Kombolcha Institute of Technology (KIOT), 2020

1 Hydraulic Structure I – CENG 3161

Chapter 3.
Dam Outlet Works

Instructor: Yayneshet W.
yaniw2721@gmail.com
 3.1 Spillways and Its Design Principles
2

 Spillways are provided for storage dams to release

surplus or flood water, which cannot be contained in
the allotted storage space, and at diversion dams to by
pass flows exceeding those, which are turned into the
diversion system.
Essential Requirements Of a Spillway
The essential requirements of a spillway are:
The spillway must have sufficient capacity;
It must be hydraulically and structurally adequate;
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It must be so located that it provides safe disposal of

water, i.e. spillway discharge will not erode or
undermine the d/s of the dam;
The bounding surfaces of the spillway must be
erosion resistant to withstand the high scouring
velocities created by the drop from the reservoir surface
to the tail water.
Some device will be required for dissipation of
energy on the d/s side of the spillway.
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Spillway Capacity
The required capacity of a spillway, i.e. the
maximum outflow rate through the spillway, may be
determined by flood routing and requires the
following data:
Inflow hydrograph (plot of rate of inflow
vs. time)
Reservoir capacity curve (plot of reservoir
storage Vs water surface elevation)
Discharge curve (plot of rate of outflow Vs
reservoir water surface elevation).
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However, the required capacity of a spillway

depends on the following factors:
 The inflow flood;
 The available storage capacity;
 The discharge capacity of other outlet works;
 Whether the spillway is gated or un gated;
 The possible damages if a spillway of adequate
capacity is not provide
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The following are the main components of a spillway:

 Control Structure
 Discharge channel (or waterway, or conveyance
structure):
 Terminal structure or energy dissipater
 Entrance or approach channel and outlet channel:
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Types Of Spillway
1. According to their function
 Service (or main) spillways
 Auxiliary Spillways:
 Emergency spillways
2. According to Mode of Control as:
 Free (or uncontrolled) spillways,
 Gated (or controlled) spillways.
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3. Based on prominent features pertaining to the

various components of the spillway (or according
to hydraulic criteria) as:
 Free over fall or straight drop spillway,
 Overflow or ogee spillway,
 Chute or open channel or Trough spillway,
 Side channel spillway,
 Siphon spillway,
 Shaft or Morning Glory spillway,
 Conduit or tunnel spillway
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Free Over fall Or Straight Drop Spillway

 This is the simplest type of spillway, which is
constructed in the form of low height weir having d/s
face either vertical or nearly vertical.
 If no artificial protection is provided on the d/s side
of the over-fall section, the falling jet usually causes
the scouring of the stream bed and will form a deep
plunge pool.
 The free over fall spillway is suitable for thin arch
dams and for those dams with nearly vertical
downstream face and would permit free fall of water.
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Overflow (or Ogee) Spillways

 Overflow spillways are by far the most widely
adopted.
 They are mainly used on masonry or concrete dams,
and if used with earth fill and need a separate
concrete structure.
 An overflow spillway is an improvement upon the
free over fall spillway.
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 The shape of the crest or the upper curve of the ogee

profile of this spillway is made to conform closely to
the profile of the lower surface of the nappe (or
lower nappe) or sheet of water flowing over a
ventilated sharp-crested weir when discharging at a
head equal to the design head of the spillway
 At the design head (H = Hd) the water flowing over
the crest of the spillway will remain in contact with
the surface of the spillway as it glides over it and
optimum discharge will occur.
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 At head less than the design head (H < Hd) the

overflowing water will remain in contact with the
surface.
 At a head greater than the design head (H >Hd), the
nape trajectory is higher than the crest profile, and
the overflowing water tends to break contact with the
spillway surface and zone of separation will be
formed in which negative or suction pressure will be
produced. This may result in cavitations.
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Design Of Crest Of Ogee Spillway

 The shape of the Ogee shaped profile depends upon
the head, the inclination of the upstream face of the
spillway and the height of the spillway above the
streambed or the bed of the entrance channel (which
influences the velocity of approach to the crest of the
spillway).
 Several standard ogee shapes have been developed
by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at their Waterways
Experimental Station (WES). Such shapes are known
as 'WES' standard spillway shapes.
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1. Downstream profile
 The downstream profile can be represented by

