1 LUMBER

CHAPTER

4.1 WOOD
Wood is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk
and the branches of a tree that lies between the pith and the
bark The versatility of using wood in every construction has
Hied it to its present importance and high demand in almost all
types of construction .

Even with the introduction of new materials and methods of

construction , wood is evidently much in use Wood , because of
its strength , light in weight , durability and ease of fastening be¬
come one of the most important building materials.

4-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Lumber - is the term applied to wood after it has been
sawed or sliced into boards, planks timber etc.
,

-
Rough Lumber is the term applied to unplaned or un¬
dressed lumber. In short, those lumber with rough surfaces.

-
S2f and S4* are dressed lumber wherein the number con¬
notes the smooth sides. For instance, S2s means lumber hav¬
ing two smooth sides and S4s with four sides

-
Slab is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual
rings running through the full length of the log containing at
teas one flat surface
Surface or Dressed Lumber - is a planed lumber having at
teast one smooth side.
143
 r
ESTIMATE
SIMPLIFIED CONSTR
UCTION or larger
five Indies *
B a p ce
of lumber
Tiorfxr •

smartest dimension
* 4 to 5 inches thick
piece of lumb
er from
FLmk - <s a wide centimeters thk
less than 4
Board - is a piece
10 cent imet
of lumber
ers wide
*
jt least
*rtr piece of lumber
.
Flitch - s a thick
ann ual rings are small, the grain or
the
Fioe Grained - when the adjacent rings is said to be fine
marking which separates
called Coarse Grained
it is
grained. When large
used when the direction of the
Straight Grained - Is a term side and edges of the board *
withthe
fibers are nearly parallel
,
Cross Grained - is a lumber taken from1 a
Crooked or
crooked tree.

4-3 CLASSIFICATION OF WO
OD
Wood that are used in building construc
tions are those
r
which grows larger by addition of a layer on the oute surf
ace
each year known to botanists as EXOGENS.

Wood is Classified According to:

1. Mode of Growth

a. Indigenous - are those trees that grows from the

inside. These kind of trees has a soft center core
and are not preferred for lumbering.

b. Exogenous - are those outward growing trees pre ¬

ferred for lumbering.

2. With Respect to Density - It is
a. Soft
either.
b. Hard

144
 LUMBER
3 With Respect to Leaves
a . Needle shape
.
- 1Se,ther
b. Broad shape

4. viitt Respect to Shades or

Colors
b. Yellow
c. Red
d. Brown
e. Black, etc.

/
Sapwood
Modular Rayj
Pitch
Heartwood
t i Outer Bark
Cambium
Inner Bark

Cross Section of a Tree

Crooked Grain Cross Grain Straight Grain

FIGURE 4-1

5. With Respect to the Grain

a. Straight
b. Cross
c. Fine
d. Coarse

8. With Respect to the Nature of Surface when Sawed

145
 SIMPLIFIED CO! NSTRtcnoN ESTIMATE
a Pla»fi
h Grained 1ted
c Figured or War

and
Cor*t*Md R d Rjda *
T «ng*r*»l

'

- J
/
k

L- Tarvjantia * Pl*m or .
Quarter Tangent Bastard Sawing

- Star Shake
JUind or Cupr
vShake

mmih, Broken
idZ/ji. BLanch
Hard Knot
A

V
Heart Shake

-
FIGURE 4 2 METHODS OF LOG SAWING

4-4 METHODS OF LOG SAWING

Lumbering is the term applied to the operations performed in
preparing the wood for commercial purposes. Logging is the
process or operations from cutting of trees, hauling and delivery
to the sawmill for sawing. Sawing on the other hand is the op¬
eration of cutting logs into commercial sizes of lumber.

146
 LUMBER
The Methods and Manner of Log Sawing
1.* Plain or Bastard Sawing
2 Quarter or Rift Sawing
a. Radial
b. Tangential
c. Quarter Tangential
d. Combined Radial and Tangential

4.5 DEFECTS IN WOOD

The term defect refers to irregularities found in wood And
the most common defects in wood are:

1. Caused by Abnormal Growth Such as:

a. Heart Shakes are radical cracks in wood origi¬
nating from the heart of the logs. Heart shake is
commonly found in old trees.

b. Wind Shakes or Cup Shakes are cracks or

breaks across the annual rings of the wood dur¬
ing its growth caused by excessive bending of
the tree due to strong wind.

c. Star Shakes are composed of several heart

shakes radiating from the center of the log in a
star like manner.
of a limb or
d. Knots - occurs at the starting point
branch of the tree.

