ASSIGNMENT-1

QUALITY STANDARDS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

(1) Low heat cement (IS 12600 : 1989):

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS

Fineness (Specific surface area) >320 sq.m per kg
Soundness Expansion < 10 mm & 0.8 %
(by Le chatlier and Autoclave Method)
Setting time Initial > 60 minutes
Final > 600 minutes
Compressive Strength (a)72 ± 1 hour not less than 10 MPa,
(50 sq. cm. area of cement+sand+water (b) 168 ± 2 hours not less than 16 MPa
cube with (p/4)+3 % water content) (c) 672 ±4 hours not less than 35 MPa
Heat of Hydration a) 7 days : not more than 272 kJ/kg
b) 28 days : not more than 314 kJ/kg

 When tested in accordance with the methods given in IS 4032 : 1985, low heat Portland
cement shall comply with the chemical requirements given in Table 1.
 The percentage of lime, after deduct-ion of that necessary to combine with sulphuric
anhydride percent, shall be:
(a) Not more than 2.4 ( SiO2 ) + 1.2 ( Al2O3 ) + 0.65 ( Fe2O3 )
(b) Not less than 1.9 ( SiO2 ) + 1.2 ( Al203 ) + 0.65 ( Fe2O3 )

NOTE - Each symbol in brackets refers to the percentage ( by mass of total cement ) of the oxide
excluding any contained in the insoluble residue referred to at SI No. (ii) of Table 1.
(2) Burnt clay Hollow Bricks (IS 3952 : 1988) :

 The blocks shall be made from suitable clay.

 The bricks shall be free from cracks, flaws and nodules of free lime.
 They shall be of uniform color and shall be adequately burnt.
 They shall have plane rectangular faces with parallel sides and shall have sharp straight edges
at right angle.
 They shall have a fine compact and ,uniform texture.
 Winding or Bowing in the Length Dimension : The bricks shall be placed between two
parallel straight edges running along the length (see Fig. 1 ) and the distance between either
straight edge and the adjacent face of the brick at any point shall not be more than 5 mm.
 Concavity or Convexity in the External Face of the Bricks : The brick shall be placed
between two parallel straight edges running diagonally across the face of the brick ( see Fig.
2) and the distance between either straight edge and the adjacent face of the brick shall not be
more than 5 mm at any point on either diagonal.
 Angles Between Sides and Joining Edges : Any variation from a right angle in the angle
contained by any side and a joining edge shall be limited so that if a builder’s steel square is
placed against the angle, the maximum distance between the inner edge of the square and the
side shall not be more than 5 mm ( see Fig. 3 ).

 Water Absorption :The average water absorption of the bricks by mass when tested in
accordance with the procedure laid down in Appendix B shaIl be not more than 20 percent.
 EFFLORESCENCE : The bricks when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down
in IS : 3495 ( Part 3 )- 1976* shall have a rating not more than ‘slight’.
 Dimensions of the blocks :

Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)

190 190 90
290 90 90
290 140 90

 The thickness of any shell shall be > 11 mm and that of any web > 8 mm.
 The minimum average crushing strength of the bricks when determined in accordance with
the procedure laid down in Appendix A shall be 3 -5 N/mm2 ( ~35 kgf/cm2 ).

(3) Concrete Admixtures ( IS 9103 : 1999) :

 Admixtures should be confirming to the following physical requirements.

(4) Burnt clay Fly ash building bricks ( IS 13575 : 1993) :

 Compressive Strength : The bricks, when tested in accordance with the procedure laid
down in IS 3495 ( Part 1 > : 1992) shall have a minimum average compressive strength for
various classes.

 The compressive strength of any individual brick tested shall not fall below the minimum
compressive strength specified for the corresponding class of brick. The lot shall be then
checked for next lower class of brick.
 Water Absorption : The bricks, when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down in
IS 3495 ( Part 2 ) : 1992 after immersion in cold water for 24 hours, water absorption shall
not be more than 20 per-cent. By weight up to class 12.5 and 15 percent by weight for higher
classes.
 Efflorescence : The bricks when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down in IS
3495 ( Part 3 ) : 1992 the rating of efflorescence shall not be more than ‘moderate’ up to
class 12.5 and ‘slight’ for higher classes.
 Dimensions :

STANDARD MODULAR :
Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
190 90 90
190 90 40
NON-MODULAR :
230 110 70
230 110 30

 Tolerances for dimensions :