Where: x, y = Co-ordinates of the points on the crest profile

with the origin at the highest point of the crest called
APEX.
Hd = Design head excluding head due to velocity of approach,
K, n = Constants depending on the slope of the upstream face.
The following table gives values of K, n and other constants
and crest equations
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 The curved profile of the crest section is continued

tangentially along the straight sloping surface, which
forms the d/s face of the spillway. The slope of the
straight portion varies between 1V: 0.6H to 1V: 0.8H.
 At the end of the sloping surface a curved bucket is
provided to create a smooth transition of flow from
the spillway to the outlet channel or the river on the
d/s side and prevent scoring.
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• The approximate radius R of the bucket may be obtained from

(empirical)

V= velocity of flow at toe of spillway [m/s]

H = head excluding head due to velocity of approach (m)
Neglecting energy loss over the spillway, velocity of flow v at
the toe will be

Where Z = the fall, m

Ha = head due to velocity of approach, m
y = depth of flow at the toe, m
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 Generally, a radius of about one-fourth of the spillway height

is found to be satisfactory. Thus
R=p/4
Where p is the height of spillway crest above the bed
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2. Upstream profile of the crest

 According to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the u/s
curve of the ogee spillway (u/s of origin, though in
the form of compound circular curve) having a
vertical u/s face, should have the following equation:

 Where the upstream profile extends up to

 The corresponding y value is equal to 0.126 Hd.
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Discharge of Overflow Spillway

The discharge over an overflow spillway is given by

where Q = discharge, m3/s

C = coefficient of discharge
Le = effective length of crest of spillway, m
HD = total head over the crest including that
due to velocity of approach.
HD = Hd + Ha
For high ogee spillway Ha is very small, and HD = Hd
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A. Coefficient of discharge, C, of Overflow spillway

the maximum value of which may be about 2.2 if no
negative or suction pressure is allowed to develop. Its
value depends on the following factors:
 Depth of approach, p
 Heads differing from design head
 Upstream face slope
 Downstream apron interference and downstream
submergence
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Effect of Depth of Approach

 Model tests have shown that the effect of approach
velocity is negligible when the height of the spillway
above the streambed is equal to or greater than 1.33
Hd (P >1.33 Hd)
 where Hd is the design head excluding the head due
to velocity of approach
 Such spillways are known as high overflow
spillways.
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A plot of C versus P/HD is shown below

It may be observed from this plot that there is a marked increase
in the value of C till the height of the spillway (P) becomes
equal to twice the design head HD.
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Effect of heads differing from the design head:

The plot of (C/C’) versus (He/HD) for a spillway of height P
above stream bed greater than 1.33 Hd, where C is
coefficient of discharge corresponding to the actual head
of flow He and C’ is the coefficient of discharge
corresponding to the design head HD.
 It may be observed from this plot that with increase in
the value of (He/HD) the value of (C/C’) increases.
 However, the design head should not be less than about
80% of the maximum head in order to avoid the
possibility of cavitation
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When the actual operating head is less than the design

head, the prevailing coefficient of discharge, C, tends
to reduce, and is given by

Where HD = design head including velocity head and C’

= 2.2
Effect of upstream face slope: For small values of the
ratio (P/HD) a spillway with sloping upstream face
has a higher coefficient of discharge than a spillway
with vertical upstream face.
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Downstream apron interface and submergence

effects: The coefficient of discharge is reduced due
to submergence.
 Where the hydraulic jump occurs, the coefficient of
discharge may decrease due to backpressure effect of
the downstream apron and is independent of the
submergence effect.
 When the value of (hd+d)/HD exceeds 1.7, the
downstream apron is found to have negligible effect
on the coefficient of discharge. But there may be a
decrease in C due to tail water submergence.
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Effective Length Of Crest Of Overflow Spillway: The

effective length of an overflow spillway is given by
Le = L - 2 (NKp + Ka) HD
Where Le = effective length of crest
L =net length of crest which is equal to the sum
of the clear spans of the gate bays between piers
HD = total head on crest including velocity head
N = number of Piers
KP = Pier contraction coefficient
Ka = abutment contraction coefficient
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The pier contraction coefficient, Kp depends on

i) Shape and location of pier nose;
ii) Thickness of pier;
iii) Velocity of approach; and
iv) Ratio of actual head to design head.
For flow at design head the average values of Kp may be
assumed as follows:
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The abutment contraction coefficient Ka depends on:

i) Shape of abutment;
ii) Angle between upstream approach wall and axis of flow;
iii) Approach velocity; and
iv) Ratio of actual head to design head
For flow at design head, average value of Ka may be assumed as
follows:
 3.2 Energy Dissipaters
41