2. Due To Deterioration
a seasoned lum
-
a. Dry Rot is caused by fungi in
¬

.
ber due to the presence of moisture
in the growth of
b. Wet Rot - takes place sometime .
the tree caused by water satura
tion

147
 ' liON KMIMATlc
SIMPI IKIKU C'ONSTKIK

4-6 SEASONING OF I tUVUIFR

molMurit In thalr call layftri* T1
CV sM *'- '' tv t
*
or
' .
By nature , trt* «* s contain ( IUM vHItjhlv l < »
( ' vprll M
' ' decay Experiments proved that woodi
(
( I,

shrinkage
from after cutting 1» loss subject to
mersed in water Immediately
warping but become brittle and
*
ting and decay It reduces liquid is the oldest method *'*
In of
elastic Soaking of wood and practiced try thn ancient & m44 ftS
soning lumber introduced #
builders "
Methods of Seasoning Lumber
Soasonlng Process jS
1 The Natural Sunlight or Air-
considered as one of the best method used in seasoning
Is relatively longer
of wood although the period Involved

2. The Artificial Seasoning is a process where lumbers are

stacked in a drying kiln and then exposed to steam and
hot air . Under this method , lumber undergoes a quick
drying process.

The Artificial Methods of Seasoning Wood are:

1. By Forced Air Drying
2. By Kiln Drying
3. By Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying

Good seasoning is the primary consideration for successful

preservation of wood. Wood does not decay naturally through
age , nor will it decay if it is kept constantly dry or continuously
submerged in water.

The Common Causes of Decay in Wood are:

1. Alternate moisture and dryness
2. Fungi or moids
3. Insects and worms
4. Heat and confined air

148
3
LUMBER
Process of Preserving„
Wood
- • «uu are:
1 External Process
, The wood is
t ve applied as paint coated with preserva
wood to penetrate
the fibers of the -
2 Internal process A
nated at a prescribed chemical compound is impreg¬
thoroughly
pressure to permeate
the wood

4- 7 THE UNIT MEASURE OF

LUMBER
BoaitJ Foot the unit of
is
measure
volume of lumber Despite the adoptionused in computing the
of
SI) t>oard foot for lumber is still in use ferthe Metric
*
System

Yrtdth and thickness of commercial lumber are

inches while the length is in feet of even numbers

Board foot is found by dividing the product of the

thickness,
the width and the length by 12.

ILLUSTRATION 4- 1
Find the total board feet of 5 pieces 2* x 6 x 14 ft lumber.

SOLUTION
Board foot « 5 x 2 x fl x 14 ft * 70 bd ft
12
Finding the board foot of a commercial size lumber is as
simple as the above illustration But the question is how to find
the net board foot of a round log or a standing tree knowing its
diameter and height ? This question can be answered using the
following formula :

Bd. Ft Volume * ( - 2
D 4) x L
16
149
 , : ,ONEST,MATr
„MPU» NSTK <
' T '

ILLUSTRATION 4-2
O rmlne the MO iSeSft*
as shwln W Flflure 43

D 28*

6.00 m ( 20* )

-
FIGURE 4 3 NET BOARD FOOT IN A LOG

SOLUTION
1. Substitute given data in the formula:
( 28 -4 ) 2 x 20 ft. = 720 bd . ft.
16

In solving board foot of lumber, convert first all measure¬

ments from Metric to English. Take note that the thickness and
width are in inches and length in feet.

Manner of Payment in Sawing or Slicing Lumber

sawing 'lumbe 0 me oc s
* °* comP n9 payment for slicing of

1. By board foot or
2. By meter length

150
 'iJMfttR
The board foot method is ,jmr .
foot of sawed lumber then muSL Kl the t«u,
poard foot On the other hand ih *'*T
* * ' •Qreld
agreed unit price per meter* run
,
liplylng Ihe width In Inch ;, by *
"'«
n meter
11 1 !
1
* time the
*
ILLUSTRATION 4-3
How much will It cost to slice a e * .
t0 produce a 2 x 6 lumber If the unit Phce* ****
Is

