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    Chemical Processes

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    Keano Gelmo
    1. The document discusses chemical processes in living systems, including metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary carrier of energy in cells and consists of three main structures: adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates. 3. The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP store energy, which is released through hydrolysis when the outer phosphate detaches, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The ATP-ADP cycle continuously provides energy for cellular work.

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    Chemical Processes

    Uploaded by

    Keano Gelmo
    27 views4 pages
    1. The document discusses chemical processes in living systems, including metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary carrier of energy in cells and consists of three main structures: adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates. 3. The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP store energy, which is released through hydrolysis when the outer phosphate detaches, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The ATP-ADP cycle continuously provides energy for cellular work.

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    CHEMICAL PROCESSES

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    1. The document discusses chemical processes in living systems, including metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary carrier of energy in cells and consists of three main structures: adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates. 3. The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP store energy, which is released through hydrolysis when the outer phosphate detaches, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The ATP-ADP cycle continuously provides energy for cellular work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views4 pages

    Chemical Processes

    Uploaded by

    Keano Gelmo
    1. The document discusses chemical processes in living systems, including metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary carrier of energy in cells and consists of three main structures: adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphates. 3. The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP store energy, which is released through hydrolysis when the outer phosphate detaches, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The ATP-ADP cycle continuously provides energy for cellular work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    CHEMICAL PROCESSES

    Introduction
    Most of the energy in living systems comes from the sun and it is needed for metabolism, the
    sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism.

    The producers such as plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria absorb sunlight and the
    energy in sunlight is converted into chemical energy that serves as food for different organisms.

    Metabolism
    Anabolism - usage of energy to build molecules up
    Catabolism - a breakdown of molecules to store energy
    Photosynthesis - produces glucose from sunlight while cellular respiration on the other hand,
    breaks the glucose down to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
    Lesson 1: Structure of ATP

    ATP Structure
    ATP - is the primary carrier of energy in cells.
    It consists of three main structures:
    ● adenine
    ● ribose sugar
    ● three phosphates

    ATP-ADP Cycle
    ● The bonds between the phosphate groups store the energy.
    ● Hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule) - The said energy is released for cellular work
    as the phosphates are broken through this process.
    ○ In this process, the outer phosphate detaches from the ATP and will form
    adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a nucleotide with two phosphates.

    The ATPs in the cell are being used up continuously.


    ● This means that the ATP’s break down continuously to yield energy and produce
    ADPs.
    ○ By adding a phosphate group back to the ADP, ATP is being synthesized.
    ○ This becomes possible with the aid of the energy from sunlight or food
    obtained by an organism, as shown in the figure below.

    ● There will be a transfer of energy from the obtained energy by undergoing various
    processes, and the cycle continues as the ATP loses a phosphate group to release
    energy for cellular work, and a phosphate group from obtained energy attaches to
    ADP again and so on.
    Lesson 2: Photosynthesis
    Photosynthesis
    ● an anabolic phase of metabolism.
    ● The process converts light energy into usable chemical energy of carbohydrates.
    ○ This process takes place in
    ■ Plants
    ■ Photosynthetic Protists
    ■ Cyanobacteria.

    ● These organisms, which can convert light energy to chemical energy,


    ○ are collectively called autotrophs.

    For photosynthesis to efficiently take place in autotrophs


    ● There should be an adequate amount present in their cells:
    ○ Solar energy from the sun
    ○ Chlorophyll
    ○ accessory pigments
    ● carbon dioxide and water are available in their environments,
    ● temperature should be suitable,
    ○ not too cold or too warm.
    Sunlight(solar energy)
    ● made of photons and electromagnetic waves.
    ● The visible spectrum is a portion of the electromagnetic waves visible to the human
    eye
    ○ used by autotrophs as an energy source.

    Photons - captured by pigment molecules contained in chloroplasts of plant and protist cells.

    Chlorophyll
    ● the most common and important photosynthetic pigment in plants and algae.
    ● It can absorb red, blue, and violet light.
    ● It reflects and transmits green light. Hence, plants appear green.

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