricity (𝑒𝑒 )

– second order eccentricity (𝑒2 )

The eccentricity to be used for design of columns of constant cross section at the critical section is
given by:
𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2
Initial Eccentricity for Geometric Imperfection (𝒆𝒊 ) Refer on ESEN1992-2015 (5.2)
𝑙𝑜 𝑙
𝑒𝑖 = 𝜃𝑖 𝑂𝑅 𝑒𝑖 = 𝑜 400 , 𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑜 ∗ 𝑎ℎ ∗ 𝑎𝑚 ; 𝑎ℎ = 2 2
3 ≤ 𝑎ℎ ≤ 1,
2 𝐿

𝑎𝑚 = 0.5 1 + 1 𝑚 ; 𝜃𝑜 = 1 200
DESIGN ECCENTRICITY ACC.TO ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015 CONT…

m- is the number of vertical members contributing to the total effect

Equivalent First Order Eccentricity (𝒆𝒆 )

0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1
𝑒𝑒 = max ,
0.4𝑒𝑜2
𝑀𝑜1 𝑀𝑜2
𝑒𝑜1 = and 𝑒𝑜2 =
𝑃 𝑃

Where:

 𝑒𝑜1 and 𝑒𝑜2 - are the 1st order eccentricity at the ends.

 𝑒𝑜2 - being positive and greater in magnitude than 𝑒𝑜1

 𝑒𝑜1 - is negative if the member is bent in double curvature other ways it is

positive
 Second Order Moment (𝑴𝟐 ) Analysis Methods
for Slender Column

Method based on nominal Method based on nominal

curvature stiffness
METHOD BASED ON NOMINAL CURVATURE

- primarily suitable for isolated members with constant normal force and a defined

effective length 𝑙𝑒 .
- gives a nominal second order moment based on a deflection, which in turn is based

on the effective length (𝑙𝑒 ) and an estimated maximum curvature.

1 𝑙𝑒 2
𝑒2 = ( )( )
𝑟 𝑐
𝑐 − 10 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑙𝑒 - effective length
1 1
= 𝑘𝑟 𝑘
𝑟 𝑟𝑜

𝑘 = 1+  𝑒𝑓

𝑓𝑐𝑘 
 = 0.35 + 200
−
150
METHOD BASED ON NOMINAL CURVATURE CONT…
𝜑𝑒𝑓 - effective creep ratio
 , 𝑡𝑜 ≤ 2
 ≤ 75
𝑒𝑓 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑
ℎ
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑞𝑝
𝜑𝑒𝑓 =  , 𝑡𝑜 ( )
𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑

 , 𝑡𝑜 − is the final creep coefficient read from ESEN 3.1.4

𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑞𝑝 - is the first order bending moment in quasi-permanent load combination (SLS)

𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑 - is the first order bending moment in design load combinations (ULS)
METHOD BASED ON NOMINAL CURVATURE CONT…
𝑛𝑢 −𝑛
𝑘𝑟 = ≤1,
𝑛𝑢 −𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙

𝑛 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 , relative axial force;

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + ω ; ω= 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑎 - is the value of n at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be used
1 𝑦𝑑
=
𝑟0 0.45𝑑
Where:
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑦𝑑 − 𝐸𝑠 (yield strain);
𝑑 - is effective depth of a column
METHOD BASED ON NOMINAL STIFFNESS
In a second order analysis based on stiffness:
• nominal values of the flexural stiffness should be used

• taking into account the effects of cracking,

• material non-linearity and creep on the overall behaviour.

Nominal stiffness
The following model may be used to estimate the nominal stiffness of slender compression
members with arbitrary cross section:
EI = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 ……………….1

where:
 𝐸𝑐𝑑 - is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete

 𝐼𝑐 - is the moment of inertia of concrete cross section

DESIGN ECCENTRICITY ACC.TO ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015 CONT…
 𝐸𝑠 - is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement

 𝐼𝑠 − is the second moment of area of reinforcement, about the centre of area of the
concrete
 𝐾𝑐 - is a factor for effects of cracking, creep etc

 𝐾𝑆 - is a factor for contribution of reinforcement

The following factors may be used in Expression (1), provided ρ ≥ 0.002

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐾𝑆 = 1, 𝐾𝑐 =
1 + 𝜑𝑒𝑓

where:
As
ρ = Ac ; ρ - is the geometric reinforcement ratio,
𝐴𝑠 - is the total area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑐 - is the area of concrete section
𝜑𝑒𝑓 - is the effective creep ratio
DESIGN ECCENTRICITY ACC.TO ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015 CONT…