3 00 m

Line of cutting

-
FIGURE 4 4

SOLUTION ( By Board Foot Method )

1. Find the total board foot of lumber
6" x 6" x 10 ft = 30 bd. ft.
12
2. Multiply by the unit price say P 2.00
30 x 2.00 = P60.00

SOLUTION ( By Inch-Meter Method )

1 Multiply the width by the length
6" x 3.00 = 18
15
'
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION
ESTIMATE
1
of cut
2. Multiply by number
18 x 2 = 36 Inch -Meter

3. Multiply by the unit

cost

36 x 1.65 = P 59 40

4-8 WOOD POST

building structure, there are
In estimating wooden post for
only three things to consider:

1. The size of the post

2. The quantity or number of posts
3. The length or height of the posts

The size of the post is already indicated in the plan. The

quantity is directly counted in the plan and the length is deter ¬

mined through the following considerations:

1. For one story building, verify if the elevation height indi¬

cates from floor to ceiling. If the ceiling is below the girts
add the depth of the girts including the bottom chord or
the rafters to the height of post.

Girts

2.70
noorfng
Floor joist \|
Girder O
Post
Floor line 2.70

Ground line

FIGURE 4-5
152
 LUMBER

«; Y
.
ln
° * *£ fn°
2 F r
.
!forw*theh 'second
O
" "V W the height indictee
th Binder, the floor W "MTHEFL S
floor add the depth of the girts bottom
,
chord or rafters to the height of the post

3 Take hote that the commercial length of lumber is al-

yyays of even number . If the computed length is odd
number adjust the order to the next even number
length

LUSTRATION 4-4
Fioure 4-5 determine the length
, and board foot of the
pj oquired if there are 8 pieces 6 x 6 * wood posts.

SOLUTION
height of the post from floor to ceiling
1 Find the total

2.70 + 2.70 = 5.40 m.

Boor joist = 15
Flooring = 025
Girts *
.575 m.

U = 5.40 + 575
E 5.975 meters

4. Convert to feet. §*2Z |-

5. Order. .
I - 6. x 6 x 20'
fi
* *
80 boan) ft
153
 ESTIMATE
SIMPLIFIED CONST RUCTI ON
4-9 GIRDER
building that carries
is the structural member of a by Direct COUMI
Girder flooring It is determine
floor joist and the framing plan of the
building. The i®
METHOD based on the considerations:
, is subject to the following
however
of the post is indicated from
1. If the span or distance
length of the girder is equal to the s 8n
ter to center , the
olus one side width of
the post ( Figure 4-6).

Th
Span

]Floor jo»st Flooring

Girder o
o
~
Post
1 L = Span + 2( 1/2 side of post )

FIGURE - -6 CENTER TO CENTER SPAN

>

2. If the span of the post indicates from outer to outer side

of the post, the girder length is equal to the span of the
post.
Span
4-
Flooring
T
Girder o

L = Span of post
U
FIGURE 4-7 OUTER SPAN

3. If the span of the post indicates from

center to outer side
of the posts, the length of the girder is equal to the span
plus one half the width of one post.

154
7

a
Floor )ol t
*

-a-i ~ ~
Post L I Ls Span + 1/2
<
»id« or P0»t )
FIGURE 44 CENTER TO
•
OUTER PAN

uremem, the lengths thVgWer equIuothSWe

two width of the post. (Figure * q ,he 4- 9
Span

Span
ovwttang

- Girder

Post

L = Span + Overhang
U
FIGURE 4-8 I

5. If the second floor has overhang, wherein the girder has

to the
to carry the floor joist , the girder length is equal
span plus the overhang (Figure 4-9) .

4-10 FLOOR JOIST AND WOOD FLOORING

of a building that sup¬
Floor Joist is the structural member by direct count-
ports the wood flooring . Floor joist is estimated the
framing plan . However, in
m9 method based on the floor also be done If the
could
absence of a detailed plan , estimating
15S
 ESTIMATE
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION
Po«t

1 '

FVw
Q
.
**
tkr

-*
Grac v
Toflfus

FIGURE 4- 10 FLOOR JOIST AND

TAG FLOORING

T & G is the popular name for Tongue and Groove wood

board used for flooring , ceiling , paneling , forms etc. The thick-
ness of the board varies from 16 to 20 mm. Its width also varies
from 7.5 to 15 centimeters. Other sizes for Architectural pur¬
poses are obtained through special order.

