Reading in Philippine History

What is History? 1. Present – 7,641

HISTORY Is the Study of the PAST 2. Before – 7,107

• It Includes

✓Accounts of People ✓Group of People • Three geographical division;

✓Civilization 1. Luzon
✓War ✓Colonization ✓Revolution ✓Leadership 2. Visayas
✓Forms of Government
3. Mindanao
What is the “Greek” word of History?
• Manila is the capital of the Philippines
“HISTORIA” - Knowledge acquired through
inquiry and Investigation Historical Sources • Divided into 17 Regions
Primary Sources Temperature
• Primary Sources - Are those sources produced • Based on the average of all weather stations
at the same time as the event, period or subject in the Philippines.
being studied.
• In Manila, Philippines, in September 2021,
• Secondary Sources - Are those sources which the average high-temperature is 30.5°C (86.9°F),
were produced by an author who used primary and the average lowtemperature is 24.8°C
sources to produce the material. (76.6°F).
Empirical and Observable Evidences External • Baguio Temperature in September in 2021 is
Criticism - Is the practice of verifying the 20.6 °C .
authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics, consistencies with the Humidity
historical characteristics of times when it was • Humidity indicates a high amount of moisture
produced, and the material used for evidence. or vapor in the air which directly affects the
Internal Criticism - Is the examination of the temperature.
truthfulness of evidence. It looks at the content • Due to high temperature and the surrounding
of the sources and examines the circumstance bodies of water, the Philippines has a high
of its production. relative humidity. The average monthly relative
School of Thought in History Positivism - This humidity varies between 71 percent in March
school of thought started in 18th & 19th and 85 percent in September.
century. Climate - Is the average of weather ingredients
- Positivism - It requires empirical and over may years ago.
observable evidence before one can • Typhoons have a great influence on the
claim that a particular knowledge is climate and weather conditions of the
true. Philippines.
• Discipline in History “No document-
No History”. Weather - What is happening in the
atmosphere on a given day, in a specific place.
Post Colonialism - Emerged in early 20th
century when formerly colonized nations • Refers to short-term changes in the
grappled with the of creating identities and atmosphere.
understand their societies against the shadows
General Resources
of their colonial past.
Classification of Soil
Annales School of History - Is a school of history
in France that challenge the canons of history. • Alluvial, Shale and Sandstone, Limestone,
Volcanic Soil, Andesite and Basalt, Mountain
- This School of thought did an way with
Soil.
common historical subjects that were
almost always related to the conduct of
states and monarchs.

Philippines

• Number of Islands and Islets

 Reading in Philippine History

Water Resources 1. To look for potential colonies and expansion

of their territory
• The Country has many seas, rivers, lakes, bays
and straits, resulting to an active fishing 2. To search for spices and other raw materials
industry that has been a source of livelihood for
3. To look for potential market of their native
many Filipinos.
products

4. To gain territorial hegemony.

Two Kinds of Fishing Industry
Chinese in the Philippines
Genetic Industry
• In the 9th and 10th Century A.D started the
• Fish Reproduction economic ties of Chinese traders in the
Philippine territory.
• Fish Culture
• They brought porcelain and silk, in exchange
• Fishpond Extractive Industry
for beeswax, deer horn and trepang(sea slug).
• Direct Fishing in shallow, high seas and coral
• Chinese influences; Manufacturing of gun
areas.
powder, gold mining, art of metallurgy, use of
Mineral Resources porcelain, gong, silver, tin and other metals,
blacksmithing, goldsmithing, kite flying, other
1. Rich in metallic, non metallic and fuel forms of gambling like jueting.
minerals
Indian presence in the Philippines
2. Metallic- gold, iron, manganese, lead,
mercury, nickel, silver and chromite. • The expansion of Indian Culture overseas
actually started during the Srivijaya and
3. Non-metallic- clay, cement for construction, Majapahit empires from 9th – 10th Century.
pyrite, rock phosphate, limestone, marble,
silica, asbestos, gypsum, and Sulphur • Indian influences; Languages, Literature,
Religious Beliefs, Writings, Customs, Material
4. Mineral Fuels- carbon and petroleum Culture.
Origins of the Philippine Archipelago Japanese presence in the Philippines
1. Volcanism- The eruption of the volcanoes • Contacts with Philippine Islands begun when
caused the formation of some islands in the Japanese traders and merchants, during the
country 12th Century A.D; Japanese people called Luzon
2. Diastrophism- The process of movement of as Rusun.
the earth’s crust that resulted in the formation • Japanese travels to the Philippines mostly
of mountains and mountain ranges, such as compromised of barter trade of minerals such
Sierra Madre, and Cordillera Mountain ranges as gold and pearls.
3. Gradation- It is the formation of mountains Influences of Japanese Culture
and volcanoes after which, erosion took place
leading to the creation of rivers, lakes, delta, 1. Manufacturing of weapon for warfare
and other landforms found all over the country
2. Goldsmithing and jewelry making in
4. Land Bridge- explains that the Philippines Pagsanjan, Laguna
was once connected to the mainland Asia
3. Breeding of ducks particularly the Balut
through bridges of land formed during the
industry in Laguna de Bay towns.
Pleistocene or Ice Age, 2,500,000 years ago.
4. Breeding of Fishes like Bangus industry in
The Philippines and the Early Relations to the
Bulacan and other provinces.
World

