Lesson 1: MEASUREMENT still being used to some countries such as

United States.
Ash and Mistry plans to meet at the Rizal park
for their school project. Ash lives 10-m away to METRIC SYSTEM
the east of Rizal Park while Mistry lives 12-m
Metric system is a system of measuring that is
away to west of Rizal Park. What is the distance
internationally agreed by most of scientific
between Ash and misy’s house?
community across the globe. It was created in
If you answer is 22, it’s not correct. The correct France back in 1799. The international system
answer is 22 meters. The correct answer is 22 of unit (SI) systeme international (D’unites) is
meters. This is a 4th grade Math problem under the official measurement system in almost
the topic of distance. I remember during my every country in the world, is based on metric
elementary days I would always forgot to system.
include the unit of a measurement in my final
answer. Thus, would make my answer incorrect.
Back thenm I was like why it’s not correct? Isn’t
it obvious that we ar taking about meters
because what in the problem? Well, apparently
it’s not always obvious

The National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) lost a 125 million dollars
Mars orbiter because of a simply unit
difference. The seemingly insignificant unit is
the reason why the orbiter crashers in Mars.
Apparently, one enginnerin team used metric
units while another rused english unit for the Metric system uses a basic unit of a
operation of the said spacecraft. measurement (meter, gram, second) for each
quantity (length, weight, time, etc.). The
Physics can be usually expressed in basic
conversion for any unit of measurement is the
quantities. In mechanics, we will be dealing with
multiplied or divided by factors of ten/
the three most common quantities which are
length (l), mass (M) and time (T). that is why it is Measuring unit can be categories into two
impotant to understand the major system of groups. Fundamental Units are units that is
measuring units in the world. being used in seven fundamental physical
quantities such as: length, mass, time, electric
ENGLISH SYSTEM
current, temperature, amount of substance and
English system was historically known to be luminous intensity. Essentially all other physical
used across the globe. It is a system of units quantities such as force, speed, acceleration,
that were bases on the proportion of human etc. can be describe by mathematically
body. But as observed by some of the scientist, combining the seven basic quantities. These
they saw that the size of the human body differs quantities are what we refer as Derived units
from one person to another. Thus, another
form of measuring uniy was introduced. This
system of unit was later standardized, and it is
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION 3-0 = 3 The difference in their order of
magnitude will be our multiplier in the
it is a way of writing a number that are too large
conversion. Thus,
or too small to be expressed conveniently in a
decimal form. Scientific notation is commonly 100 km = 100x10^3 m or 100,000 m
use in scientific community to measure a
2. Convert 30,000 cm to km.
specific physical quantity
once again let us refer to the table of prefixes.
Order of magnitude
We can see that the order of magnitude of
Order of magnitude refers to exponent of a centimeters is -2 while kilo is 3. Subtract their
number when it is expressed in scientific order of magnitude.
notation
-2-3 = -5 The difference in their order of
magnitude will be our multiplier in this
conversion. Thus,

30,000 cm = 30 000 x 10^-5 km or .3 km

There are instances that we need to convert a

UNIT CONVERSION
metric unit to English unit or vice versa.
Considering that there are two common system
3. Convert 10 m into ft.
of measurement that is being used across the
globe it is important that we know how to
convert one unit to another

