Os Lab Manual

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 1(a) Study of Unix/Linux general purpose utility command list

man,who,cat, mkdir, cd, cp, ps, ls, mv, rm, rmdir, echo, more, date,
time, kill, history, chmod, chown, finger, pwd, cal, logout, shutdown.
1) The man command:

man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals man is the system's
manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of
a program, utility or function.
Example:
$man pwd
Output:
PWD NAME
pwd – print working directory name
SYNOPSIS
pwd
DESCRIPTION
pwd prints the pathname of the working (current) directory
2) The who command:

who - show who is logged on
Print information about users who are currently logged in.
Example:
$who root console july
2 10:30 aaa tty01 july
2
10:40 bbb tty02
july 2 10:55
$
3) The cat command:

cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
Example:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
$cat > newfile

Hi
Hell
Welcome
$
The input operation is terminated by using <ctrl+d> command
4) The mkdir command:

mkdir - make directories
It creates the directories if they do not already exist.
Example:
$mkdir user1
$
5) The cd command:
cd - change directories
It is a command-line OS shell command used to change the current
working directory Example: $cd user1 user1]
$
6) The cp command:
cp - copy files and directories
This command is used to create a duplicate of a file, a set of files or a
directory The cp command copies both text and binary files Syntax:
$cp source-file/directory destination-file/directory
Examples:
i) $cp file1 file2
ii) $cp dir1/file1 dir1/file2
7) The ps command: ps -
report a snapshot of
the current processes.
The ps command is used to display the attributes of processes that
are running currently. Example:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
$ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
476 tty03 00:00:01 login
659 tty03 00:00:01 sh
684 tty03 00:00:00 ps
$
8) The ls command:
ls - list directory contents
This command lists the contents in a directory.
Syntax:
$ls
Example:
$ls
9) The mv command:
mv - move (rename) files
This command is used to move either an individual file, a list of files or a
directory Syntax:
$mv source-file/directory destination-file/directory
Example:
$mv dir1/file1 dir2
The mv command is also used to rename a file or directory
Syntax:
$mv old-file-name new-file-name
Example:
$mv file1 file7
10) The rm command:

rm - remove files or directories
This command is used remove a file or a directory.
Syntax:
$rm
Filename
Example:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
$rm file1
11) The rmdir command:

rmdir - remove empty directories
This command is used to delete a
directory
Syntax:
$rmdir directory-name
Example:
$rmdir user1
12) The echo command:

echo - display a line of text
This command is used to display messages.
It takes zero, one or more arguments.
Example:
$echo “Hello World”
Hello World
$
13) The more command:

more - file perusal filter for crt viewing
This command is used to display a file.
- It allows us to set the output page size and pauses at the end of each page
to allow us to read the file.
Syntax:
$more
filename
Example:
$more story1
14) The date command:

date - print or set the system date and time
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Using this command, the user can display the current date along with the
time nearest to the second Example:
$date
Sat Jan 10 11:58:00 IST 2004
$
15) The time command:

time - time a simple command or give resource usage
This command is used to know the resource usage
It runs a program or command with given arguments, generates a timing
statistics about the program run and directs this statistics report to the
standard output.
Example:
$time real 0m0.000s
User 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
$
16) The kill command: kill -

terminate a process
To kill a background process a kill command is used.
This command is given with the PID of the process to be killed as its
argument
Example:
$kill 555
Here, 555 is the PID of the process
17) The history command:

history – Used to display the history of previous executed commands
With no options, display the command history list with line numbers
Example:
$history
1 pwd
2 date
3 cal
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
4 history
18) The chmod command:

chmod - change file mode bits
The chmod command is used to change permissions of a file after its
creation Only the Owner or Super User can change file permissions
Syntax:
$chmod assignment-expression filename
Example:
$chmod u+x sample
$ls -l sample
- r w x r - - r - - sample
19) The chown command:

chown - change file owner and group
Only the owner can change the major attributes of a file
Sometimes it is necessary to change the ownership of a file.
Example:
$ls -l sample
-rwxr--r-x 1 dhoni July 19 11:55 sample
$chown virat sample
$ls -l sample
-rwxr--r-x 1 virat July 19 11:55 sample
20) The finger command:

finger - user information lookup program
The finger displays information about the system
users. Example: $finger
Login Name TTY Idle When Where
root super user tty01 1:24 Mon 14:00
501 ABD tty02 0:20 Mon 15:40 abd.cric.com
502 Federer tty03 2:12 Mon 15:40 fedrr.batm.com
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
21)The pwd command:
pwd – print name of current/working directory.

This command is used to determine the location of the current directory
in the directory structure
Syntax:
$pwd
Example:
$pwd
22)The cal command:

cal - displays a calendar
This command is used to print the calendar of a specific month or a specific
year
Example:
$cal 03 2018
23) The logout command

logout - Exit a login shell.
Example:
$logout
24) The shutdown command: shutdown - bring the system

down shutdown arranges for the system to be brought down
in a safe way.
Example:
$shutdown
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 1(b)
Study of vi editor.
Vi Editor:
- An editor allows the users to see a portion of a file on the screen and to
modify characters and lines by simply typing at the cursor position.
- The vi editor represents,
- Vi stands for visual
- It is a full screen editor and allows the user to view and edit the entire
document at the same time.
- Vi is case sensitive.
- It has powerful undo features.
Modes of Vi
editor:
i)Command
mode:
- In this mode all the keys pressed by the user are interpreted to be
editor commands.
- No text is displayed on the screen even if corresponding keys is pressed
on the keyboard.
ii) Insert mode:
- This mode permits to insert a new text, editing and replacement of existing
text. - When vi editor is in insert mode the letters typed at the keyboard
are echoed on the screen.
- iii) Escape mode:
- Commands typed at the command line.
Starting with vi editor:
Syntax:
$vi filename
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Editing the file:

