CHAPTER THREE-WPS Office

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 materials
The materials used include cement,sharp sand,gravel and concrete stamp mat.the size of gravel
used for this work is up to 20mm(0.787inch). About 1200kg of gravel is hauled from quarry down to
south campus of Federal Polytechnic Ede and were tipped at Civil Engineering Department.Portable
water was used during the mixing of the concrete
3.1.1 concrete stamp mat
Concrete stamping mat is a high performance urethane rubber that offers exceptional strength,
durability and abrasion resistance. Capture an impression of any stone surface, down to the finest
detail. Cured rubber is firm yet flexible, making it ideal for concrete stamp applications.
3.2 site clearance and topsoil evacuation
This includes clearing of bush, cutting of trees, removal of roots and topsoil removal on the site and
which is done effectively.
3.3 subgrade preparation
Subgrade work is the proper placement and compaction of earthwork materials. These
materials serve as a base for the building of a structure or road construction project. The
importance of testing with desired results will lead to the longevity and durability of your project.
3.3.1 Subgrade stabilization
Subgrade Stabilization is the use of geosynthetic reinforcement elements to provide

constructability and access over very soft soils. The use establishes a well-compacted non-yielding
platform with uniform support. Mechanical Stabilization is the process of improving the
properties of the soil by changing its gradation. This process includes soil compaction and
densification by application of mechanical energy using various sorts of rollers, rammers, vibration
techniques and sometime blasting.
3.3.2 Subgrade compaction
Subgrade compaction is the act of grading, shaping, and compacting the natural subgrade
materials prior to placing an aggregate base or pavement. It mechanically increases the unit
volume (density) of the soil or base. The subgrade is compacted mechanically by using Smith
wheel roller and it is done unifornally.
3.3 Placing of forms
Forms, made from wood, metal or plastic, are attached to stakes to contain the concrete in the
area desired. It is important that forms are in good condition, be set to provide the proper slope
or grade for drainage, and are erected to create clean corners where they abut each other or
structures.
3.4 Installing Reinforcement
Using steel reinforcing bars or welded wire mesh are critical to providing structural function
and support in the slab. The main reasons to include reinforcement in the slab is to help control
cracking, provide structural capacity, increase impact resistance, and reduce joint maintenance.
3.5 Batching
Batching by volume was adopted for measuring the quantity of cement, sharp sand and
gravel required for the production of concrete. Good concrete can never be achieved if the
materials are not properly batched.
3.6 Mixing
One head pan of cement with two head pan of sharp sand and four head pan of gravel to
1:2:4 mix ratio were thoroughly mixed that gave a uniformly dull grey color. A portable
water quantity was added to the thoroughly mixed aggregate by using shovel until a plastic
workable concrete was achieved.
3.7. Placement of concrete

The most common method for placing concrete is to have the ready-mix truck pull up to the
placement area and deposit the concrete from the chute. The concrete should be placed as close to
its final destination as possible because moving it around too much (with shovels or other tools)
can lead to segregation. Also be sure plastic sheeting is used to protect adjacent buildings,
landscaping, or other existing slabs from concrete splatter. The type of concrete used is also crucial
to successful placement. Make sure to discuss with your contractor how he plans to avoid issues
that can arise without the proper slump, or mix design. Read more about placing concrete.
3.8 Screening and Finishing
Screeding and Finishing the Concrete The work done immediately following concrete placement is
critical, since this is when you must create the perfect canvas for decorative stamping. The two
most important factors are that the surface is leveled to prevent any low or high spots, and that
cement paste is brought to the surface to permit a well-defined imprint.
3.9 The Stamping Process
The window of time in which to stamp is generally short, especially in warm weather. The stamp
layout should be diagrammed ahead of time, and there should be enough labor on hand for the
volume of work to be done. Typically, the edges are pre-textured first because later when the larger
stamps are used, they may overlap the forms and won't be able to be fully depressed into the
concrete. The concrete should then be stamped in the same sequence it was placed. Stamping
alignment should be checked regularly, along with verifying that the correct random patterning is
being followed to ensure a realistic-looking outcome.
3.9.1 Curing Stamped Concrete
The goal when curing (or allowing your concrete to dry) is to retain sufficient moisture content for a
long enough time to allow the necessary properties of the concrete to develop. With proper curing,
concrete becomes denser and less permeable, resulting in an overall increase in strength and
durability.
3.9.2 Installation Joint Cutting
contraction joints (also called control joints) can help to prevent conspicuous cracks. Although not
all cracking can be prevented due to the stress caused by temperature changes and drying
shrinkage. Providing stress relief at planned locations can help control random cracking.

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CHAPTER THREE-WPS Office

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CHAPTER THREE

3.1.1 concrete stamp mat

3.2 site clearance and topsoil evacuation

3.3 subgrade preparation

3.3.1 Subgrade stabilization

Subgrade Stabilization is the use of geosynthetic reinforcement elements to provide

3.3.2 Subgrade compaction

3.3 Placing of forms

3.4 Installing Reinforcement

3.7. Placement of concrete

3.8 Screening and Finishing

3.9.1 Curing Stamped Concrete

3.9.2 Installation Joint Cutting

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