Let us have an example on how to convert one

unit to another
To convert m into ft we need to know the
1. Convert 100 km into m
conversion factor those units. We know that 1
Since the conversion that we wanted to do is m is equal to 3.28ft. We need to multiply the
just a metric-to-metric conversion. Therefore, given to its conversion factor. Thus,
we just need to consider their prefix or order of 3.28 𝑓𝑡
magnitude. (Note: km has a prefix of kilo while 10m x = 32.8 ft
1𝑚
m is a base unit.) Consider the table of prefixes,
we can see that kilo has order of magnitude 3
while the base unit has an order magnitude
equal to 0. We just need to subtract their order
of magnitude.
Note in using a conversion factor for
fundamental units we always wanted to have
the desired unit in the numerator. This is to
ensure that the base unit will be cancelled along
the process of conversion.
 4. Adrian is driving a car with a speed 25 m/s. Supposed you are selling an ice-cold water on a
while driving he saw a signage that the hot summer day for 2 pesos per 200ml. A group
maximum speed allowed is 50 mi/hr. does he of scientists came to your store to buy five
exceed the speed limit? What is his speed in glasses of water. Upon reaching their laboratory
mi/hr? they test the claim that you sell 200ml of water
for 2 pesos. They use a beaker to check if the
In converting a derive unit we need to consider
correct amount of water was place on their
each fundamental unit that was involved in the
cups. The following results were.
given. For this example, we wanted to convert
m to mi and s to hr. We need to multiply the
given to the conversion factor of each
LESSON 2: VECTORS
fundamental unit it has.
Oh no! your friend pokemon, pikachu, istrapped
𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠
25 𝑥 𝑥 = 55.90 𝑚𝑖/ℎ𝑟 on a labyrinth as shown in the figure on the
𝑠 1610 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 right. Pikachu was temporarily blind because of
his recent battle. Help pikachu escaped the
This implies that Paolo exceeds the maximum labyrinth by guiding him to the green tile.
speed limit Remember he can only step on the white and
blue tile. He is currently in the white tile. You
In converting a derive quantity, we need to can guide him by giving correct path to take
consider the position of the unit that we (example: 1 down, 3 left, and so on)
wanted to convert (e.g., we wanted to convert
m to mi. We need to consider a conversion By looking at the figure we know that pikachi
factor that would cancel the m. Thus, the m is in needs to take at least 39 steps for him to get to
the denominator. While in converting s to hr. the green tile. But knowing the number of steps
We can see that the s is in the denominator of to be taken is not enough for him to get to the
the derive unit. Therefore, we need to have a end. He specifically needs to know where to
conversion factor to have a conversion factor take those 39 steps for him to get to the green
that s will be in the numerator.) tile. Therefore, he needs a magnitude and
direction, he needs to get the vector.
ACCURACY VS. PRECISION

Now that we know how to convert different

units of measurement, another things we need
to consider in dealing with physical quantities
are what we called accuracy and precision.
Accuracy and precision are terms often used
interchangeably. The distinction between the
two are critical in most scientific endeavors

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is

to its correct value of measurement. Precision
on the other hand refers to how consistent you
Scalar is a quantity that can be fully describe by
will get the same measurement given the
its magnitude. While vector is a quantity that
similar circumstances
can be characterize by the existence of
magnitude and direction
 “R”. There are variety of method that can be
used to solve for the resultant vector.
The difference in scalar and vector quantity
might look a very tiny detail but in physical PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
world this little piece of information could be as
Or sometimes referred as tail-to-tail method, is
important of getting the magnitude of the
one of the techniques that can be used to solve
quantity.
for the resultant vector. A parallelogram must
be created by connecting two vectors from their
tails and reflecting the one of the vectors to the
head of the other vector. The resultant vector
can be solved by getting the diagonal of this
parallelogram. The resultant vector can be
solves using the properties of parallelogram and
using sine and cosine law.

