Dokumen - Tips - Celta Assignment Language Analysis

8/14/2019 CELTA Assignment: Language Analysis
Assignment: Language Related Task
Daniel Clayton
(1) “I was going to phone you yesterday”
Context
I say to my friend: “I‟m going to phone you tonight.” Later I go home and I fall asleep.
The next day, I see my friend, and I remember that I had forgotten to phone her.
Meaning
This utterance expresses an unaccomplished future intention from the past. This
means the intention was not carried out and can no longer be fulfilled.
Form
subject past continuous tense of the verb go to-infinitive

I was
going to phone
you were
Pronunciation

/aɪwәz „gәʊɪŋtә „fәʊnjә „jestәdeɪ /
Meaning Focus
Is it in the past? Yes
Did I plan to phone you yesterday? Yes
Did I phone you yesterday? No
(2) “She must have gone home.”
Context
I am at a party with some friends. Later I notice one friend isn‟t here anymore. I ask
another friend where she is, but he doesn‟t know. We look around the house, but we
can‟t find her. We notice that her bag and coat are missing.
Meaning
In this utterance, “‟gone home” can be interpreted to mean “left”. The utterance
expresses a logical deduction about a past event based on evidence. No other
explanation seems appropriate.
In this type of construction, the modal auxiliary must expresses certainty on behalf of

the speaker. This certainty is based on logic and evidence presented either
antecedent to the utterance in question, or in the speaker‟s mind. T he perfect
infinitive of the lexical verb is used to situate the event in question in past time in
relation to the time of utterance.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/celta-assignment-language-analysis 1/4
Form
must have + past participle

subject
(modal auxiliary verb) (perfect infinitive)
Pronunciation

/ ʃi: „mʊstәv gɒn hәʊm/
Meaning Focus
Was she at the party? Yes

Is she at the party now? No
Do I think she‟s gone home? Yes
Do I know she‟s gone home? No
Do I think it‟s very likely that she‟s gone home? Yes
Why do I think she‟s gone home? Because her coat and bag are missing.
(3) a. “embarrassed”
b. “ashamed”
Context
a. I am walking down the street and I‟m using my phone to text a friend. I am not
looking where I am going, and I walk into a lamp post. Everyone looks at me. I
feel stupid.
b. I am driving my car and using my phone at the same time. I am not looking at
the road. Suddenly I hit a dog. I stop and get out of my car. The dog is at the
side of the road and is hurt. I feel really bad, because I know this happened
because I was using my phone when I was driving.
Meaning
a. “Embarrassed” carries the meaning of feeling awkward and uncomfortable
around other people, following something you have done or said that you
believe you shouldn‟t have said or done. You feel self -conscious and are
worried what other people are thinking about you.
b. “Ashamed”, on the other hand, carries the feeling of guilt or disgrace.
Whereas “embarrassed” can be the feeling felt as the result of something comical in
nature, “ashamed” is always the result of something negative in nature.
Form
Both are adjectives. Syntactically both can be used predictively (as a predicative
complement) and attributively (as a modifier within a noun phrase). To show this to
students, the following sentences help to illustrate this:
a. The boy was embarrassed. He had an embarrassed look on his face.

b. The boy felt ashamed. He had an ashamed look on his face.
Pronunciation
a. /ɪm‟bærәst/
b. /ә‟ʃ eɪmd/
Meaning Focus
a. Did I make a mistake? Yes

Am I happy about it? No
Do I feel comfortable? No
b. Did I do something good or bad? Bad
Do I feel bad about it? Yes
(4) a. “She‟s been living in New York for six years”

b. “He lived in New York for six years”
Context
a. My Russian friend speaks very good English, because six years ago she
moved to New York. Yesterday she moved back to Moscow. [Alternative
situation: She still lives there now.]
b. From the age of 10 up to the age of 16, my friend lived in New York. He
doesn‟t live there now.
Meaning
a. The first sentence expresses a continuative situation which started at a time in
the past. There are two interpretations of this sentence. The first is where the
situation continues into the future. The second is where the situation has
recently come to an end but there is some evidence to show this situation is
recent (in this case, she speaks good English). This sentence carries an
imperfective interpretation.
b. The second sentence expresses a situation located in past time that lasted for
a specified amount of time. The actually location in time of these six years is
unspecified. This sentence carries a perfective interpretation.
Form
have
a. subject been -ing form of verb (e.g. living )
has
past simple of verb (e.g.

b. subject for + period of time (e.g. six years)
lived )
Pronunciation
 
a. / ʃ i:zbɪn „lɪvɪnɪn nju:jɔ:k fәsɪksjɪәz/

b. /hi: lɪvdɪn nju:jɔ:k fәsɪksjɪәz/
Meaning Focus
a. When did she start to live in New York? 6 years ago

Does she still live in New York? Maybe
2007 Now (2013)

?
b. Is it in the past? Yes
Does he still live in New York? No
6 years Now
(5) “I‟m looking forward to working with her again.”
Context
Last year I worked in London with a wonderful girl who helped me a lot with my job.
Yesterday she told me that she is coming to work in my company. I am very happy
that I will work with her again.
Meaning
This construction expresses excitement on behalf of the subject about an anticipated
future event.
Form
am
-ing form (e.g. working)
subject is looking forward to
noun (e.g. the film)
are
Pronunciation
 
/aɪm lʊkɪŋfɔ:wәdtә wɜ:kɪŋ wɪðhәr әgen/
Meaning Focus
Do I work with her now? No

Will I work with her in the future? Yes
Do I feel excited about working with her? Yes

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8/14/2019 CELTA Assignment: Language Analysis

Assignment: Language Related Task

(1) “I was going to phone you yesterday”

subject past continuous tense of the verb go to-infinitive

(2) “She must have gone home.”

In this type of construction, the modal auxiliary must expresses certainty on behalf of

must have + past participle

Was she at the party? Yes

a. The boy was embarrassed. He had an embarrassed look on his face.

a. Did I make a mistake? Yes

(4) a. “She‟s been living in New York for six years”

past simple of verb (e.g.

a. When did she start to live in New York? 6 years ago

2007 Now (2013)

(5) “I‟m looking forward to working with her again.”

Do I work with her now? No

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