• The following reasons for the influx of foreign

ships on the open seas

Arab presence in the Philippine

 Reading in Philippine History

• Arab traders brought Islam to South East Asia, • Is a system of exchange where participants in
including the Philippines a transaction directly exchange goods or
services for other goods or services without
• They intermarried with the daughters of
using a medium exchange of money.
native chiefs to gain trading advantage, raising
small families of Islam believers. • Goods were exchanged for food, tea, weapons
and spices.
• Islam first gained its foothold in the
Philippines, particularly in Sulu, around 1310 Laguna Copperplate Inscription
A.D.
• Begins the creation of the Laguna
Arabs have some influence in numerous Copperplate Inscription in 900 AD and ends with
Filipino languages. Spanish Colonization in 1565.

Words such as apo (grandchild), alamat • Its contents suggest the existence of political
(legend), sulat (letter) and salamat(thank you), dominion and long-distance trade in the
came from the Arabic language. Philippine Archipelago in the 9th century.

Arabs also introduced the use of calendars to • The earliest known evidence for written
the Filipinos. literature in the history of the Philippines.

• Is a sheet of copper metal with ancient writing

discovered in the province of Laguna in 1989.

Male Clothing
Pre- Colonial Philippines Archipelago
• Upper Parts – Kanggan - Was a black or blue
• More than 7,000 Islands and Islets People
collarless jacket with short sleeves.
• Malay Race
✓The color of the jacket indicated the rank of
Mixture of Races - If there is an intermarriage the wearer.
between the Filipino and the foreigner
particularly the white it is known as mestizo ✓Chief/ Datu – wore red jacket
class, they are also called the mestizoisie. ✓Below his rank/ commoners – blue or black/
Land Bridge (Human Migration) depending upon the position in society.

• Negritos, is a proto-Malay were the principal • Lower Parts – Bahag

people of the Philippine Archipelago in
prehistoric times.
Female Attire
• The Negritos are believed to have migrated
using land bridge, 30,000 years ago during the • Composed of the upper and lower parts.
last glacial period.
• Upper – Baro or Camisa - was a jacket with
Tabon Cave sleeves.

• The discovery of tabon cave in Palawan in the • Lower – Saya - by the tagalog and patadyong
year 1962. by the Visayan.

• Discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox and a team Putong

from National Museum of the Philippines
- Male had a head gear consisting of a piece of
between 1962- 1966.
cloth called “Putong”, which was wrapped
• 22,000 – 24,000 years old. around his head.

• Garuda Gold Pendant were found in Tabon • The color of the Putting showed the manliness
caves of a man.

• The eagle bird who is the mount of Hindu • Red Putong - the wearer had killed a man in a
deity Vishnu. war.

• Discovery of Sophisticated Hindu imagery and • Embroidered Putong - a man who killed more
gold artifacts in Tabon Caves. than 7 man in a war.

Barter Trade System Ornaments

• Trade- Barter derived from “baretor”. • It is an armlet- called Kalumbiga.