STANDARD MODULAR : Tolerances

Length 3 720 to 3 880 mm ( 3 8005± 80 mm )
Width 1760 to 1840 mm ( 1800 ± 40 mm )
Height 1760 to 1840 mm ( 1800 ± 40 mm )
( For 90 mm high bricks )
760 to 840 mm ( 800 ± 40 mm )
( For 40 mm high bricks )
NON-MODULAR :
Length 4520 to 4680 mm (4600 ± 80 mm )
Width 2240 to 2 160 mm ( 2 200 ± 40 mm )
Height 1440 to 1360 mm ( 1400 ± 40 mm )
( For 70 mm high bricks )
640 to 560 mm ( 600 ± 40 mm )
( For 30 mm high bricks )
(5) High Tensile Steel Bars used in prestressed Concrete (IS 2090 : 1983) :

 Bars shall be manufactured in the following nominal sizes: 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 32
mm.
 The tolerance on the nominal size shall be ± 0.5 mm for bars up to and including 25 mm and
± 0.6 mm for bars above 25 mm.
 The relaxation of stress in the bar shall not exceed 49 N/mm2 at the end of 1000 hours.
Alternatively, the manufacturer shall provide proof that the quality of bar supplied is such as
to comply with this test requirement.
 The steel shall be manufactured by the open-hearth, electric, duplex, acid Bessemer, basic
oxygen (LD) process or a combination of these processes with the addition of necessary
alloying elements.
 In case any other process is employed in the manufacture, prior approval of the purchaser
shall be obtained.
 The steel shall be hot rolled into bars and subsequently processed to give the required
physical properties.
 Where the bars are threaded the thread shall be either cut or rolled. Threaded ends shall be
protected from corrosion and damage.
 The ladle analysis of steel when made in accordance with the relevant parts of IS : 228* shall
show that steel contains not more than 0.050 percent of sulphur and not more than 0.050
percent of phosphorus.
 All finished bars shall be cleanly rolled to specified dimensions. They shall be sound and free
from splits, harmful surface flaws, rough, jagged and imperfect edges; and other defects.
Unless otherwise agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer or supplier the bars
shall not carry on its surface lubricants, rust or other matter to a degree likely to impair its
adhesion to concrete.

(6) High Alumina Cement (IS 6452 :1989) :

 The total alumina content (AL2O3) determined in accordance with the method specified in
IS 4032 : 1985 shall not be less than 32 percent by mass.
 Fineness : Fineness of cement expressed in terms of specific surface determined by Blaine’s
air permeability method described in IS 4031 (Part 2) : 1988 shall be not less than 225 2/kg.
 Soundness : When tested by the ‘Le-Chatelier’ method described in IS 4031 (Part 3) : 1988,
(except that the quantity of mixing water shall be 22 percent of cement by mass) the cement
shall not have an expansion of more than 5 mm.
 Setting Time : The setting time of cement, when tested by the Vicat apparatus method
described in IS 4031 (Part 5) : 1988 (except that the quantity of mixing water shall be 22
percent of cement by mass) shall conform to the following requirements:

 Initial setting time not less than 30 min,

 Final setting time not more than 10 h

 Compressive Strength : The average compressive strength of at least three mortar cubes
(area of face 50 cm2) composed of one part of cement, three parts of standard sand
(conforming to IS 650 : 1966) by mass and 10.5 to 11 percent (of combined mass
 of cement plus sand) water, and prepared, stored and tested at temperature 18 + 2°C in
 the manner described in IS 4031 (Part 6) : 1988 shall be as follows:
 a) At 24 h ± 30 min not less than 30 MPa,
 b) At 72 ± 1 h shall show an increase on the compressive strength
at 24 h and shall be not less than 35 MPa.

 The cement shall be stored in such a manner as to permit of easy access for proper
inspection and in a suitable weather-tight building to protect the cement from dampness and
to minimize warehouse deterioration.

(7) Interlocking concrete paving blocks (IS 15268 :2006) :

PARAMETERS MIN. REQUIREMENTS

% Water absorption Avg. < 7.5
Compressive strength Avg. > 450 kg per sq. cm.
Average wear in Thickness Abrasion Avg. wear < 2 mm
Tolerance in Size ± 2mm
Thickness of Wearing Layer > 5 mm
Tolerances in Thickness of Blocks ± 5 mm
Color UV light resistant fast colors

 The blocks will be made using wear resisting materials in the face mix as specified by
architect.
 The blocks must be cured in the controlled environment to ensure effloresce free material.
 The concrete blocks should have perpendicularities after the release from the mould and it
should be maintained until laying of the blocks.
 Compaction of the moulds should be done by mechanical vibrators.
 Top surface should be anti-skid type, should not have pin holes, and should be dense.
 The color pigment and lacquer coating should not be harmful to concrete.