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝜆
𝑘1 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑘2 = 𝐴 ∗ 170 ≤ 0.2
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

If the slenderness ratio λ is not defined 𝑘2 may be taken as:

𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑘2 = ∗ 0.3 ≤ 0.2
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
 As a simplified alternative, provided p ≥ 0.01, the following factors may be used in Expression
(1)

𝑘𝑆 = 0, 𝐾𝑐 = 0.3
1 + 0.5𝜑𝑒𝑓
Moment magnification factor
The total design moment, including second order moment, may be expressed as a magnification of
the bending moments resulting from a first order analysis, namely:

𝛽
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑 1 + 𝑁𝐵 …………………………..2
𝑁𝐸𝑑 −1
DESIGN ECCENTRICITY ACC.TO ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015 CONT…
• 𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑 - is the first order moment

• β - is a factor which depends on distribution of 1𝑠𝑡 and 2𝑛𝑑 order moments,

• 𝑁𝐸𝑑 - is the design value of axial load

• 𝑁𝐵 - is the buckling load based on nominal stiffness

ᴨ2 𝐸𝐼
𝑁𝑏 =
𝑙𝑒 2

1) For isolated members with constant cross section and axial load, the second order moment
may normally be assumed to have a sine-shaped distribution. Then
2
β=𝜋 𝐶
𝑜

where:
 𝐶𝑜 - is a coefficient which depends on the distribution of first order moment

𝐶𝑜 = 8 - for a constant first order moment,

𝐶𝑜 = 9.6 for a parabolic
𝐶𝑜 = 12 for a symmetric triangular distribution etc.
DESIGN ECCENTRICITY ACC.TO ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015 CONT…
2) For members without transverse load, differing first order end moments
𝑀𝑜1 and 𝑀𝑜2 may be replaced by an equivalent constant first order moment
𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑 (as defined before).

Consistent with the assumption of a constant first order moment, 𝐶𝑜 = 8 should be

used and also it is applicable to members bent in double curvature.

Where case 1 & 2 is not applicable, β = 1 is normally a reasonable simplification.

Expression (2) can then be reduced to:

𝑀𝑜𝐸𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑 =
𝑁𝐸𝑑
1− 𝑁𝐵
DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR UNIAXIAL COLUMN
In the actual design, interaction charts prepared for uniaxial bending can be used. The
procedure involves:
1. Assume a cross section, d’ and evaluate d’/h to choose appropriate chart
2. Compute:

𝑁𝑢 𝑀𝑢
Normal force ratio: v = ; Moment ratios: µ =
𝑏∗ℎ∗𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏∗ℎ2 ∗𝑓𝑐𝑑

3. Enter the chart and pick ω (the mechanical steel ratio), if the coordinate (ν, μ) lies within
the families of curves. If the coordinate (ν, μ) lies outside the chart, the cross section is
small and a new trail need to be made.

ω∗Ac∗fcd
4. Compute 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡 =
fyd
5. Check 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡 satisfies the maximum and minimum provisions
6. Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF COLUMNS
Longitudinal Reinforcement According to ES EN 1-1 1992-2015
 The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than As,min.

0.10∗NEd
As,min = or 0.002Ac which ever is the greater one
fyd
where:
 fyd – is the design yield strength of the reinforcement
 NED – is the design axial compression force
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed As,max.
 The recommended value is 0.04Ac outside lap locations. This limit should be increased
to 0.08 Ac at laps.
 The minimum number of longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be 6 for bars in a
circulararrangement and 4 for bars in a rectangular arrangement
 The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less than 12 mm
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF COLUMNS CONT….
Lateral Reinforcement According to ES EN 1-1 1992-2015
 The diameter of the transverse reinforcement (links, loops or helical spiral reinforcement) should
1
not be less than 6 mm or 4 of the maximum diameter of longitudinal bars, whichever is the greater.

 The transverse reinforcement should be anchored adequately.

 The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed Scl,tmax.

 The recommended value is the least of the following three distances:

• 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars

• the lesser dimension of the column

• 400 mm

 Spirals or circular ties may be used for longitudinal bars located around the perimeter of a circle. The

pitch of spirals shall not exceed 100 mm.

 Every longitudinal bar or bundle of bars placed in a corner should be held by transverse
reinforcement. No bar within a compression zone should be further than 150 mm from a restrained
bar.