 The water flowing over the spillway acquires a lot of

kinetic energy by the time it reaches near the toe of
the spillway due to the conversion of potential energy
into kinetic energy.
 If the velocity of the water is not reduced, large-scale
scour can take place on the downstream side near the
toe of the dam and away from it.
 In order to protect the channel bed against scour, the
kinetic energy of the water should be dissipated
before it is discharged in to the down stream.
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 For the dissipation of the excessive kinetic energy

possessed by the water the two common methods
adopted are:
 By converting the supercritical flow into subcritical
flow using hydraulic jump.
 By directing the flow of water into air and then
making it falls away from the toe of the structure
using different types of buckets.
 The choice of the energy dissipating method is
governed by the tail water depth & the characteristics
of the hydraulic jump, if formed ,at the toe.
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 If the tail water depth at the site is not approximately

equal to that required for a perfect hydraulic jump, a
bucket type energy dissipating device is usually
provided.
Characteristics of a hydraulic jump
 Hydraulic jump is a sudden and turbulent rise of
water which occurs in an open channel when the flow
changes from the supercritical flow state to the
subcritical state.
 It is accompanied by the formation of extremely
turbulent rollers and considerable dissipation of
energy.
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Types of jumps
 The type of jump and its characteristics depends
mainly upon the froude number of the incoming flow
or initial froude number( F1), given by
F1=V1/gy1
Where V1= the mean velocity flow before the hydraulic jump
Y1= the pre-jump depth
 For the formation of a hydraulic jump the initial
froud number F1 should be greater than one.
 Different types of hydraulic jump are as follows
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1. undular jump : is formed when F1= 1.0 to 1.70. in this case

the water surface shows some undulation and the energy
dissipation is about 5%.
2. Weak jump : when F1= 1.70 to 2.50, a weak hydraulic jump
occurs. The energy dissipation is about 20 %.
3. Oscillating jump : occur when F1= 2.50 to 4.5. and the energy
dissipation is between 20 to 40%.
4. Steady jump: occur when F1= 4.5 to 9.0. it has very good
performance, and most of the hydraulic structures utilize this
type of jump for the dissipation of energy. The energy
dissipation is between 45 to 70%.
5.Strong jump : occur when F1 > 9.0. it causes a rough water
surface with strong surface waves downstream. The energy
dissipation is between 70 to 85%. Because of rough action, a
strong jump is avoided in spillways, as far as possible.
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Jump Height and Tail water Rating Curves

 Hydraulic jump can form in a horizontal rectangular
channel when the following relation is satisfied
between the pre-jump depth (y1) and post – jump
depth (y2).

Where y1 = pre-jump (initial) depth

y2 = post- jump (sequent) depth
Fr1 = Froude number of the incoming flow
.
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 For a given discharge intensity q over a spillway, y1,

will be equal to q/v1; and v1 (mean velocity of
incoming flow) is determined by the drop H1,
if head loss is neglected
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 The corresponding value of the sequent depth Y2 can

be determined from eqn . Like wise for different
values of the discharge intensity, the value of the
sequent depth y2 can be computed.
 A plot is then made between discharge intensity q
and sequent depth y2 is known as the Jump height
curve(JHC).
 The value of tail water depth y2’ corresponding to
different values of q may be obtained by actual gauge
discharge observations and plots of y2’ versus q
prepared, known as tail water rating curve (TWRC)
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 If J.H.C. and T.W.R.C. are plotted on the same graph, five

possibilities exist regarding the relative positions of these
curves
I. T.W.R.C. (y2’) coinciding with JHC curve for all discharges
II. T.W.R.C. (y2’) lying above the JHC curve for all discharges
III. T.W.R.C. (y2’) lying below the JHC curve for all discharges
IV. T.W.R.C (y2’) lying below the JHC curve for smaller
discharges and lying above JHC curve for larger discharges
V. T.W.R.C. (y2’) lying above the JHC curve for smaller
discharges and lying below the JHC curve for larger
discharges
 The energy dissipation arrangement that can be provided is
dependent upon the relative positions of T.W.R.C. and y2
curve.
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Condition 1 (T.W.R.C. (y2’) coinciding with JHC for all discharges)