(8) Plywood for general purposes (IS 303:1989) :

 Veneers from high quality logs are mechanically dried and they undergo stress relieving
process, which are assembled in such a way to form a balanced construction.
 High quality fortified synthetic resins are used for gluing the veneers.
 Glue line is poisoned by special formulations of chemicals to make Plywood safe against
borers.
 Conditioning is done after pressing, followed by preservative treatment.
 Applications : Partition and paneling, ceilings in public rooms and corridors, floor
underlayment, computer rooms, furniture, bus bodies, railway coaches, milk booths, sign
boards, insert in panel doors, storage racks.

PROPERTY UNIT REQUIREMENTS

Avg. min. shear strength in dry state N > 1350
Avg. min. shear strength in wet state N > 1000
Moisture content % 5-15 %
(9) Burnt clay Paving bricks (IS 3583: 1988) :

 The bricks shall be manufactured from suitable soils.

 The bricks shall be mechanically shaped and not hand molded.
 The burning process shall be so controlled that the bricks are thoroughly burnt, annealed,
tough and durable so that, when broken, bricks show a uniformly dense structure free from
lime, large voids and marked laminations.
 The bricks shall have smooth rectangular faces and sharp corners.
 The average compressive strength when tested according to the procedure laid down in IS :
3495 ( Part 1 )-1976* shall not be less than 40 N/mm2 ( 400 kgf/cms approximately ).
 The average water absorption by weight after 24 hours immersion in cold water when
determined according to the procedure laid down in IS : 3495 ( Part 2 )-19761 shall be not
more than 5 percent.
 Efflorescence : When tested according to the procedure laid down in IS : 3495 ( Part 3 )-
1976*, the rating of efflorescence shall be nil.

DIMENSIONS:
Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
190 90 90
190 90 40
TOLERANCES :
190 mm ±80 mm
90 mm ±40 mm
40 mm ±40 mm

(10) Ready Mixed Concrete (IS 4926 : 2003) :

 Quality control of ready-mixed concrete maybe divided into three components, forward
control, immediate control and retrospective control.
 Forward control and consequent corrective action are essential aspects of quality control.
Forward control includes the following.
 Control of Purchased Material Quality
 Control of Materials Storage
 Mix Design and Mix Design Modification
 Plant Maintenance
 Transfer and Weighing Equipment
 Plant Mixers and Truck-Mixers
 Immediate control is concerned with instant action to control the quality of the concrete
being produced or that of deliveries closely following.
 It includes the production control and product control.
 Retrospective control is concerned with those factors that influence the control of concrete
quality that cannot be assessed at the time of production. Retrospective control may cover
any property of materials or concrete, such as aggregate grading, slump, or air content, but is
Particularly associated with 28-day cube strength because by its very nature it is not a
property this can be measured ahead of, or at the time of, manufacture.
 This includes :
 Mix Performance
 Designed mixes
 Prescribed mixes
 Stock Control of Materials
 Complaints

 Following Indian Standards are referred for the quality of the constituents of the ReadyMixed
Concrete.
 ASSIGNMENT-2
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PROJECTS

(1) EIFFEL TOWER :

Location : The city of Paris, France

Height : 318 m
Construction period : 2 yrs, 2 months, 5 days
Engineers : Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier
Builders : Gustave Eiffel,
Architects : Stephen Sauvestre

 Tower, composed of some 2,500,000 rivets, 18,000 pieces of iron and weighing 10,100
tons.
 There are three separate floors to the Eiffel Tower, each offering something different
for visitors.
 Unless you’re in amazing physical shape, or have a penchant for stairs, take the
elevator to the first floor (also goes to the second floor, where you switch elevators).
 You’ll find several exhibits, including an original section of the spiral staircase used by
Gustave Eiffel to reach the top when the Tower opened and the original hydraulic pump
that powered the first elevator to run from the second floor to the top.
 New technology enhances experiences at the Cineiffel, complete with an electronic
telescope and a cinema tracing the history and events involving the Tower.
 The Feroscope utilizes interactive videos, light shows and special glasses to tour the
technical aspects of the construction.
The second floor, where you switch elevators to the top, also has the Visitors Galaxy
where the robot, Alias, helps visitors built a virtual Eiffel Tower.
 The upper level of this floor offers a good view of the city and the lower level has
animated window scenes.
A panoramic, double set of elevators takes visitors to the top of the Eiffel Tower.
 Gustave Eiffel’s office is here.