- Open the file using $ vi filename
- To add text at the end of the file, position the cursor at the last character
of the file.
- Switch from command mode to text input mode by pressing ‘a’.
- Here ‘a’ stands for append.
- Inserting text in the middle of the file is possible by pressing ‘i’.
- The editor accepts and inserts the typed character until Esc key is pressed.
Saving text:
:w – save the file and remains in edit mode
:wq – save the file and quits from edit mode
:q – quit without changes from edit mode
Quitting vi: Press zz or ‘:wq’

in command mode.
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 1(c)
Study of Bash shell, Bourne shell and C shell in Unix/Os operating system.
Types of Shells:
- The Shells are 4 types
a) The Bourne Shell (sh)
b) The C Shell (csh)
c) The Korn Shell (ksh)
d) The Bourne-Again Shell (bash)
a) The Bourne Shell (sh):
- This is the most common shell available on Unix Systems.
- The first major shell developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell labs.
- This shell is widely used.
- This shell is distributed as the standard shell on almost all Unix Systems.
- b) The C Shell (csh):
- It is developed by Bill Joy at UCB as part of the BSD release.
- Its syntax and usage is very similar to the C programming language.
- This shell is not available on all machines.
- Shell scripts written in the C shell are not compatible with the Bourne Shell.
- A version of it called tcsh is available free of cost under Os.
- c) The Korn Shell (ksh):
- This shell was developed by David Korn at AT&T Bell labs.
- Basically it is built on the Bourne Shell.
- It also incorporates certain features of the C shell.
- At present it is one of the widely used shells.
- It can run Bourne shell scripts without any modification.
- One of its versions, the Public Domain Korn Shell (pdksh), comes with Os free
of cost.
d) The Bourne-Again Shell:

- It was developed by B Fox and C Ramey at Free Software Foundation.
- Certain Os operating system variants come with this shell as its default shell.
- This is clearly a free ware shell.
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 1(d)
Study of Unix/Osfile system (tree structure). Unix/Os

file system (tree structure):
- It is also called as UNIX File System, because it is used to organize UNIX

files. - The different directories in the Directory Hierarchy are,
Directory Meaning
root (/) Root of the file system
/bin Essential programs in executable form (binaries)
/tmp Temporary files; cleaned when system is restarted
/dev Device files
/etc System miscellany
/sbin System binaries
/usr User file system
/var Variables
/usr/lib Libraries for C, FORTRAN. Etc
/usr/bin User binaries
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 1(e)
Study of .bashrc, /etc/bashrc and Environment variables.
.bashrc
.bashrc file is automatically executed when new terminal(shell) is opened.
Purpose of bashrc file:
• You can export environment variables(So there is no need to
export environment variable every time)
• You can define aliases
• You can provide the path for cross compiler
• You can add your own script which can start automatically whenever new
shell is opened.
• You can change the history length
/etc/bashrc
• Like .bash_profile you will also commonly see a .bashrc file in your home
directory. This file is meant for setting command aliases and functions used
by bash shell users.
• Just like the /etc/profile is the system wide version of .bash_profile. The
/etc/bashrc for Red Hat and /etc/bash.bashrc in Ubuntu is the system wide
version of .bashrc.
Interestingly enough in the Red Hat implementation the /etc/bashrc also executes
the shell scripts within /etc/profile.d but only if the users shell is a Interactive
Shell (aka Login Shell)
Environment Variables:
variable purpose
PATH The PATH variable holds a list of directories in a certain order. In this list colon
(:) separate different directories
HOME When a user logs in, he or she will be automatically placed in the home
directory. This directory is decided by the system administrator at the time of
opening an account for a user.This directory is stored in the file
/etc/passwd
IFS This variable holds tokens used by the shell commands to parse a string into
substrings such as a word or a record into its individual fields. The
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
default tokens are the three white space tokens Space, Tab, New line
MAIL This variable holds the absolute pathname of the file where user’s mail
is kept. Usually the name of this file is the user’s login name
SHELL This variable contains the name of the users shell program in the form
of absolute pathname. System administrator sets the default shell If
required, user can change it
TERM This variable holds the information regarding the type of the terminal
being used. If TERM is not set properly, utilities like vi editor will not
work
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 2
AIM:Write a C Program that makes a copy of a file using standard I/O and
system calls.
Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
void typefile (char *filename)
{
int fd, nread;
char buf[1024];
fd = open (filename, O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1){
perror (filename);
return;
}
while ((nread = read (fd, buf, sizeof (buf))) > 0)
write (1, buf, nread);
close (fd);
}
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
Int argno()
for (argno = 1; argno<argc; argno++)
typefile (argv[argno]);
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Output:
$cc ioscalls.c
$cat>ff
Hi hello
$./a.out
ff Hi
hello
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 3
Write a C program to emulate the Unix ls -l command.