POLYGON METHOD

Is one of the most common ways to solve for

Considering the figure, Tangela wanted to visit resultant using graphical technique. This
his friend Jigglypuff. Using scalar quantity, we method is conventionally being referred as tail-
can see that Tangela needs to travel 10 tiles for to-tail method. This method can be done by
him to get to Jigglypuff. But this information connecting the head of one vector to the tail of
might lead him too somewhere else. That’s another vector until all the vectors was already
using vector quantity to describe the path that lined up. After which a new vector will be added
he needs to take will make it easier and clearer to close the figure and making a polygon. The
for him to reach his destination last vector will be considered as the resultant
vector.
REPRESENTING VECTOR
COMPONENT METHOD
since vector quantities contains both magnitude
and direction, it is commonly represented in a Is one of the widely use method in solving for
form of an arrow or a ray. The direction of the the resultant of vectors analytically. This
arrow represents the direction of the vector and method employs the use of trigonometric
the length of it is proportional to the magnitude function in solving for the resultant. We need to
of the vector. (Note: longer arrow means consider the horizontal and vertical, x and y,
greater magnitude of vector) component of the vectors that we wanted to
add. Combining all the vertical and horizontal
8m/s component until we have a single unified x and
4m/s y component. Afterwards, we use the
properties of trigonometric functions to solve
RESULTANT VECTOR for the resultant.
It is often that there is a need to add one vector
to another vector. Adding two or more vectors
would have an effect that is called resultant or COMPONENT
resultant vector that is commonly denoted as
Let us first define component, when we say arbitrarily assigned so you can assign the
component this refers to a part of something. negative vector to be moving towards the East
Thus, we get the component of a vector it but be sure to be consistent to the sign and
means we are getting a part of a vector direction

Solving for the horizontal vector we use the

equation Ax = Acosθ. Therefore,

Ay = 5sin30°

Ay = 2.50 m/s, N

Now we know how to solve for the horizontal

and vertical component of a vector. We can
now solve for the resultant of vectors using the
component method
Suppose we have a vector, A, as shown in the
Example:
figure. We then can solve for the horizontal
component, Ax and vertical component, Ay, Solve for the resultant of the ff vectors:
using trigonometric functions
F1 = 5 N, 30° N of E
Recall that we have the following equation:
F2 = 6 N, 60° S of E
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗

From these equations we can solve for the

vertical and horizontal component of A. Thus,

Ax = Acos Ay= Asin θ

Example:

Compute for the horizontal and veritical

components of the vector 5m/s; 30 ° N of E.

A = 5m/s

Θ= 30 ° N of E

Solving for the horizontal vector we use the

equation, Ax = Acosθ

Ax = 5cos30 °

Ax = 4.33m/s, E

Note: Conventionally if the sign of the

horizontal vector is positive then it means it is
moving towards the East. While negative vector
means it is moving towards West. But this is
Example KINEMATICS MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
 Kinematics is a branch of physics and a
A treasure hunter is following a treasure map to
subdivision of classical mechanics concerned
find a bar of gold somewhere in a forest. From
with the geometrically position motion of a
his starting point, he walks 3 meters to east. He
body or a system of bodies without
noticed that he was following the wrong way,
consideration of the forces involved. The study
and so he stopped and decided to walk 6
of kinematics is often referred to as the
meters, 45 ° north of east. From where he is, he
“geometry of motion”. Objects are in motion all
checked the map and it says he must walk 5
around us.
meters, 30° north of east. Finally, he walks 10
meters, 50 ° south of east and there he found  Kinematics is the description of motion
bars gold. Find the resultant vector of the without considering its causes. In this module, it
treasure hunter using the component method. is limited to motion along a straight line, called
one-dimensional motion. Displacement is the
To solve for the problem, we start identifying
change in position of an object.
the given. From the problem we have the ff
vectors:  There are 4 kinematic equations, which relate
to displacement – D, velocity – v, time – t, and
3m, E
acceleration – a.
6m, 45 ° N of E
Position If there’s motion, it is the position or
4m, 30 ° N of W the location of an object. To describe a motion
definitely, we have to know where an object is
10m, 60 ° S of E
located.
Now that we have the given, we can start
To determine the location, choose a reference
solving for the resultant by computing for the
point and call it “origin”. Then, to describe the
∑𝑑𝑥
location of something, we give its distance from
∑ 𝑑 𝑥 = 3 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠34 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠60 the origin and the direction

Displacement The change of position or

∑ 𝑑 𝑥 = 7.91 𝑚, 𝐸 location of an object.