 Reading in Philippine History

• Pendants, bracelets, gold rings, earing's, and by committing a crime for which he was duly
even leglets. sentenced.

• These ornaments were made of gold. Among the Tagalogs; the dependents were
either: (Tagalog Dependent);
Tattoo
Aliping Namamahay or Aliping Sagigilid.
• Adornment of the body.
Aliping Namamahay
• As an exhibit of a man’s war record.
1. Had his own family and house;
• The more tattoos a man the more he was
looked up in the society. 2. Served his master during planting and harvest
season, rowed for him;
• Tattoo - considered as a man’s war medal.
3. Helped in the construction of his house
• Also called Pintados or the painted ones, also
known as the Islands of the Painted Ones. 4. Served his visitors.

Houses Aliping Sagigilid

• Bahay Kubo - Built to suit tropical climate, the 1. Had no property of his own;
ancient house was made of wood, bamboo and
2. Lived with the master;
nipa palm.
3. Could not marry without the master’s
• Antonio de Morga – a Spanish jurist and
approval.
chronicle described the average house, as he
saw it at the beginning of the 17th century. Visayan Dependent;
• Badjaos or sea Gypsies of Sulu - made their ✓Three Kinds
houses in their boats, for they were a searoving
people whose life depended upon the wealth of 1. Tumataban – worked for his master when
the seas. summoned to do so;

Balangay also known as - Barangay. 2. Tumarampuk – worked for one (1) day for
his master;
• Is a type of lashed -lug boat built by joining
planks edge - to edge using pins, dowels and 3. Ayuey – worked three (3) days for his master.
fiber lashings. Blood Compact (Inter- Baranganic Relations)
• Used largely as trading ships up until the • Consisted in carrying on commerce between
colonial era. barangays and agreements concerning
• Butuan Boats friendship and alliance.

Social Classes • This treaty of friendship by means of the

“blood compact” or “sanduguan” in which the
• The Philippine Society were divided into three contracting parties drew blood from their arms
classes. and mixed the blood, drawn with the wine in
1. Noble – the noble consisting of the chiefs and the cup, the parties then drink the same cup,
their families, wielded tremendous influence in making them blood- brothers.
the barangay and enjoyed rights that were not Burial
usually enjoyed by the other members of
society. In the Tagalog region they were usually • Belief in life after death and in the relation
carried the title of Gat or Lakan, (Lakan Dula or between the dead and the living made the
Gat Maitan). ancient Filipinos respectful of their dead.

2. Freeman – called Maharlika by the tagalogs. • The deceased relatives were placed in a
wooden coffin and buried under the house,
They were composed of free men likewise complete with cloth, gold and other valuable
dependents who had earned their freedom. things.
3. Dependents – occupied the lowest stratum Languages
known as Alipin among tagalogs, acquired low
status in society by inheritance, by captivity in • There are more than a hundred languages
war, by failing to pay his debts, by purchase or and dialects in the Philippines, eight of which
may be considered major languages.
 Reading in Philippine History

They are tagalog (made the basis of the The conquest of the two Iberian Superpowers
National Language); Iloko, Pangasinan, and started their Maritime Discovery
Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
• Portugal- sailing via south eastern route.
Samarnon or Samar - Leyte and Maguindanao.
At iba pa. ✓Ended in the fall of Mallaca in the year 1488
and Maluku Islands in the year 1512.

• Spain- sailing via western or southern route.

System of Writing ✓ Magellan visited the Spice Islands in the year

1511-1512.
• The Filipinos before the arrival of the
Spaniards had a syllabary which was probably of ✓Made serendipitous landfall in the west indies
Sanskrit or Arabic provenance. in the year 1942;

• The syllabary consisted of seventeen (17) ✓Culminated the “rediscovery” of the

symbols, or which three (3) were vowels Philippines in the year 1521.
standing for the present five (5) vowels and
Maritime Discovery
fourteen (14) consonants.
• Portugal- was the 1st country to use
Literature
innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding,
• The literature of the early Filipinos may be established by Henry “the navigator” of the 1st
classified into floating or oral literature and navigational school in the globe at Sagres Point
written literature. in 1419.