There are two methods presented how to determine the re ¬

quired number of pieces and board foot of T&G for a known

floor area .

1. By Direct Counting method or

2. By Board Foot per square meter

ILLUSTRATION 4-5

From the floor framing plan as shown in Figure 4-11, deter¬

mine the number and board foot of floor joist and the T & G
flooring required.

156
 ~

rt Vl
~
•

\ I Wood flooring
Bridging
==
-- ilhhv - "*
III fV
2
*
Glfdot
12 I0 *1
*

3 00iM. 5.00 M

FIGURE 4-11 FLOOR JOtST WO WOOD FLOORING

SOLUTION
A. Finding the Floor Joist
spacing
1 . Determine the length of the girder. Divide by the
of the floor joists.
5.00 = 16.6
.30

2. This number represents the spacing of the joist.

Add one
to get the exact number of floor joist.

16.6 + 1 = 17.6 say 18 pieces

3. For two span, multiply: 18 x 2 = 36 pieces.

4. Determine the length of the floor joist in feet.

3,50 = 11.66 say 12 feet.

.30
12 ' = 432 board foot
Outer 36 pieces 2* x 6 x

B. Solid Bridging
m feet:
1. Find the length of the girder
157
/4 s«
pl
*#
S
1
° , 6SS
a
nesSot (h#
Joist
1 Me5 tNcKn * 36 0r 3 ft
2
I 1
'
*sieP o- 1
nf
2 . Sl 13'66 °M 4 fee
6.3
fts
«
16

order ; 2 pcs. 2 -
x 6' xi 4 ft . B
28 bdft
4

TABLE «-» ANTprR SQ EVE R

EAND SIDINQ *>«10
Effective Width Board Foot
Size of Board in Meter per Sq. VI.
In Inches
- .0625 14.400
1 x3
. 0875
rx 4* 13.714
1* x 5 . 1125 13.333
1 x6 . 1375 13.091

C. Finding T&G Flooring By Direct Count

1 Find the length of the floor joist = 3.50 m.

2 Usin9 4 T4G
, divide by the effective width.

= 40 pieces x 2 span = 80 pieces.

4
°f glider is 5 00 m. or 18 feet.
Eder: 80 - 1
" X 4" x 11 = 480 board foot.
5 If 18
ft. is x 4 x 12 ft - '

ilabie: order 120 -

1
toi
 DUMBER
p. Finding T&C Flooring by th,
Ar<a M
-j Find the floor area

35 0 x 13.714 =
480 bd ft
3. Order 480 board foot 1•x 4 T ,- _
,
vert the board foot to number
of bL5ds° ** Speaf c

1 x 4 x 12" = 4 bd ft.
Divide 4§Q 120 pieces
4
4- 11 SIDING WOOD BOARD
The common types of commercial siding wood
boards are
1 Stone cut 4. BCB Cut
2. Double Stone Cut 5. Weather cut
3 V- Cut

Single Cut Double CcM BCB

V-Cut Weather CU

FIGURE 4-12 SIDING WOOD BOM®

The thickness of siding wood board veto > »

to 20 mm r )
mm. Likewise, the width ranges from 15 n ts estimated
of even length from 8 to 16 feet . The quantity
der the following considerations.
159
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTli
The area of the opening such
* *T
as windows , *
1. from tha gross araa w
Uko are subtracted ?*
of th * *rwi K
w JN
covered by the siding wood boards *
Consider the additional depth length f0r th«, QM
*.
2
Ing . floor Joist and the glider
3 The length of the siding wood board mu«t K
*
to avoid joints In between the heights ** * ***
ILLUSTRATION 4-6
From the following Figure , And the number of a inche,
ble Stone Cut siding wood board

5 00 m

nF
.20
i
-

3.00 8" Double stooa cut

.50 -J
[
' 2.00

FIGURE 4-13

TABLE 4-2 QUANTITY OF SIDING WOOO BOARD

Size of Wood Board Number per Approx Board FI
Inches Centimeter Meter Run par Sq. Meter

6 15 7.27 17. «
8 20 5.33 12.76

160
 jioumoN
1 Determine the total length
of the wall
Floor to celling 3 , 18
Deplh of glrle 25
Flooring and joist . 17
Defrth of girder .30
3 00 m. 13
Order length
14 ft
2, Length of the wall -, 5 00 - 2.00 window
- J OOm.
3
'
mulhply
T
* * <>r
*" V °' 20 «r> .
wood bo rd .
3.00 x 5.33 * 16 pieces.