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int pid; //process id
pid = fork(); //create another process
if ( pid< 0 )
{ //fail
printf(“\nFork failed\n”);
exit (-1);
}
else if ( pid == 0 )
{ //child
execlp ( “/bin/ls”, “ls”, “-l”, NULL ); //execute ls
}
else
{ //parent
wait (NULL); //wait for child
printf(“\nchild complete\n”);
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Output:
$cc lslonglist.c
$./a.out
-rw-r- - r- -file1
-rw-r- - r- -file2
-rw-r- - r- -file3
-rw-r- - r- -file4
Child completed
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Exp.No: 4
Write a program that illustrates how to execute two commands concurrently

with a command pipe.
Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int pfds[2];
char buf[30];
if(pipe(pfds)==-1)
{
perror("pipe failed");
exit(1);
}
if(!fork())
{
close(1);
dup(pfds[1]);
system (“ls –l”);
}
else
{
printf("parent reading from pipe \n");
while(read(pfds[0],buf,80))
printf("%s \n" ,buf);
}
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Output :
[student@gcet ~]$ vi pipes2.c
[student@gcet ~]$ cc
pipes2.c [student@gcet ~]$./

a.out Parent reading from
pipe Total 24
-rwxrwxr-x l student student 5563Aug 3 10:39 a.out
-rw-rw-r—l
Student student 340 jul 27 10:45 pipe2.c
-rw-rw-r—l student student
Pipes2.c
-rw-rw-r—l student student 401 34127 10:27 pipe2.c
student
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate CPU Scheduling algorithm Round Robin

Program:
#include<stdio.h
>
#include<conio.h
>
#include<process
.h>
#include<string.h
> void main()
char p[10][5];
int
et[10],wt[10],timer=3,count,pt[10],rt,i,j,totwt=0,t,n=5,fou
nd=0,m; float avgwt;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
{
printf("enter the process
name : "); scanf("%s",&p[i]);
printf("enter the processing
time : "); scanf("%d",&pt[i]);
}
m=n;
wt[0]=
0; i=0;
do
{
if(pt[i]>timer)
{
rt=pt[i]-timer;
strcpy(p[n],p[i
]); pt[n]=rt;
et[i]=timer;
n++;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
else
{
et[i]=pt[i];
} i+
+;
wt[i]=wt[i-1]+et[i-1];
}while(i<n);
count=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(strcmp(p[i],p[j])==0)
{
count+
+;
found=j
;
}
}
if(found!=0)
{
wt[i]=wt[found]-
(count*timer); count=0;
found=0;
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Expected Input/Output
INPUT :
enter the process name:
aaa
enter the processing
time : 4
enter the process name
: bbb
time : 3
: ccc
time : 2
: ddd
time : 5
enter the process
name: eee
time : 1
OUTPUT :
p_name p_time w_time

aaa 4 9
bbb 3 3
ccc 2 6
ddd 5 10
eee 1 11
total waiting time : 39

average waiting time :
7.8000
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Original input/output:
b)SJF
Program:
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h>
#include<process
.h> void main()
{
char p[10][5],temp[5];
int
tot=0,wt[10],pt[10],i,j,n,tem
p1; float avg=0;
clrscr();
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
printf("enter no of
processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("enter process%d
name:\n",i+1); scanf("%s",&p[i]);
printf("enter process
time");
scanf("%d",&pt[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(pt[i]>pt[j])
{
temp1=pt[i];
pt[i]=pt[j];
pt[j]=temp1;
strcpy(temp,p[
i]);
strcpy(p[i],p[j]);
strcpy(p[j],temp);
}
}
}
wt[0]=
0;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i]=wt[i-1]+et[i-
1]; tot=tot+wt[i];
}
avg=(float)tot/n;
printf("p_name\t P_time\t
w_time\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%s\t%d\t
%d\n",p[i],et[i],wt[i]);
printf("total waiting time=%d\n avg waiting time=
%f",tot,avg); getch();
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Expected input/output:
enter no of processes: 5
enter process1
name: aaa enter
process time: 4 enter
process2 name: bbb
enter process time: 3
enter process3
name: ccc enter
process time: 2 enter
process4 name: ddd
enter process5
name: eee enter
process time: 1
p_name P_time w_time
eee 1 0
ccc 2 1
bbb 3 3
aaa 4 6
ddd 5 10
total waiting
time=20 avg
waiting time=4.00
Original input/output:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Experiment #1
Program:
#include<stdio.h
>
#include<conio.h
>
#include<process
.h> void main()
{
char p[10][5];
int tot=0,wt[10],i,n;
float
avg=0;
clrscr();
printf("enter no of
processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
name:\n",i+1); scanf("%s",&p[i]);
time");
scanf("%d",&pt[i]);
}
wt[0]=0;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i]=wt[i-1]+et[i-
1]; tot=tot+wt[i];
}
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
avg=(float)tot/n;
printf("p_name\t P_time\t
printf("%s\t%d\t
%d\n",p[i],et[i],wt[i]);
enter process1
name: aaa

enter process2
name: bbb

enter process3
name: ccc

enter process4
name: ddd
enter process time:

5 enter process5
name: eee
OS PROGRAMMING LAB

p_name P_time w_time
aaa 4 0
bbb 3 4
ccc 2 7
ddd 5 9
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
eee 1 14
total waiting
time=34 avg
waiting time=6.80
Original output:
d)priority
Program:
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h> void main()
{
char p[10][5],temp[5];
int
i,j,pt[10],wt[10],totwt=0,pr[10],temp
1,n; float avgwt;
clrscr();
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
printf("enter no of
processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
name:",i+1); scanf("%s",&p[i]);
time:");
scanf("%d",&pt[i]);
printf("enter priority:");
scanf("%d",&pr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(pr[i]>pr[j])
{
temp1=pr[i];
pr[i]=pr[j];
pr[j]=temp1;
temp1=pt[i];
pt[i]=pt[j];
pt[j]=temp1;
strcpy(temp,p[
i]);
strcpy(p[i],p[j]);
strcpy(p[j],temp);
}
}
}
wt[0]=
0;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i]=wt[i-1]+et[i-
1];
totwt=totwt+wt[i]
;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
avgwt=(float)totwt/n;
printf("p_name\t p_time\t priority\t
{
printf(" %s\t %d\t %d\t %d\n" ,p[i],pt[i],pr[i],wt[i]);
}
}
enter process1
name: aaa
enter priority:5
enter process2
name: bbb
enter priority:4
enter process3
name: ccc
enter process time:
2 enter priority:3
enter process4
name: ddd
enter priority:2
enter process5
name: eee
enter process time:
1 enter priority:1
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
p_name P_time priority w_time

eee 1 10
ddd 5 21
ccc 2 36
bbb 3 48
aaa 4 115
total waiting
time=26 avg
waiting time=5.20
Original Output :
D
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Multiprogramming-Memory management- Implement Fork(), Wait(),

Exec() and Exit() System calls
Program
#include
<stdio.h>
#include
<stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h> /* for fork
*/ #include <sys/types.h> /* for
pid_t */ #include <sys/wait.h>
/* for wait */
int main(int argc,char** argv)

{
/*Spawn a child to run the
program.*/ pid_t pid=fork();
if (pid==0)
{ /* child process */
execv("/bin/ls",ar
gv);
exit(127); /* only if execv fails */
}
else
{ /* pid!=0; parent process */
printf("\nWaiting Child process to finish");
//waitpid(pid,0,0); /* wait for child to
exit */ wait(NULL);
}
printf("\nExiting main
process\n"); return 0;
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Expected Input/Output:
$os509 $cc multiprogramming.c

$os509
$./a.out –l
Total 28
-rwxrwxr-x 1 staff2 staff2 7317 aug14 09:22 a.out
-rwxrwxr-x 1 staff2 staff2 7317 aug14 09:16 multiprogramming
-rwxrwxr-x 1 staff2 staff2 361 aug16 09:20 multiprogramming.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 staff2 staff2 359 aug14 09:16 multiprogramming.c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 staff2 staff2 1320 aug14 09:18
multiprogramming.o Waiting until child process is
finished
End of main() process
Original Input/Output:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate all File allocation strategy MVT
Program
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h> main()
int
i,m,n,tot,s[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter total memory size:")

scanf("%d",&tot);
printf("Enter no. of pages:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter memory for
OS:"); scanf("%d",&m);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter size of page
%d:",i+1); scanf("%d",&s[i]);
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
tot=tot-m;
for(i=0;i<n;i+)
if(tot>=s[i])
printf("Allocate page
%d\n",i+1); tot=tot-s[i];
else
printf("process p%d is blocked\n",i+1);
printf("External Fragmentation is=
%d",tot); getch();
}
Enter total memory size : 50
Enter no. of pages:4
Enter memory for OS :10
Enter size of page:10
External Fragmentation is = 2
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Original output:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate all File allocation strategy MFT
Program
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h>
main()
int
ms,i,ps[20],n,size,p[20],s,intr=
0; clrscr();
printf("Enter size of
memory:");
scanf("%d",&ms);
printf("Enter memory for OS:");

scanf("%d",&s); ms-=s;
printf("Enter no.of partitions to be
divided:");
scanf("%d",&n);
size=ms/n;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
printf("Enter process and process
size"); scanf("%d
%d",&p[i],&ps[i]); if(ps[i]<=size)
intr=intr+size-ps[i];
printf("process%d is allocated\n",p[i]);
else
printf("process%d is blocked",p[i]);
printf("total fragmentation is
%d",intr); getch();
Enter total memory size : 50
Enter memory for OS :10
Enter no.of partitions to be divided:4

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Enter size of page : 9
Internal Fragmentation is = 4
Original output
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate Bankers Algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance
Program
#include
<stdio.h>
#include
<stdlib.h> int
main()
{
int Max[10][10], need[10][10], alloc[10][10], avail[10], completed[10],
safeSequence[10]; int p, r, i, j, process, count;
count = 0;
printf("Enter the no of
processes : "); scanf("%d", &p);
for(i = 0; i< p; i++)

completed[i] = 0;
printf("\n\nEnter the no of
resources : "); scanf("%d", &r);
printf("\n\nEnter the Max Matrix for each

process : "); for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("\nFor process %d : ", i
+ 1); for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
scanf("%d", &Max[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\nEnter the allocation for each

process : "); for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("\nFor process %d : ",i
+ 1); for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
scanf("%d", &alloc[i][j]);
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
printf("\n\nEnter the Available Resources : ");

for(i = 0; i < r; i++)
scanf("%d", &avail[i]);
for(i = 0;i < p; i++)
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
need[i][j] = Max[i][j] - alloc[i][j];
do
{
printf("\n Max matrix:\tAllocation matrix:\n");
for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