Then, solve for ∑ 𝑑 𝑦 Formula: ∆𝑥 = 𝑥₂ − 𝑥₁

Example:
∑ 𝑑 𝑥 = 3 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠45 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛60
: ∆𝑥 = 3.02 + 1.2
∑ 𝑑 𝑥 = 1.91𝑚, 𝑆 : ∆𝑥 = -1.82

: ∆𝑥 = 1.82km to the West

2. A nervous squirrel is trying to cross a road.

First, it moves 3.0 m east, then 4.0 m west, then
1.2 m west, then 6.0 m east. What is the
squirrel’s total displacement?

: ∆𝑥 = + 3 – 4 – 1.2 + 6
: ∆𝑥 =+ 3.8km The study of motion falls under the topic of
Mechanics. Let us read the ff definition and
: ∆𝑥 = 3.8 km to the East
scope of Mechanics
Lesson 2: velocity & speed
Mechanics – sub-branch of classical physics that
Example: is concerned with the forces acting on bodies,
whether at rest or in motion, and is classified
A chipmunk is trying to cross a road. He first into 3 scopes namely
moves 80cm to the right, then 10cm to the left,
then 20cm to the right and finally 30 cm to the Statics – focuses on the way in which forces
left. If the elapsed time is 15 sec, what was its combine with each other so as to produce
average velocity and average speed? equilibrium “object at rest”

∆x = 80 cm + 10 cm + 20 cm + 30 cm Kinematics – focuses on the motion of a body

with no regards to the cause of the motion
= 140 cm “how object move”
∆t = 15 sec Dynamics – focuses on the way in which force
Savg = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/ ∆𝑡 produces motion “why object move”

= 140 𝑐𝑚 /15 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 9.33 cm/sec

∆𝑥 = 80 𝑐𝑚 − 10 𝑐𝑚 + 20 𝑐𝑚 − 30 𝑐𝑚

= 60 cm

∆𝑡 = 15 sec

Vavg = 60 𝑐𝑚/ 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 4 cm/sec

= 4 cm/sec to the right

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Lesson 1: First law of Motion – Law of Inertia

Every object continues in its state of rest or at

motion in a straight line with constant
speed/velocity unless it is compelled to change
that state by force exerted upon it

Condition of the Law:

- Not applicable to motion along a curve

(why? – a force existed which made it
move along a curve)
- Not applicable to accelerating or
decelerating objects (why? – a force
existed which made it change speed)
- Forces exerted means net external
force

Change of state

- Object at rest starts moving

- Object in motion stops
- Object in motion changes direction

Inertia – the property of a body resists a change

in its current state

Factor affecting inertia

1. mass – the greater the mass, the greater the

inertia

2. shape and volume – example: small plane

versus commercial plane (more unstable in
small plane than big plane)

Examples/Situations exhibiting the ‘law of

inertia”
 In analyzing word problems, it is helpful to
visualize the situation. In physics, we use what
we called a FREE BODY DIAGRAM

FREE BODY DIAGRAM – a diagram of the

object, usually represented by a box/dot
separated from its surroundings and which is
properly labeled with vectors or arrowheads
showing the magnitude and direction of all
forces acting on it.
Lesson 2: Second law of motion – law of
Lesson 3: Third law of motion – law of
Acceleration
interaction or Action – Reaction
The acceleration produced by a net force on a
When an object exerts a force on another
body is directly proportional to the magnitude
object, the second object exerts, on the first
of the net force in the same direction of the net
object, a force of the same magnitude but in the
force and inversely proportional to the mass of
opposite direction or for every action, there
the body
exists an equal but opposite reaction.
Net force – the vector sum of all forces acting
on a body that is capable of changing an
object’s state of motion.

Formulas like F = ma quantify situations usually

expressed in word problem. Let us now study

Table
Formula

A =f /m

M=f /a

M=f /a

F= mxa