Post task - Final activity

Individual work format

Ronald Garzon S.
1075221843
Group 203058A_48

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021
 Exercises development

Activity
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 843 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 843 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a
ship to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 1 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an
advance angle of 𝑎 = (5 + 48)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to
reach the receiver.

Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-
environmental-monitoring.html
For development, follow the following steps:
a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜎/𝜔𝜀. R/
Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥10" 1

2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5𝑥10#$% 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10#& 14
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10#' 3
6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10#( 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
 𝜎 𝜎 4 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓ε8 ε9 2𝜋 ∗ 843 𝑥10D 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10#$&𝐶 &/N𝑚&


𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = 1.0666

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛#$(1.0666)
𝛿 = 46.84º

b. Classify the behavior of the medium.
R/

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°







c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.
R/

a. Propagation constant g (gamma).

𝜸 = E𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝓔)
6 6 −12 2
= N(𝒋 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 843 𝑥10 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎V𝟔 )(4 + 𝒋2𝜋 ∗ 843 𝑥10 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 𝟖𝟎 X𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐𝒙10 𝐶 /N𝑚2 Z

𝜸 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟒 + 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟏 𝒋

b. Attenuation constant. a (Alpha).

𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾)
𝛼 = 75.948 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
c. Phase constant b (Beta).


b = Im(γ)
b = 175.291 Rad/m


d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave. 𝑉𝑝 = 𝜔/𝛽
R/
𝜔
𝑉Q =
𝛽
𝑉Q = 3.021138 𝑥10" 𝑚/𝑠

e. Calculate the distance d between the ship and the receiver. 𝑑 = 𝑃/𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎).
R/
𝛼 = 5 + 48 = 53º

𝑃 = 1 𝐾𝑚

1 𝐾𝑚
𝑑=
𝐶𝑜𝑠(53º)

𝑑 = 1661.64 m


f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route. 𝑑 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑉𝑝
R/
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉= → 𝑡 =
𝑡 𝑉Q

1661.64 m
𝑡 =
3.021138 𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 5.50004711 𝑥 10s s

Interpretation
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) the loss tangent indicates the behavior of the propagation medium of the
generated wave, in this case, seawater, which behaves like a dielectric dissipator,
when obtaining a value of 1 and 10 for this variable, and time t, corresponds to the
time it takes for the generated signal to reach the receiver on the seabed.


 2. From an airplane, which is ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 = 843 𝑀𝐻𝑧
is emitted to a submarine that is ℎ2 = 800 𝑚 deep, the angle of incidence of the
signal on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (5 + 48)°. Determine the time it takes for the
signal to reach the submarine. Note that 𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥10 8𝑚/𝑠.

Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-
wavesamplitude/
For development, follow the following steps:
a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea
𝑑1 = ℎ1/𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎). R/

ℎ1 1250 𝑚
𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑎) = → 𝑑$ =
𝑑$ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(53º)

𝑑$ = 1565.1696 m

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (𝑉𝑝1 = 𝐶𝑜/𝑛),
where 𝑛 is the refractive index of air.
R/

3𝑥10Z 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉Q$ =
1.0002926

𝑉Q$ = 2.99912245𝑥10Z 𝑚/𝑠



c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.
R/

𝜃] − 𝜃 ^ ] = 90 → 𝜃 ^ ] = 90−𝜃]

𝜃 ^ ] = 90 − 53º
𝜃 ^ ] = 37º

calculating the angle of incidence

𝑛$ ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛& ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛 (𝜃2 )

𝐶𝑜
1,0002926 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(37º) = ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃2 )
𝑉Q&

3𝑥10Z 𝑚/𝑠
0,6019670 = ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃2 )
3.021138𝑥10" 𝑚/𝑠

`,D`$bD"`
𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃2 ) = b.b(
=0.06062

0.6019670
𝜃& = sin−1
9.93

𝜃& =3.4755º




d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine.
R/
ℎz ℎz
𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎y ) = → 𝑑z =
𝑑z 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎y )
800 𝑚
𝑑2 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠(3.475588)

𝑑2 = 801.4741 𝑚

e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea (take 𝑉𝑝 from
exercise 1).
R/

𝜔
𝑉{z =
𝛽

2𝜋𝑓
𝑉{z =
175.291 Rad/m

𝑉𝑝2 = 3.021674 𝑥 107 m/s



f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 =
𝑑1/𝑉𝑝1).
R/

𝑑$ 1565.1696 m
𝑡$ = =
𝑉Q$ 2.99912245𝑥10Z 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡$ = 5.2187𝑥 10#D 𝑠

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path (𝑡2 =

𝑑2/𝑉𝑝2).

R/

𝑑& 801.4741 𝑚
𝑡& = =
𝑉Q& 3,021674 𝑥 107 m/s

5
𝑡& = 2,6524 𝑥 10 /s

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2.

𝑡 = 𝑡$ + 𝑡&
𝑡 = 5.2188𝑥 10−6 𝑠 + 2,6113 𝑥 10−5 /s
𝑡 = 3.1348𝑥10#%

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝1 , 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑡.

the propagation speed Vp1, corresponds to the speed with which the electromagnetic
wave propagates in the air, the propagation speed Vp2 corresponds to the speed with
which the electromagnetic wave propagates in seawater, and time t, corresponds while
it takes the electromagnetic wave generated from the plane to reach the receiver that
is the submarine.
 3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω,
a length of 𝐿 = 5𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is
connected to an antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into
account that 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥107𝑚/𝑠, calculate:
a. Wavelength 𝜆.
R/

𝑉{
𝜆=
𝑓

3𝑥10ƒ 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆=
5𝑥10„ 𝐻𝑧

𝜆 = 0.06

b. Electrical length ℓ.
R/
𝐿 = 5 𝑚

𝐿
𝑙=
𝜆

5 𝑚
𝑙 =
0.06


𝑙 = 83.33

 c. Input impedance 𝑍ˆ‰
R/
𝑍… = 75 Ω
𝑍‡ = (45 + 𝑗 45)Ω

𝑍Š + 𝑗𝑍… tan (2𝜋𝐿)

𝑍ˆ‰ = 𝑍…
𝑍… + 𝑗𝑍Š tan(2𝜋𝐿)

(45 + 𝑗 45)Ω + 𝑗 75 Ω ∗ tan (2𝜋 ∗ 5 𝑚)

𝑍ˆ‰ = 𝑍…
75 Ω + 𝑗 ∗ (45 + 𝑗 45)Ω ∗ tan(2𝜋 ∗ 5𝑚)

𝑍ˆ‰ = 34.36 – 24.124 j

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

R/
𝑍Š − 𝑍…
Γ=
𝑍Š + 𝑍…

(45 + 𝑗 45)Ω − 75 Ω
Γ=
(45 + 𝑗 45)Ω − 75 Ω

Γ = −0.095890 + 0.410958 𝑗

Γ = 0.42199 (103.134º)






e. VSWR. R/
1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |Γ|

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 2.46


f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

R/

Figure 3: Transmission line.

 Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

• the magnitude determined for the input impedance, indicates the intensity with
which the signal is entering the system, which is indicated with a magnitude of
34.36 to -24.124º
• The reflection coefficient is a means to be able to calculate the transmission
coefficient, which indicates the percentage of the power that is reflected, with
respect to the power initially generated.
 References

Reference 1:

• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press, (pp. 525-551). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.eb
scohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site
=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

• Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission

Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23

• Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech House,

Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

• Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave

Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live