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In this case there is no need special measure for the

formation of hydraulic jump, as a perfect jump will
always form at the toe.
 simple horizontal concrete apron may be provided
on the down stream of the toe for the protection of
the river bed.
 The length of a horizontal apron is equal to the
length of the jump corresponding to the maximum
discharge over the spillway
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Condition 2: (T.W.R.C. (y2’) lying above the JHC for all

discharges)
 In this case the jump forming at toe will be drowned out by
tail water, and little energy will be dissipated.
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 The problem can be solved

i. By constructing a sloping apron above the river bed level
extending from the spillway surface to the toe as shown in
the fig.
The sloping apron raises the level of the point where the
hydraulic jump is formed.
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ii. The second solution of this problem can be in the

form of providing a roller bucket type of energy
dissipater. It consists of an apron which is upturned
sharply at end as shown as in fig.
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Condition 3: (T.W.R.C. (y2’) lying below the JHC

for all discharges)
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 In this case the jump will develop at a certain section

far downstream of the toe of the spillway.
 This is the most frequent one, and shows that a
stilling basin (with a depressed horizontal apron) is
required for all discharges in order to produce a jump
close to the toe of the spillway.
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Condition 4: T.W.R.C (y2’) lying below the JHC curve for

smaller discharges and lying above JHC for larger discharges
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In this case the following measures may be taken to

develop jump close to the spillway.
 Provide a stilling basin with an end sill for
developing a jump at low discharges and combine the
basin with a sloping apron for developing a jump at
high discharges.
 Provide a sloping apron which lies partly above and
partly below the riverbed so that jump will develop at
lower portion of the apron at low discharges and at
higher portion of the apron at high discharges.
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Condition 5 T.W.R.C. (y2’) lying above the JHC curve for

smaller discharges and lying below the JHC curve for larger
discharges
This case is similar to case four but the range of discharge is
different.
A sloping apron is provided which is partly
Below the river bed and partly above the
River bed.
In this case the jump will form in the upper
Portion of the apron at low discharges, and
In the lower portion at high discharge.
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Stilling Basin
 A stilling basin consists of a short, level apron at the
foot of the spillway
 The function of the basin is to decelerate the flow
sufficiently to ensure the formation of a hydraulic
jump within the basin.
 A hydraulic jump can be stabilized in the stilling
basin by using appurtenances( or accessories) such as
chute blocks, basin blocks and end sill.
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Types of stilling basins

 There are various types of stilling basins.
 The type of stilling basin most suitable at a
particular location mainly depends upon the initial
froude number (F1)and the velocity V1 of the
incoming flow.
 The stilling basins are usually rectangular in plan and
made of concrete.
 The length of the basin, measured in the direction of
flow, depends upon the sequent depth y2 and initial
froude number F1. and it is different for different
type of basin.
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 The following type of basins are commonly used in practice.

 U.S.B.R basins has standardized stilling basins for different

range of froude number.

1. U.S.B.R. basins for Froude's number between 1.7 and 2.5.
 For this case only a horizontal apron needs to be provided.
 As the flow in this case does not have much turbulence
usually no accessories are required to be provided.
 However, the apron should be sufficiently long to contain the
entire jump over it.
 Length of apron = 5 Y2, and where Y2 is the sequent depth.
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2. U.S.B.R. basins for Froude’s number between 2.5

and 4.5
 For this range of Froude number Type IV stilling
basin has been found to be effective for dissipating
the energy of flow.
 The basin is provided with chute blocks.
 The length L of the stilling basin may be obtained for
different values of F1 from the following table:
F1 2 3 4 5
L/Y2 4.3 5.3 5.8 6
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3. U.S.B.R. basins for Froude number higher than 4.5

 For this case depending upon the velocity of incoming flow,
two types of stilling basin have been developed as indicated
below.
(a) When the velocity of incoming flow is less than 15m/s,)
Type III stilling basin have been adopted.
 This basin is provided with CHUTE BLOCKS, BAFFLE
BLOCK and an ENDSILL.
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F1 5 6 8 10 12 14

L/y2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8

hb/y1 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0

Hs/y1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

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(b) When the velocity of the incoming flow is exceeds 15

m/s,
 TYPE II STILLING BASIN may be adopted.
 In this basin only chute blocks are provided and instead
of a solid end sill a dentate sill is provide.
 In this basin baffle blocks are not provided because
– Due to high velocity of incoming flows these blocks
will be subjected to excessive large impact forces and
– There is a possibility of cavitation along the
downstream face of theses blocks and adjacent floor
of the basin due to large negative pressure developed
in the region.
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• Due to baffle blocks being eliminated in this case the

dissipation of the energy is primarily accomplished
by hydraulic jump ,
• Hence, the length of the basin will be greater than
that indicated for the TYPE III BASIN.
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Bucket type energy dissipaters