{
for( j = 0; j < r; j++)
printf("%d ",Max[i][j]);
printf("\t\t");
for( j = 0; j < r; j++)
printf("%d ", alloc[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
process = -1;
for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

{
if(completed[i] == 0)//if not completed
{
process = i ;
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
if(avail[j] < need[i][j])
{
process =
-1; break;
}
}
}
if(process !=
-1) break;
}
if(process != -1)
{
printf("\nProcess %d runs to completion!",
process + 1); safeSequence[count] = process +
1;
count++;
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
avail[j] += alloc[process]
[j]; alloc[process][j] = 0;
Max[process][j] = 0;
completed[process] = 1;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
}
}
while(count != p && process != -1);
if(count == p)
{
printf("\nThe system is in a safe
state!!\n"); printf("Safe Sequence : <
");
for( i = 0; i < p; i++)
printf("%d ",
safeSequence[i]);
printf(">\n");
}
else
printf("\nThe system is in an unsafe state!!");
Output:
Enter the no of
processes : 5 Enter the
no of resources : 3
Enter the Max Matrix for each

process : For process 1 : 7
5
3
For process 2 : 3
2
2
For process 3 : 7
0
2
For process 4 : 2
2
2
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
For process 5 : 4
3
3
Enter the allocation for each

process : For process 1 : 0
1
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
For process 2 : 2
0
0
For process 3 : 3
0
2
For process 4 : 2
1
1
For process 5 : 0
0
2
Enter the Available

Resources : 3 3
2
Max matrix: Allocation matrix:

753 010
322 200
702 302
222 211
433 002
Process 2 runs to
completion! Max matrix:
Allocation
matrix:
753 010
000 000
702 302
222 211
433 002
Process 3 runs to
Allocation
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
matrix:
753 010
000 000
000 000
222 211
433 002
Process 4 runs to
Allocation
matrix: 7 5 30 1 0
000 000
000 000
000 000
433 002
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Process 1 runs to
Allocation
matrix:
000 000
000 000
000 000
000 000
433 002
Process 5 runs to
completion! The system
is in a safe state!! Safe
Sequence : < 2 3 4 1 5 >
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate Bankers Algorithm for Dead Lock Prevention
Program
#include<
stdio.h>
#include<
conio.h> void
main()
{
int allocated[15][15],max[15][15],need[15]
[15],avail[15],tres[15],work[15],flag[15]; int
pno,rno,i,j,prc,count,t,total;
count=
0;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter number of

process:"); scanf("%d",&pno);
printf("\n Enter number of
resources:"); scanf("%d",&rno);
for(i=1;i< =pno;i++)
{
flag[i]=0;
}
printf("\n Enter total numbers of each
resources:"); for(i=1;i<= rno;i++)
scanf("%d",&tres[i]);
printf("\n Enter Max resources for each

process:"); for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
printf("\n for process
%d:",i); for(j=1;j<= rno;j+
+) scanf("%d",&max[i]
[j]);
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
printf("\n Enter allocated resources for each

process:"); for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
printf("\n for process
%d:",i);
for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
scanf("%d",&allocated[i]
[j]);}
}
printf("\n available
resources:\n"); for(j=1;j<=
rno;j++)
{
avail[j]=
0;
total=0;
for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
total+=allocated[i][j];
}
avail[j]=tres[j]-
total;
work[j]=avail[j];
printf(" %d \t",work[j]);
}
do
{
{
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-allocated[i][j];
}
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
printf("\n Allocated matrix Max

need");
{
printf("\n");
for(j=1;j<= rno;j+
+)
{
printf("%4d",allocated[i][j]);
}
printf("|");
for(j=1;j<= rno;j+
+)
{
printf("%4d",max[i][j]);
}
printf("|");
for(j=1;j<= rno;j+
+)
{
printf("%4d",need[i][j]);
}
}
}
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
prc=0;
{
if(flag[i]==0)
{
prc=i;
{
if(work[j]< need[i][j])
{
prc=0
;
brea
k;
}
}
}
if(prc!
=0)
break;
}
if(prc!=0)
{
printf("\n Process %d
completed",i); count++;
printf("\n Available
matrix:"); for(j=1;j<=
rno;j++)
{
work[j]
+=allocated[prc][j];
allocated[prc][j]=0;
max[prc][j]=0;
flag[prc]=1;
printf(" %d",work[j]);
}
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
while(count!=pno&&prc!
=0);
if(count==pno)
printf("\nThe system is in a safe
state!!");
else
printf("\nThe system is in an unsafe state!!");
getch();
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Output:
Enter number of
process:5 Enter number
of resources:3
Enter total numbers of each resources:10 5 7
Enter Max resources for each

process: for process 1:7 5 3
for process 2:3 2 2
for process 3:9 0 2
for process 4:2 2 2
for process 5:4 3 3
Enter allocated resources for each

process: for process 1:0 1 0
for process 2:3 0 2
for process 3:3 0 2
for process 4:2 1 1
for process 5:0 0