• The literature of the tagalog; example: • Spain - was the 1st exploration in modern
Sawikain, Bugtong, Suliranin, Kumintang. times, inspired by Florentino Map- maker Paolo
Toscanelli to discover westward sea route to
Music and Dance
India.
• The Filipinos are born musicians, for they
• Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo)
easily learn tunes by ear.
made a land-fall in Guanahani it was identified
Spain- Colonization as San Salvador but in 1986 as Samana Cay
Island in October 1492 on the coast of Cuba.
Under Imperial Spain
• This voyage, generated misapprehension and
Spectacular Change during the Renaissance dispute between Spain and Portugal.
• The Renaissance was a period of European • It started the Lusitanian- Hispanic Rivalry.
cultural, artistic, political and economic
“rebirth” following the Middle Ages.

• Renaissance Generally described as the Fixed Imaginary Line

rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature
• The two superpowers of the 15th century
and art.
finally fixed an Imaginary Line drawn from the
Opening of the world to European Shipping North and South Poles.

• The Maritime history of Europe represents the • Spain- owned lands lying in west and the
era of recorded human interaction with the sea. Cape verde Islands.

• The influx of foreign ships, trading ships. • Portugal- owned lands lying to the east.
Propelled by Gospel, Gold and Glory
• Both nations, agreed to propagate the tenets
• “Gold” - refers to the search for material gain of Christianity in their newly found land.
through acquiring and selling Asian spices,
• Imaginary lines, also called “meridians”,
African slaves, American metals, and other
running vertically around the globe.
resources.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• “Gold” also known as jewelry and idols for
worship. • Fixed Imaginary line between Spain and
Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands
• “God” Introduction of Christianity.
outside of Europe.
• “Glory” alludes competition between
monarchies.
 Reading in Philippine History

• It was signed which partitioned the non- 1. Trinidad (Ship), commanded by Gonzalo
Christian World into spheres of influence; Gomez de Ezpinoza, tried to sail eastward
across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of
1. Papal Bull of 1493- granting the new world to
Panama.
Spain.
2. Victoria (Ship) continue sailing westward,
2. Africa and India - were reserved only for
commanded by Juan Sebastian Elcano, and
Portugal;
managed to return to Sanluca de Barremeda,
• Later, Brazil- were also reserved to Portugal. Spain in1522.

• The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided

the "New World" into land, resources, and
Subsequent Expeditions
people claimed by Spain and Portugal.
• Spanish expeditions followed Magellan’s
• Pope Alexander VI - issued the papal bull or
sailing from Mexico, which had become a
decree, “Inter Caetera," in which he authorizes
Spanish colony;
Spain and Portugal to colonize the Americas and
its Native peoples as subjects. 1. The Saavedra (1527-29);

The Magellan (Magalhaes) Expediton (1518- 2. The Villalobos (1541-46);

1521)
3. Most successful expedition was the Legazpi
✓ It started the great epics of Human Discovery expedition (1564), as a sequel to the Magellan
when Magellan finally reached the Philippines voyage, a large fleet of seven ships.
on March 17, 1521.
Ships used in Spanish expeditions reaching the
✓ Ferdinand Magellan Expedition is the earliest Philippine Archipelago
documented European expedition in the •In the year 1521
Philippine Archipelago.
✓Leader/ Explorer/ Navigator – Ferdinand
✓Magellan’s Expedition first arrived at the on Magellan
March 16, 1521.
✓Ships – Trinidad, San Antonio, Conception,
An Island of Homonhon at the mouth of the
Santiago and Victoria.
Leyte Gulf also known as Samar at Leyte,
naming them Archipelago of saint Lazarus. ✓Landing – Samar and Leyte, Limasawa Cebu.

✓Magellan sought alliances among the people •In the year 1542
in the Islands beginning with Datu Zula of
Sugbo Cebu, and took special pride in ✓Leader/ Explorer/ Navigator – Ruy Lopez de
converting them to Christianity. Villalobos

✓ The battle of Mactan occurred at dawn on ✓Ships – Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San
April 27, 1521. Christobal, San Martin and San Juan.