 Bucket type energy dissipaters consist of an upturned
bucket provided at the toe of the spillway.
 The bucket type energy dissipaters may be used only for
overflow type spillways.
 This type of energy dissipation becomes more
economical than the method of stilling basins when the
Froude number F1 of the incoming flow exceeds 10,
 because in such cases the difference between the initial
depth and sequent depth is quite large and a very long
and deep stilling basin is required.
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 Moreover the bucket type energy dissipaters may be

used with any tail water condition.
 However, this type of energy dissipater may be used
only when the river bed is composed of stiff rock.
 The bucket type energy dissipaters are of the
following three types:
a) Solid roller Bucket
b) Slotted roller Bucket
c) Ski jump ( or flip or trajectory bucket)
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 The solid or slotted roller bucket may be used where

the tail water depths are too large as compared to the
sequent depths required for the formation of the
hydraulic jump.
 Both these buckets remain submerged in tail water
and hence these are also termed as submerged bucket
type energy dissipaters.
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A. Solid roller Bucket

 A solid roller bucket consists of a bucket like apron
with a concave circular profile of large radius and a
deflector lip as shown in figure.
 When the water flows over the bucket the entire sheet
of water leaving the bucket is deflected upward by
the bucket lip and two elliptical rollers are developed
as shown in the figure.
i. surface rollers:- these are formed on the surface of the
bucket. for the flow conditions the rollers move counter
clockwise direction with in the region above the bucket.
 Cont.…
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ii. Ground rollers :- these rollers are developed at the

river bed immediately downstream of the bucket. These
move in the clockwise direction for the flow conditions
shown in the figure.
 the movement of the two types of rollers and
consequent balance of the incoming flows causes the
dissipation of the energy.
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 This type of bucket is not effective if the river bed is

higher on its down stream. The radius of bucket is
usually taken as
 Radius of the Bucket: R= 0.6 H’ *Hd
– Where H’ = fall from crest of spillway to bucket
invert in meter.
– And Hd =Head over crest in meters
 Vente Chow’s Formula R = 0.306 *10k
– Where k = (v1+6.4 Hd +4.88)/(3.6 Hd + 19.5)
– V1 = velocity of flow at the toe of spillway in m/s
 Cont.…
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B. Slotted Roller Bucket

 A slotted roller bucket is a modified form of a solid roller
bucket. It is also used when the tail water depth is greater
than the sequent depth.
 A slotted roller bucket, like a solid roller bucket, consists
of a bucket like apron with a concave circular profile of
large radius but it has a slotted (or dentated) deflector lip
at the downstream. Thus a slotted bucket has a number of
teeth.
 In general the hydraulic action of the slotted bucket has
the same characteristics as that of a solid bucket.
 Thus in the case of the slotted bucket also the same two
rollers are developed.
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 However in this case the water leaves the lip of the

bucket at a flatter angle and only a part of it is
deflected upwards.
 Thus surface boil is considerably reduced, and less
violent ground rollers occurs which results in a
smoother flow on the downstream side.
 Moreover in this case the bed material is neither
deposited nor carried away from the bucket lip, also
any debris which might get into the bucket is
immediately washed out through the slots.
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C. SKI JUMP BUCKET

 A ski jump bucket may be used where the tail water
depth, is less than sequent depth required for the
formation of hydraulic jump and the river bed is
composed of stiff rock.
 The lip of the bucket is so shaped that the entire sheet of
the water flowing over the bucket is deflected as a free jet
which falls back into the river channel at a safe distance
away from the spillway.
 Thus in this case energy is dissipated by air resistance,
breaking of the jet into bubbles and the impact of the
falling jet against the river bed and tail water.
 3.3 Dam outlets or sluices ways
82

 Dam outlets are provided in the body of the dam or its

abutments below the crest level of the spillways so that
water can be released for the various purposes for which the
dam was constructed.
 i.e. dam outlets are opening for withdrawal of water from
the dam.
 The outlet of most of the dams consists of one or more
sluice ways with their inlets at about minimum pool level.
 In most of the cases, a number of outlets are generally
provided at different levels: as a single large capacity outlet
may be structurally unsatisfactory or difficult to construct.
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 More over by having more number of smaller

capacity outlets, greater control on discharge can be
obtained, which can be varied as & when desired.
 Hence, when wider fluctuations in the demand are
anticipated, it is always, advisable to go in for more
number of small capacity sluiceways, although it
may prove to be some what costlier as compared to a
few large capacity sluiceways.
 Cont.…
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Location of dam outlets