2 available
resources:
2 3 0
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
b Allocated matrixMax need
0 1 0 7 5 3 7 4 3
| |
3 0 2 3 2 2 0 2 0
| |
3 0 2 9 0 2 6 0 0
| |
2 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 1
| |
0 0 2 4 3 3 4 3 1
| |
Process 2 completed
Available matrix: 5 3 2
Allocated matrix Max
need 0 1
0| 7 5 3| 7 4 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
3 0 2 9 0 2 6 0 0
| |
2 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 1
| |
0 0 2 4 3 3 4 3 1
| |
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Process 4 completed
need
0 1 0 7 5 3 7 4 3
| |
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
3 0 2 9 0 2 6 0 0
| |
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
0 0 2 4 3 3 4 3 1
| |
Process 1 completed
need
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
3 0 2 9 0 2 6 0 0
| |
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
0 0 2 4 3 3 4 3 1
| |
Process 3 completed
Allocated matrix Max need
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 2| 4 3 3| 4 3 1
Process 5 completed
The system is in a safe state!!
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate the page replacement algorithm FIFO
Program
include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,j,n,a[50],frame[10],no,k,avail,count=0;
printf("\n ENTER THE NUMBER OF
PAGES:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n ENTER THE PAGE NUMBER :\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i
]);
printf("\n ENTER THE NUMBER OF FRAMES :");
scanf("%d",&n
o);
for(i=0;i<no;i+
+) frame[i]= -1;
j=0;
printf("\tref string\t page frames\n");
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
for(i=1;i<=n;i+
+)
{ printf("%d\t\t",a
[i]); avail=0;
for(k=0;k<no;k+
+)
if(frame[k]==a[
i])
avail=1
; if (avail==0)
{
frame[j]=a[i];
j=(j+1)%no;
count++;
for(k=0;k<no;k+
+)
printf("%d\t",frame[k]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("Page Fault Is
%d",count); return 0;
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Output
ENTER THE NUMBER OF PAGES: 20
ENTER THE PAGE NUMBER : 70120304230321201
7 0 1 ENTER THE NUMBER OF FRAMES :3
ref string page frames
7 7 -1 -1
0 7 0 -1
1 7 0 1
2 2 0 1
0
3 2 3 1
0 2 3 0
4 4 3 0
2 4 2 0
3 4 2 3
0 0 2 3
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
3
2
1 0 1 3
2 0 1 2
0
1
7 7 1 2
0 7 0 2
1 7 0 1
Page Fault Is 15
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate the page replacement algorithm LRU
Program
#include<stdio.
h> main()
{
int
q[20],p[50],c=0,c1,d,f,i,j,k=0,n,r,t,b[20],c2[
20]; printf("Enter no of pages:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the reference
string:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
printf("Enter no of
frames:");
scanf("%d",&f);
q[k]=p[k];
printf("\n\t
%d\n",q[k]); c++;
k++;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
c1=0;
for(j=0;j<f;j++)
{
if(p[i]!
=q[j]) c1+
+;
}
if(c1==f)
{
c++;
if(k<f
)
{ q[k]=p[i
]; k++;
for(j=0;j<k;j++)
printf("\t
%d",q[j]);
} printf("\n");
else
{
for(r=0;r<f;r++)
{
c2[r]=0;
for(j=i-1;j<n;j--)
{
if(q[r]!
=p[j]) c2[r]
++;
else
brea
k;
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
for(r=0;r<f;r+
+) b[r]=c2[r];
for(r=0;r<f;r+
+)
{
for(j=r;j<f;j++)
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
{
if(b[r]<b[j])
{
t=b[r];
b[r]=b[j
]; b[j]=t;
}
}
}
for(r=0;r<f;r++)
{
if(c2[r]==b[0])
q[r]=p[i];
printf("\t
%d",q[r]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
}
printf("\nThe no of page faults is %d",c);
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
OUTPUT:
Enter no of pages:10
Enter the reference string:7 5 9 4 3 7 9 6 2 1
Enter no of frames:3
7
7 5
7 5 9
4 5 9
4 3 9
4 3 7
9 3 7
9 6 7
9 6 2
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
1 6 2
The no of page faults is 10
Question: Simulate the page replacement algorithm LFU
Program
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h> main()
{
int
fr[5],i,j,k,t[5],p=1,flag=0,page[25],psz,nf,t1,u
[5]; clrscr();
printf("enter the number of
frames:"); scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\n enter the page
size"); scanf("%d",&psz);
printf("\nenter the page

sequence:"); for(i=1; i<=psz; i+
+)
scanf("%d",&page[
i]); for(i=1; i<=nf; i++)

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
fr[i]=-1;
for(i=1; i<=psz; i++)
{
if(full(fr,nf)==
1) break;
else
{
flag=0;
for(j=1; j<=nf; j++)
{
if(page[i]==fr[j])
{
flag=1;
printf(" \t
%d:\t",page[i]); break;
}
}
if(flag==0)
{
fr[p]=page[i];
printf(" \t
%d:\t",page[i]); p++;
}

printf(" %d
",fr[j]);
printf("\n");
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
p=0;
for(; i<=psz; i++)
{
flag=0;
{
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
if(page[i]==fr[j])
{
flag=1
;
break
;
}
}
if(flag==0)
{
p++;
{
for(k=i+1; k<=psz; k++)
{
if(fr[j]==page[k])
{
u[j]=k
;
break
;
}
else
u[j]=21;
}
}
for(j=1; j<=nf; j+
+) t[j]=u[j];
{
for(k=j+1; k<=nf; k++)
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
if(t[j]<t[k])
{
t1=t[j];
t[j]=t[k
];
t[k]=t1;
}
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
{
if(t[1]==u[j])
{
fr[j]=page[i
]; u[j]=i;
}
}
printf("page fault\t");
}
else
printf(" \t");
printf("%d:\t",page
[i]); for(j=1; j<=nf;
j++)
printf(" %d ",fr[j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\ntotal page faults: %d",p+3);
// getch();
}
int full(int a[],int n)
{
int k;
for(k=1; k<=n; k++)
{
if(a[k]==-
1)
return
0;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
}
return 1;
}
OUTPUT:
enter the number of
frames:5
enter the page size2