✓Magellan underestimated the army of Lapu- ✓Landing – Samar, Leyte, Saranngani

Lapu, and grossly outnumbered, Magellan and • Villalobos Expedition was the naming of
14 of his soldiers were killed. The rest managed Tandaya or Kandaya (Leyte) in 1543 as Las
to reboarded the ships. Phelipinas (Las Islas Filipinas) in honor of the
crown prince Philip II, by Bernardo de la Torre
✓Magellan was defeated and killed in Battle in
a commander of the Ship.
April 1521, as a consequence of his intervention
in a dispute between Lapu-Lapu and Zula, •In the year 1564
chieftains of Mactan.
✓ Leader/ Explorer/ Navigator – Miguel Lopez
✓The Battle left the expedition with too few de Legazpi
crewmen to man three ships, so they
abandoned the Conception. ✓Ships – San Pedro, San Pablo, San Juan and
San Lucas
The remaining ships – Trinidad and Victoria –
sailed to the Spice Lands in Indonesia. ✓ Landing – first landed on Samar, established
colonies as part of Spanish Empire.
• The expedition split in two groups.
✓ He was the first Governor- General of the
Spanish East Indies.
 Reading in Philippine History

Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) real patron, he had a power over ecclesiastical

appointments in the church and the right to
• King Charles V - seeded his alleged rights to
supervise mission work.
Muluku, to John III of Portugal for 350,000
ducats, not knowing that they rightfully ✓Acted as the Spanish King’s representative to
belonged to the Portuguese area of the Philippines.
responsibility as provided for in the Treaty of
Tordesillas. ✓He serves as the chief executive of the county.

✓Treaty of Tordesillas- a line of demarcation His duties were as follows

was drawn from pole to pole, it consists at 297 1. Enforce the king’s royal decrees, implement
½ leagues east of the Maluku, as the western laws coming from Spain
limit of Spain’s colonial ownership.
2. Direct supervision of all government offices
• The Treaty of Zaragoza, also called the including tax collection
Capitulation of Zaragoza was a peace treaty
between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 3. Lastly, to create and divide parishes and
April 1529 by King John III of Portugal and the appoint priest.
Castilian emperor Charles V, in the Aragonese Royal Audencia
city of Zaragoza.
• Effective in May of 1583; by a Royal Decree.
• The conflict began in 1520, when expeditions
of both kingdoms reached the Pacific Ocean, • Established as the Highest Court of Justice in
because no agreed meridian of longitude had the Philippines.
been established in the Orient.

Legazpi- Urdaneta Expedition (1564)

Composition of Royal Audiencia
• February 1565- Legazpi reached Cebu and
1. The Governor-General as the president
contracted blood compacts with Datu Si Katuna
and Datu Si Gala of Bohol. 2. Oidores (Justices) and fiscal.

• Legazpi was instructed to bring back to • Its primary function is to address justice in the
Mexico the samples of Philippine- grown spices; country by hearing and deciding Civil and
Criminal cases in court.
• To discover the return route to Mexico; and
• To audit Annual Government Finances, serves
• To abide by the 1529 Zaragoza treaty- not to
as consultation body of the Governor.
proceed to Maluku.
Created Laws.
• Fr. Andres de Urdaneta- Legazpi’s chief pilot,
whose expertise was the seasonal winds, he just • Residencia
acquired while he is with Loaisa expedition.
✓a Special Judicial Court that scrutinizes the
• He discovered the “Urdaneta Passage” on his performance of a governor general who will be
return Natividad via the Pacific. replaced.
• Urdaneta Passage - the lane, was used by the •Visitador General
Manila-Acapulco Galleon until 19th century.
✓Sent by the Council of the Indies in Mexico to
Political Institutions During Spanish Regime observe conditions in the colony.
National Level ✓The Visitador reported his findings directly to
• King – (seat power in manila/ Intramuros) the King.
through Consejo de las indias, governed ✓ Bribery became a large-scale business among
through his sole spokesperson and the visitas and the governor-general.
representative in the Philippines;
Local Government
• Gobernador- General – a captain general of
the colony. • Provincial Government;