 An outlet is a closed conduit formed in the body of
the dam. It may also be in the form of a pipe or tunnel
that passes through the hill side at one end of the dam.
 The function of an outlet is to discharge the stored
water in to the channel d/s. For a concrete (or
masonry) dam, the outlets pass through the body of the
dam and are called sluice ways.
 Cont.…
85

 For earthen dams, it is preferred to place the outlets

outside the limits of the embankments.
 However , for small earth dams, sometimes the
outlet conduits are permitted to pass through the body
of the dam.
 In this case projecting collars, must be provided so
as to reduce seepage along the outside of the conduit.
The seepage is thus, reduced with the collar by
increasing the length of the seepage path at least 25
percent.
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 Cont.…
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Discharge through an Outlet

 The outlet should be designed to have the required

discharge capacity . The discharge through the outlet

can be determined by the equation:
Q= CdA2gH
Where cd= coefficient of discharge whose value
depends upon various factors such as type of gates &
trash rack provided, conduit friction, transition etc…
H= differential head causing flow i.e. the difference of
u/s & d/s water level
A= area of outlet sluice
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In an outlet work the following hydraulic losses should be considered:-

i) Iterance loss:- depends up on the shape & size of the entrance
V2
It may be taken as 0.5 for square edged entrance and equal to
2g
V2
0.04 for bell mouthed iterance
2g
Where:- V is the flow velocity through the conduit.
ii) Friction Loss: - depends on the surface of the conduit, its size &
length and velocity

L V2
hl  f Where: - f= friction factor
D 2g
L = length
D= diameter
 Cont.…
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 Cont.…
90

Intake structure
 An intake structure is required at the entrance of an
outlet conduit when the outlet is not an integral part
of the dam.
 An independent intake structure is constructed
through which the water is withdrawn from the river
(or the reservoir).
 The primary function of the intake structure is to
permit withdrawal of water from the reservoir (or
river) over a predetermined range of reservoir levels
and thus to protect the conduit from being damaged
or clogged by ice, trash, debris, waves etc.
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91

 An intake structure may vary from a simple concrete

blocks supporting the end of the conduit pipe to huge
concrete towers, depending up on the various factors
such as reservoir characteristics, capacity and
discharge requirements, climatic conditions etc.
Types of intake structures
i) Simple submerged intakes it consists of a simple
concrete blocks or a rock filled timber crib supporting
the starting end of the withdrawal pipes as shown
below
 Cont.…
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 Cont.…
93

ii)Intake Towers
 Intake towers are generally used on large projects and
where there are large fluctuations of water level.
 Openings at various levels called ports are generally
provided in these concrete towers, which may help in
regulating the flow through the towers and permits
some selection of the quantity of water to be
withdrawn.
 There are two major types of intake towers, viz.
i) Wet intake towers
ii)Dry intake towers
 Cont.…
94

i) Wet intake tower

 It consists of a concrete cylindrical well filled with

water to the level of the reservoir.

 There is a vertical shaft inside the well which is

connected to the withdrawal conduit.

 The water enters the well through entry ports. It then

enters the vertical shaft through gate-controlled

ports( openings).
 A control room is usually constructed over the wet
intake tower.
 Cont.…
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 Cont.…
96

Dry intake tower

 This also consist of a concrete cylindrical well.

However, in this case, the water is not filled in the

well, but it is directly drawn into the conduits
through the gated entry ports.
 Thus in a dry –intake tower, there is no water inside
the tower, whereas in a wet-intake tower there will be
water even when the ports gates are closed.
 Cont.…
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 Cont.…
98

 Intake towers are huge structures standing in the river

(reservoir), and hence should be located so as not to
interfere with navigation,
 and must be properly designed so as to withstand the
worst possible combination of various forces, such as
hydrostatic pressure, wind and earth quake forces,
and forces caused by waves, ice and debris etc..
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Trash racks
 The entrance to intakes and dam outlets are generally
covered with trash racks so as to prevent the entry of
debris, ice etc in to the conduit.
 These racks are generally bar screens, made from steel
bars spaced at 5 to 15 cm center to center in both
directions depending upon the maximum size of the
debris required to be excluded from entering the
conduit.
 The velocity of flow through the trash rack is kept low
(generally less than 0.62m/s) so as to minimize losses.
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