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
enter the page

sequence:1 2
1: 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2: 1 2 -1 -1 -1
total page faults: 3
Question: Simulate Sequential file allocation strategy
Program
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h>
main()
int n,i,j,b[20],sb[20],t[20],x,c[20]
[20]; clrscr();
printf("Enter no.of
files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter no. of blocks occupied by file%d",i+1);

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
printf("Enter the starting block of file
%d",i+1); scanf("%d",&sb[i]);
t[i]=sb[i];
for(j=0;j<b[i];j++)
printf("Filename\tStart
block\tlength\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t %d \t
%d\n",i+1,t[i],b[i]); printf("Enter
file name:"); scanf("%d",&x);
printf("File name is:
%d",x); printf("length is:
%d",b[x-1]);
printf("blocks
occupied:");
for(i=0;i<b[x-1];i++)
printf("%4d",c[x-1][i]);
getch();
c[i][j]=sb[i]++;
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Enter no.of files: 2
Enter no. of blocks occupied by
file1 4 Enter the starting block of
file1 2
Enter no. of blocks occupied by
file2 10 Enter the starting block of
file2 5 Filename Start
block length
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
1 2 4
2 5 10
Enter file name:
rajesh File name
is:12803
length is:0 blocks occupied
Orginal output:
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Question: Simulate Indexed file allocation strategy
Program
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h> main()
int n,m[20],i,j,sb[20],s[20],b[20]
[20],x; clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of
files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter starting block and size of file
%d:",i+1); scanf("%d%d",&sb[i],&s[i]);
printf("Enter blocks occupied by file%d:",i+1);

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
printf("enter blocks of file
%d:",i+1); for(j=0;j<m[i];j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
} printf("\nFile\t
index\tlength\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",i+1,sb[i],m[i]);
}printf("\nEnter file
name:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("file name is:
%d\n",x); i=x-1;
printf("Index is:%d",sb[i]);
printf("Block occupied are:");
for(j=0;j<m[i];j++)
printf("%3d",b[i][j]);
getch();
Expected Input/Ouput:
Enter no. of files:2
Enter starting block and size of file1: 2

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
5 Enter blocks occupied by file1:10
enter blocks of
file1:3 2 5 4 6 7
2 6 4 7
Enter starting block and size of
file2: 3 4 Enter blocks occupied by
file2:5
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
enter blocks of file2: 2 3 4
5 6 File index length
1 2 10
2 3 5
Enter file name: Venkat
file name is:12803 Index is:0
Original Output
Question: Simulate Linked file allocation strategy
Program
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio.
h> struct file
{
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
char fname[10];
int start,size,block[10];
}f[10];
main()
int i,j,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of files:");

OS PROGRAMMING LAB
scanf("%d",&
n);
for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
printf("Enter file name:");
scanf("%s",&f[i].fname);
printf("Enter starting
block:");
scanf("%d",&f[i].start);
f[i].block[0]=f[i].start;
printf("Enter no.of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&f[i].size);
printf("Enter block
numbers:");
for(j=1;j<=f[i].size;j++)
scanf("%d",&f[i].block[j]);
printf("File\tstart\tsize\tblo
ck\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
printf("%s\t%d\t
%d\t",f[i].fname,f[i].start,f[i].size);
for(j=1;j<=f[i].size-1;j++)
printf("%d",f[i].block[j]);
printf("%d---
>",f[i].block[j]);
printf("\n");
getch();
}
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Expected output Enter no. of files:2

Enter file name:Venkat
Enter starting block:20
Enter no.of blocks:6
Enter block numbers: 4 12
15
45
32
25
Enter file
name:rajesh Enter
starting block:12
Enter no.of
blocks:5 Enter
block numbers:6
File start size block
venkat 20 6 4--->12--->15--->45--->32--->25
rajesh 12 5 6--->5--->4--->3--->2
OS PROGRAMMING LAB
Original output:
LINUX PROGRAMMING LAB
EXP-11
Write a C program that illustrates two processes communicating using shared
memory.
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/shm.h>
Struct country
{
char name[30];
char capital_city [30];
char currency[30];
int population;
};
int main(intargc,char*argv[])
{
int shm_id;
char*shm_addr;
int*countries_num; struct
country*countries;
structshmid_dsshm_desc;
shm_id=shmget(100,2048,IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL\0600);
if(shm_id==-1) {
perror(“main:shmget:”);
exit(1);
}
shm_addr=shmat(shm_id,NULL,0); if(!
shm_addr)
{
ierror(“main:shmat:”);
exit(1);
}
countries_num=(int*)shm_addr;
*countries_num=0;
countries=(struct country*)((void*)shm_addrsizeof(int));
strcpy(countries[0],name,”U.S.A”);
strcpy(countries[0],capital_city,”WASHINGTON”);
strcpy(countries[0],currency,”U.S.DOLLAR”);
countries[0].population=250000000;
(countries_num) ;
strcpy(countries[1].name,”israel”);
strcpy(countries[1].capital_city,”jerushalem”);
strcpy(countries[1].currency,”NEW ISRAEL SHEKED”);
(*countries_num) ;
strcpy(countries[2].name,”France”);
strcpy(countries[2].capital_city,”paris”);
strcpy(countries[2].currency,”Frank”);
(*countries_num) ;
for(i=0;i<(*countries_num);i )
{
printf(“country%d:\n”,i 1);
printf(“name:%d:\n”,i 1);
printf(“currency:%s:\n”,countries[i].currency);
printf(“population:%d:\n”,countries[i].population);
}
if(shmdt(shm_addr)==-1)
{
perror(“main:shmdt:”);
}
if(shmctl(shm_id,IPC_RMID,&SHM_DESC)==-1)
{
perror(“main:shmctl:”);
}
return 0;
}
Output:
$cc shared.c $./a.out
Shared memory ID=65537 child pointer 3086680064 Child value