4 Order 10 PCS, K x
12
xU - 149.3 board ft.

SOLUTION - 2 ( By Board Foot per Square Meter )

1. Solve for the wall area:

3.90 x 3.00 m. - 11.7 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 4-2. Uslnfl 8* wood board

,
multiply:

11.7 x 12.76 * 149-3

then from Table 4-2,
3. If 6" wood board will be used
multiply

x 17.40 = 203.58 board ft-

11.7
204 boa«lft 1* x ® x 14 ft'
4. Order
161
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE

4- 12 ROOF FRAMING
gifts , bottom chora ,
Roof framing comprises the raft

pL ,strut and wood blocks are determined according to

adjusted to the
sizes combined together andestimating thesecommercial le
of lumber. For accuracy of items , a
length should be
detaS
drawing indicating their sizes and made *
length of every parts .
basis in finding the unit

Collar plate
Wood block Diagonal strut
Top chord V/ S
post

Bottom chord

FIGURE 4-14
Girts

ff
4-13 STUD
Stud is the structural member in building construction
wherein the sidings or partition boards are fastened . It is some¬
times referred to as the ribs of wooden walls or partitions. Lum¬
ber intended for studs should be straight and uniform in width of
either S2s or S4s for uniformity of wall thickness.

Advantage of Using S2s and S4s Lumber

1. Good quality, straight and uniform in thickness.
2. It is economical in terms of labor cost.
3. The work progress is not affected or delayed .

162
 *
LUMBER

1 By Direct Counting Method

2 By the Square
« Meter Method
»«wwigil

By Direct Counting Method is

sirnP|v <
of vertical
of
and
a
horizontal
detailed
member
drawing
fror *°
unting the»
plan, a .bailed P ,
number
absence an >
plar
through arithmetical calculation will do. ma9 nary <
' ' counting "
By the Area or Square Meter Method
' ,*
ks
wall area multiplied by the values given . mP y findiiing the
sponding to the size and spacing of the ab e 4'2 corre
studs -
TABLE 4-3 NUMBER OF BOARD FOOT OF STUn
JOIST PER SQUARE METER 08* AND NA«UNG

Lumber Spaicing in Cenitimeters (c

enter to Center )
size in
Inches 30 x 30 30 x 60 40 x 40 40 x 60 60 x 60
1x2 4 103 3.147 3.189 2.686 2268
2x2 8 198 6 293 6.379 5.373 4 594
2x3 12284 9.440 9.569 8.060 6 896
2x4 16.414 12.592 12.758 10.746 9.195

ILLUSTRATION 4-7
A wall partition 5.80 meters long and 3.40 meters high spec
¬

ify the use 2 x 3" studs spaced at 60 centimeters on center

both ways. Find the total board foot required.

5.80 m.

2* x 3 studs
3.40 m. .60 o. c.

FIGURE 4 - 1« WALL STUDS

163
 SIMP LIFTID csjjtflWCTIOS tSTTMATt

SOLITIOS -I ( By Dw*<« Co«»ri«*>

,
1. find
•» number of \&lycai 5 1x15
Number of sprang
5 80 = 10 (nouno
*
60

2 Add t to get *f »e nur?

**< c# studs
10 1 = 11
* 3 4C m or (12 fl
)

3 Fine the number o# Hcnr * Studs

3 *0 1 = 7 at 5 SC nv or ( 20 ft )
6C

* O er Vertcai Studs11 - 22 xx Tx
* 1Z = 66
Hcrzonta Stucs 7 - 3 x 20
T<
* *
= 75
** 136 WL1

-
SOLITION 2 ( BTTW Are* Method )

1. Find me area cf the wal partbon

Area 5 90 x 3 4C = 19 72 SQ m
-
2 Refer to ' able 4 2 tsang T x 3* at 60 x 60 m spaerg
rxifcpiy

19.72 x 6 896 = 136 bd ft. 2* x 3 Juntoer

1. Computation by me Area Method grre resets «1 5x«c

foot unite tre <Srect Counbng Method where me nurW
cf peces and iengm c me lumber were tax
* * * cxCTtt
aread of me beard fool As to wtech method w he JSKC
tecmzs pon the chooe and purpose of the estr%Mor
>