✓ was a commander in chief of the army and ✓Alcaldias - headed by the Spanish Alcalde
the navy. Mayor assigned in provinces which were
already pacified, and people were peacefully
✓The President of the real audiencia (Supreme settled in designated places.
Court), the islands highest judicial body, vice-
 Reading in Philippine History

✓Corregimientos; on under the control of 2. Free from rendering their service to the
Corregidores or army officers led by a politico- government.
general, these are the places where provincial
3. Enjoyed the privilege of using the Spanish
territories that were in the process of
term “Don”.
pacifications.
4. The eldest son can avail a scholarship given
City Government
by the government where they will be taught of
✓Spanish colonizer introduced in the the Christian doctrines, reading, writing and
Philippines the European pattern of civilization. arithmetic.
✓Ayuntamiento - cities which consists of The Encomienda System
Alcalde (Mayor), Rigidores (Councilors), and
Alguaciles (Chief of police or sheriff). • Encomiendas:

Municipal Government 1. Royal

2. Private
✓ (Pueblo de Indios) – municipality headed by a
Gobernadorcillo. • Spaniards imposed encomienda to the
natives, meaning to entrust, another term as
✓Gobernadorcillo’s duty “revenuegetting”.
1. Tax collection • Encomienda came from the word
2. Enfore law in municipal and encomendar, which means to entrust, and it
countryside was equivalent to “trust territory”.
3. Hear cases involving small amount of
Tribute of Collections
money
✓Each encomendero collected according to his
✓Four Liutenants aided the
personal whim.
Gobernadorcillo

1. Teniente Mayor (Chief Lieutenant). ✓When gold is abundant and money was
2. Teniente de Policia (Police scarce, they demand cash or reales; when the
Lieutenant). reales were plentiful and there was scarcity of
3. Teniente de Sementeras gold, they asked for gold, even when poor
(lieutenant of the fields). Filipinos were coerced to buy them.
4. Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant ✓Encomenderos sometimes seized the entire
of the livestocks). quantity of his rice from the Filipino without
Barangay Government leaving him grain to eat.

• In 1573, the Augustinian bishops

recommended to the King of Spain to retain the
barangay privileged class (Datu and Maharlika)
in power and in 1594.

• The title Cabeza de Barangay originally came Problems in the Encomienda System
from King Philip II.
• These are the source of pain and suffering to
• Under the provincial government policy, the the Natives/ Filipinos
barangay would be headed by a Cabeza de
✓Spanish encomenderos they confiscate the
Barangay. This would be the highest position
crops and animals without just compensation or
given to the natives in the Philippines.
if the Filipino failed to pay heavy taxes.
Cabeza de Barangay’s duties
✓Excessive tribute of collection from the
1. Collect Tribute Tax among members of their Filipino tenants.
barangay.
✓Some of the encomenderos were cruel and
2. Implement in the Barangay the laws and ruled with fear and force.
royal decrees.
✓The Catholic Church owned vast of lands in
Privileges of a Cabeza de Barangay their own encomienda, categorized as friar land,
1. The headsman and the eldest son would be and with Filipinos as its farmers that paid taxes
exempted from paying the annual tribute. and share to the church and government.

Policies During Spain Colonization

 Reading in Philippine History

1. Reduccion

2. Repartimiento

3. Instruccion

Reduccion

• The Spanish attempted to tame the reluctant

Filipinos through Christian indoctrination in a
quite novel settlement pattern using the
convent/ casa real/ plaza complex as the focal
point.

Repartimiento

1. In Catholicism, they were obliged to follow

by the faith, the teachings of the church and
what it demands, like the expenses in burial,
offerings, marriage fees and donations.

2. As colony of Spain the Filipinos were deemed

to follow its rules such as payment of taxes,
forced labor, monopoly of products and fight
against Spain’s enemies inside and outside the
country.

Polo y Servicio - It was a require force labor to

all Filipino men aging 16- 60 years old and must
complete 40 days’ work. They were assigned in
various locations of work like shipyard for
Galleon Ships, Constructions of churches, roads,
and bridges or to the forest to cut trees for logs.

They called the worker POLITAS.

• Tributo (Tribute) - Another form of taxes.

Instruction

• Religious care for the natives inside the

encomienda and make sure that all were
indoctrinated and baptized in the Catholic
church.