=1 Shared memory ID=65537 child pointer 3086680064
Parent value=1
Parent value=42
Child value=42
Exp.No: 13 Aim:
Write a C program to simulate producer and consumer problem using

semaphores
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
int mutex=1,full=0,empty=3,x=0;
main()
{
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\n1.PRODUCER\n2.CONSUMER\n3.EXIT\n");
while(1) {
printf("\nENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1: if((mutex==1)&&(empty!
=0)) producer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS FULL");
break;
case 2:
if((mutex==1)&&(full!=0))
consumer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY");
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
}
int wait(int s)
{
return(--s);
}
int signal(int s)
{ return(++s); }
void producer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\nproducer produces the item%d",x);
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
void consumer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\n consumer consumes item%d",x);
x--;
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
Output:
$cc pipe.c
$./a.out
1.PRODUCER
2.CONSUMER
3.EXIT
Enter your choice 1
producer produces the
item1
Enter your choice 2
consumer consumes
item2
Enter your choice 2
consumer consumes
item1
Enter your choice
1
BUFFER IS EMPTY
Enter your choice
3
Exp.No: 14
Aim:
Write C program to create a thread using pthreads library and let it run its
function Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<pthread.h>
void *mythread(void *vargp)
{
sleep(1);
printf("welcome to PThreads Library\n");
return NULL;
}
int main()
{
pthread_tid;
printf("before thread\n");
pthread_create(&tid,NULL,mythread,NULL);
pthread_join(tid,NULL);
exit(0);
}
Output:
$cc pthread.c
$./a.out
welcome to PThreads Library
Exp.No: 15
Aim:
Write a C program to illustrate concurrent execution of threads using
pthreads Library
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<pthread.h>
void *mythread1(void *vargp)
{
int i;
printf("thread1\n");
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf("i=%d\n",i);
printf("exit from thread1\n");
return NULL;
}
void *mythread2(void *vargp)
{
int j;
printf("thread2 \n");
for(j=1;j<=10;j++)
printf("j=%d\n",j);
printf("Exit from thread2\n");

return NULL;
}
int main()
{
pthread_tid;
printf("before thread\n");
pthread_create(&tid,NULL,mythread1,NULL);
pthread_create(&tid,NULL,mythread2,NULL); pthread_join(tid,NULL);
pthread_join(tid,NULL);
}
Output:
$cc pthib.c
$./a.out
thread 1
i=1
i=2
i=3
thread 2
j=1
j=2
j=3
j=4
j=5
j=6
j=7
j=8
i=4
i=5
i=6
i=7
i=8
i=9
i=10
Exit from thread1
J=9
J=10
Exit from thread2

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OS PROGRAMMING LAB

Exp.No: 1(a) Study of Unix/Linux general purpose utility command list

1) The man command:

2) The who command:

3) The cat command:

$cat > newfile

4) The mkdir command:

10) The rm command:

11) The rmdir command:

12) The echo command:

13) The more command:

14) The date command:

15) The time command:

16) The kill command: kill -

17) The history command:

18) The chmod command:

19) The chown command:

20) The finger command:

21)The pwd command:

pwd – print name of current/working directory.

22)The cal command:

23) The logout command

24) The shutdown command: shutdown - bring the system

Editing the file:

Quitting vi: Press zz or ‘:wq’

d) The Bourne-Again Shell:

Study of Unix/Osfile system (tree structure). Unix/Os

- It is also called as UNIX File System, because it is used to organize UNIX

Study of .bashrc, /etc/bashrc and Environment variables.

Write a C program to emulate the Unix ls -l command.

Write a program that illustrates how to execute two commands concurrently

[student@gcet ~]$ vi pipes2.c

pipes2.c [student@gcet ~]$./

Question: Simulate CPU Scheduling algorithm Round Robin

p_name p_time w_time

total waiting time : 39

enter process time: 4

enter process time: 3

enter process time: 2

enter process time:

enter process time: 1

p_name P_time priority w_time

Question: Multiprogramming-Memory management- Implement Fork(), Wait(),

int main(int argc,char** argv)

$os509 $cc multiprogramming.c

Question: Simulate all File allocation strategy MVT

printf("Enter total memory size:")

printf("Enter size of page

printf("process p%d is blocked\n",i+1);

printf("External Fragmentation is=

Question: Simulate all File allocation strategy MFT

printf("Enter memory for OS:");

printf("Enter process and process

Enter total memory size : 50

Enter memory for OS :10

Enter no.of partitions to be divided:4

Enter size of page:10

Enter size of page : 9

Enter size of page : 9

Enter size of page : 8