*
2 There are eatances « «eng smaB dccrepanoes anse Be
*
*
•
> * mutts of me two methods. 7T s is
t of towtoer *
odd lo even length

164
 LUMBER
SMM
2 X 3 at 00 horizontal studs

2 X 3 ® 40 m
vsftical studs
4.00 M

FIGURE 4-1«

ILLUSTRATION 4-8

JsSSSsaSbolmSSww'
center distance. Find the number of foot °
SOLUTION 1 (By Direct Counting)
studs
1. Find the number of vertical
5.80 = 9.7 say 10 spacing
.60
of vertical studs:
2. Add 1 to get the number
pcs. 2 x 3 x 5.80 m .
or (14 ft .)
10 + 1 = 11
Horizontal studs.
3. Find the number of
4.00 = 10
.40
ontal studs .
get the numbe r of Horiz
4. Add 1 to .)
x 5.80 m. or (20 ft
11 pieces 2" x
3
10 + 1 =
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
5. Order -
11 2 x 3" x 14
* »

=
77 bd ft .
-
11 2" x 3" x 20 110 bd . ft ,
187 bd ft

SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method )

1 Find the area of the wall partition

Area 5 80 x 4 00 = 23.2 sq . m .

2. Refer to Table 4-2. Using 2 x 3 at

40 x 60 cm multiply

23.2 x 8 060 = 187 bd . ft.

4- 14 CEILING JOIST
Ceiling joist is the structural member in building construction
where the ceiling board is fastened . It is otherwise known as the
nailing strip. The common size used for ceiling joist are 1 x 2
1 1A x 2 ; 2 x 2 and 2 x 3 lumber spaced to suit the size of the
ceiling board . In short , the ceiling board dimensions govern the
spacing of the ceiling joist for economical reasons.

Vertical
2x 2 @ 40 M
5.80 M .

4.00 M.

Horizontal 2 x 2 Q 40 M

-
FIGURE 4 17 CEILING JOIST

166
 LUMBER
ILLUSTRATION 4-9
Find the total board foot require
*

SOLUTION -1 ( By direct counting )

1 . Find the number of joist perpendicular to 5 80 meters
5 9 = 14.5 say 15 spacing of joist

2. Add 1 to get the exact number of joists

15 + 1 = 16 pieces at 4.00 m . or (14 ft .)

3. Find ihe number of joist perpendicular to 4 00 m span

4.00 = 10 spacing + 1 = 11 pcs at 5 80 or ( 20 ft)
. 40

4. Order. 16 pcs. 2 x 2 x 14 ft = 74.66

11 pcs. 2 x 2 x 20 ft. = 73.33
Total 147.99 bd ft.

could be:
5. If 20 feet is not available , the order
16 pcs. 2 x 2 x 14 ft. = 74.663
22 pcs 2 x 2 x 10 ft. = 147.99
73J
Total bd . ft

)
SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method
ceiling
1 . Find the area of the
sq m .
4.00 x 5.80 = 23.2 rmdtiftfy
r x r «* 40 x 40 cm .

Refer to Table -
4 3 Using
2.
23.2 X 6.379 = 147 99 bd. « 167
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE

4- 15 CEILING BOARD

There are numerous kinds of ceiling board of differ /

quality and dimensions available for building *
However, the simplest way of finding the number of bo
quired is to divide the total ceiling area by the effective
0
'
of one ceiling board chosen or by the square meter meth erin9
ino<3
the aid of Table 4 3. With

ILLUSTRATION 4- 10

A bedroom with a general dimensions of 4.00 x 5

oo
specify the use of 1/4" x 4 " x 8" plywood ceiling on a 2" »eters
x?
ing joist spaced at 40 x 60 centimeters. Find the
number M '
wood and the ceiling joist required if there are 5 room
ms* of the
*
same size. .

. 10 1 20 1.20 1.20 1.20 .10

.80

4.00 m.
! : lii; 2.40 m.

ip
51 ¥ .80
.. .. .