(2) THE TAJ MAHAL :

Year of Construction: 1631

Completed In: 1653
Time Taken: 22 years
Built By: Shah Jahan
Dedicated to: Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bano Begum), the wife of Shah Jahan
Location: Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
Building Type: Islamic tomb
Architecture: Islamic
Cost of Construction: 32 crore rupees
Number of workers: 20,000
  For the transportation of the construction materials, more than 1,000 elephants were
made use of.
 As many as 28 different varieties of semi-precious and precious stones were used to
adorn the Taj mahal with exquisite inlay work.
 One of the ornamentations done on the surface of the Taj Mahal is the beautiful
calligraphic work. The calligraphy of the Taj Mahal mainly consists of the verses and
passages from the holy book of Koran.
 A beautifully laid out walled garden encloses the magnificent monument "Taj Mahal".
The entire Taj complex consists of five major constituents, namely
 Darwaza (The main gateway)
 Bageecha (The gardens)
 Masjid (The mosque)
 Naqqar Khana (The rest house)
 Rauza (The main mausoleum)

(3) THE RED FORT, DELHI :

 The Red Fort is a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah
Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi
 It served as the residence of the Imperial Family of India.
 It also served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857, when Mughal emperor Bahadur
Shah Zafar was exiled by the British Indian government.
 Red Fort showcases the very high level of art form and ornamental work.
 The art work in the Fort is a synthesis of Persian, European and Indian art which
resulted in the development of unique Shahjahani style which is very rich in form,
expression and color.
 It is relevant as a symbol of architectural brilliance and power.
 The walls of the fort are smoothly dressed, articulated by heavy string-courses along
the upper section.
 Important structures and other buildings in the red fort are :
 Diwan-i-Aam : Another, larger open space, which originally served as the courtyard of
the Diwan-i-Aam, the large pavilion for public imperial audiences with an ornate
throne-balcony (jharokha) for the emperor. The columns were painted in gold and there
was a gold and silver railing separating the throne from the public.
 Diwan-i-Khas : The Diwan-i-Khas is a pavilion clad completely in marble, the pillars
are decorated with floral carvings and inlay work with many semi-precious stones.
 Moti Masjid : To the west of the hammam is the Moti Masjid, the Pearl Mosque. This
was a later addition, built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's
successor. It is a small, three-domed mosque carved in white marble, with a three-
arched screen which steps down to the courtyard.
 Hayat Bakhsh Bagh : To its north lies a large formal garden, the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh,
or "Life-Bestowing Garden", which is cut through by two bisecting channels of water.
A pavilion stands at either end of the north-south channel, and a third, built in 1842 by
the last emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, stands at the centre of the pool where the two
channels meet.
 The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are zenanas, or women's quarters: the
Mumtaz Mahal (now a museum), and the larger, lavish Rang Mahal, which has been
famous for its gilded, decorated ceiling and marble pool.
 (4) SARDAR SAROVAR DAM :

Type of dam : Concrete gravity dam

Height : Design FRL (Full reservoir level): 138 m (453 ft)
Maximum water level: 146.5 m (481 ft) Length 1,210 m (3,970 ft)
Base width : 100 m (330 ft)
Impounds : Narmada River
Spillway capacity : 84,949 m3/s (2,999,900 cu ft/s)
Reservoir Capacity : 4,700,000 acre feet (5.80×109 m3)
Catchment area : 88,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi)
Surface area : 375.33 km2 (144.92 sq mi)
Power station Owner(s) : Narmada Control Authority
Operator(s) :Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
Commission date : June, 2006
Installed capacity : 1,450 MW
(River bed power house-1200 MW, Canal head power house-250 MW)
Maximum capacity Firm power : 439 MW

 The project has the potential to feed as many as 20 million people, provide domestic and
industrial water for about 30 million, employ about 1 million, and provide valuable peak
electric power in an area with high unmet power demand (farm pumps often get only a few
hours power per day).
 In addition, recent research shows substantial economic multiplier effects (investment and
employment triggered by development) from irrigation development.
 Set against the futures of about 70,000 project affected people, even without the multiplier
effect, the ratio of beneficiaries to affected persons is well over 100:1.
 The dam will irrigate 17,920 km2 (6,920 sq mi) of land spread over 12 districts, 62 talukas and
3393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in Gujarat and 730 km2 (280 sq mi) in the
arid areas of Barmer and Jalore districts of Rajasthan.
 The dam will also provide flood protection to riverine reaches measuring 30,000 ha (74,000
acres) covering 210 villages and Bharuch city and a population of 400,000 in Gujarat.