1 5.00 m! '
f
FIGURE 4-18 CEILING PLAN

SOLUTION ( By the effective coverage

method )
A. Ceiling Joist

168
 1. Find the area of the ceiling;
2. See Table 4-3 Using 2 x 2 «
4.00 x 5 00 . M >q m
40

3. F 5
" r r ,
B. Ceiling Board
1 . Find the area of ceiling: Area : 4.00 x 5.00 -
20 sq m
Z
dRi ' ° TaWe a 120 x 2 40 m plywood ,

20 sq . m . = 7 pieces per room

2.88
3. For 5 rooms , order 35 - YT x 4* x 8 plywood

TABLE 4 4- QUANTITY OF CQUNG BOARD PER SQUARE METER

Bawd Size Eftedwe CcMerinfl Number of pinto

in Centimeter* par board per Squere Meier

30 x 30 0.09 11.111
40 x 40 0.16 6.250
0.24 4.167
40 x 60 2.778
60 x 60 0.36
0.72 1.389
60 x 120 0.617
90 x 180 1.62
2.88 0.347
120 x 240

ILLUSTRATION 4-11
An office room measures 6.00 down tne ma
60 x 120 cm. ceiling board, ust
. required

Coverage Meth
Effec tive Area
SOLUTION- 1( By
1. Find the area of the ceiling
169
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
6 00 x 0 60 57 © sq m
Area
Using 50 x 120 celling boam • d vkj
2 Refer to Teble 4- 3
the area by Its effecti ve
* g
coverin * ,
celling board
57.0 * 80 pieces 60 x 120
72

6 00 m

FIGURE 4-19 CEILING PLAN

SOLUTION- 2 (By Direct Counting Method)

1. Find the number of boards along the 6.00 meters.

6.00 m. = 10 pieces
.60

2. Find the number of board along the 9.60 meters span

9 ,60 m = 8 pieces
-

1.20
3. Multiply the results of 1 and 2

10 x 8 = 80 pieces 60 x 120
ceiling board.
Comment:
The result of the two
methods as presented are correct if
ceiling area falls under the
following conditions:
170
 LUMBER
1 That the quotient in
dividing the area
effective area covering of the ceiling by the
ber or value (no fraction) one board yields an exact
of
. num¬
2 That the ceiling design is plain
beams, girders, rafters and and not interrupted by
the like .
3 That the ceiling has no
requires more cutting of intricate design or
the ceiling board .decorations that
4 When cutting of the board could
is also inevitable but could be not be avoided , wastage
replenished by an allow¬
ance factor of about 2 to 5% depending upon the design .

ILLUSTRATION 4-12
An elementary classroom building has a general dimensions
of 6.80 x 8.00 meters specify the use of a 90 x 180 centimeters
ceiling board . Find the number of ceiling boards required for a
12 classrooms.
8.00 m .

6.80 m.

PLAN
FIGURE 4-20 CEILING
Area Coverage Method )
SOLUTION -1 ( By the Effective
area of the ceiling .
1 Find
• the

6.80 x 8.00 = 54.40 square meters

171
 ESTIMATE
siMpUFIED CONSTRUCTION
Using a 90 x 1 80
cm ceiling boa~
,

4-4
Refer to Table
2
divide:
pieces
54.40 = 33 6
1 62
33 6 x 12 = 403 pieces
3. For 12 classrooms
Counting Method)
SOLUTION -2 ( By Direct
of board along the 6.80 meters sidile
1 Find the number
6.80 = 7 555 pieces
,

. 90
of board along the 8.00 meters side
2. Find the number
8.00 4 44 pieces
,

1.80

3. Multiply 1 and 2:
7.55 x 4.44 = 33.57

4 . For 12 classrooms, multiply:

33.57 x 12 = 403 pieces.

4-16 DOORFRAME

Estimating the material for fabrication of door frame is simply

determining the size and length of the lumber that will accom ¬

modate the door panel whose width varies from 60 to 100 cen
timeters wide. Door panel and frame bigger than one meter
width is considered special design and order .

In ordering lumber for door frame , the estimator has two op

tions:
1. Ordering 18 feet long for each
door jamb and header or
2. A combination of 7 and 10 feet for jamb and header

172
 LUMBER

4- 13
LUSTRATION 6"
A 20 classroom building with 2 doors each specify 3" x
door jamb List down the materials needed for fabrication .

SOLUTION
ordering one length for each jamb.

Determine the total length of the jamb.

Jamb = ( 7' 3" ) x 2 14.5 ft.

2. Length of Header 3' 6" * 3.5 ft .

Total length 18.0 ft .

3. Order 40 pcs 3 x 6" x 18' 1 ,080 board ft .

Header

Jamb thickness
vanes from 5 cm
to 7 cm
2.10 m.

90

FIGURE 4-21 DOORJAMB

B. Combination of Jambs and Headers

1 One header is 3' - 6" or 3.5 ft.
2 Total length of 4 headers is 14.0 ft .
3. For 40 headers , order 10 pcs. 3" x 6" x 14 ft.
4 For jambs * 7.3" 3" x 2 sides = 14 -6" or 16 ft.

173
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
, for 40 jambs order
Lumber length is of even numbers :
bd ft .
40 pcs. 3 x 6" x 16 ' = 960
. ,
10 pcs . 3" x 6" x 14 = 210 frd ft
Total 1 , 170 bd . ft .

Comment:
Comparing the results of the two methods, there is a difr
ence of 90 board feet if the second method is used. Howev
considering the scarcity of lumber , length from 16 feet '
above may not be available In the market and the only choj s
aer,
nd
to order shorter length from 8 to 12 feet

The price of lumber varies according to its length and widthn

The longer the need, the higher is the price .

4-17 WINDOW FRAME

The different parts of a window frame to be considered in
estimating are: Jamb, Sill, Header , Transom and Mullions.

2 x 6 Header
5 cm - 1
2x6 | Transom

2x 4 Mullion -
150 cm.

- 2 x 6 Jamb

2 6 Sill
5 cm *

220 cm.

FIGURE 4-22 WINDOW FRAME

174
 U MBtli
'
ILLUSTRATION 4-u
A intu rn«it hmi«inn n>«i

as materials needed for fab-

ncation
SOtVTlON
V Jamb ( 150 + 5 * 5 ) x 2 pcs.
* 320 cm or 12 ft
Orxler 50 B< X C MUL * 600 bd ft

2 Header and sill: ( 220 + 1 0 ) x 2

* 460 or 16 ft
Order 50 pcs. 2 x 6 x 16 ft. or

100 pcs. 2' x 6" x 8 ft = 800 bd . ft .

12
3. Mutlion 100 - 2 x 4' x 1.50 m. or
-
50 - 2 x 4" x 3.00 m.

Order. 50 - 2" x 4 x 10 ft.

4. Transom: 100 - 2* x 6" x ( 2.20 + 10 )

Order : 100 - 2 x 6 " x 8 bd. ft. = 800 bd. ft.

12

Problem Exercise

1. From the following figure, list down the floor framing ma ¬

terials required:

(a) Girder ,
(b) Floor joist
(c) Header and bridging
(d) 1" x 4" T&G wood flooring.

175
 V

4 Ml m 4 00 m
4 50 m

2* x 6* dtvor Jotol ••30 crr oc

2 x < Bridging
4 00 m Ort 0i
c
Haadar
PLAN 2x 6 Joist

Rooring - 1* x 4 T & G.
*
Gtrw
Roor joist - 2 x 6 3 50 nt .
Gadef - 2 x 8 pax
Heeader

4 50

FK5URE 4-23

2. A 10 door apartment 40 meters long by 10 meters wide

requires 2 x 6 floor joist and 1 x 6 T&G wood flooring . Find the
number of board foot required for floor joist and T&G flooring.

10.00 M.

DN
2 x 6 fir joist
@ .30 o.c.
/
4.00 M. / B .R .
/ n
/
/
y BR
. 90

FIGURE 4-24

176
 MIMBIIR
S f xm h
, , , owing otlHnnw „u„ „
, »l rt,,l* " '' " Mnn -
"*t down the required
ii
*
5 m on cantor
30.00 M

BOOM

K H) M
•

BOOM
LOOM

FIGURE 4-26 CEILING PLAN

4 Twenty one roof framing of classroom building specify the

use of wood trusses on a concrete beam as shown on Figure 4-
24 List down the following materials required : (make an scaled
drawing at 1 20 to get the accurate length of every parts)

a .) Bottom chord
b.) Top Chord
c.) Purlins 2" x 4 "
d.) King post
e . ) Vertical strut
f ) Diagonal strut
g. ) Collar plate and blocks

177
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE

iS2 x
1 50
block
"
** 6" top
chord

I block
joint block

10.00 m .

-
FIGURE 4 26 ROOF TRUSSES

178