English Task: Operating System

ENGLISH TASK
OPERATING SYSTEM
FITRA HARY FADLY (2006 – 31 – 190)
REYNO RYAN ALTRIMATRA (2006 – 31 – 149)
TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNIK – PLN
JAKARTA
2009
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE BACKGROUND OF HISTORY
Nowadays information technology is progressing very rapidly, so did a

computerized world, especially the core of the computer itself is sisterm operation,
now has so many types of operating systems as we know from the newest to the
oldest. In here the author will try to explain what the operating system? consists of
what? and much more.
1.2 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
So that readers know what operating system we used to use and lots of kinds of
operating systems that we can choose according to requirement.
1.3 THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This task covers only matters relating to the operating system and how to sort the
operating system itself.
2
CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
2.1 WHAT OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating System is the software on a computer that manages the way different
programs use its hardware, and regulates the ways that a user controls the
computer. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a
computer with multiple programs from cellular phones and video game consoles to
supercomputers and web servers, and even automobiles. Some popular modern
operating systems for personal computers include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X,
and Linux.
Operating System generally consist of several parts:
1. Boot mechanism, namely to put the kernel in memory.

2. Kernel, the core of an Operating System.
3. Command Interpreter or shell, wich reads input from the user.
4. Libraries, wich provides the basic set of functions and standards that can be
called by other applications.
5. Drivers to interact with external hardware, as well as control them.
3
Because early computers were often built for only a single task, operating
systems did not exist in their proper form until the 1960’s. As computers evolved into
being devices that could run different programs in succession, programmers began
putting libraries of common programs (in the form of computer code) onto the
computer in order to avoid duplication and speed up the process. Eventually,
computers began being built to automatically switch from one task to the next. The
creation of runtime libraries to manage processing and printing speed came next,
which evolved into programs that could interpret different types of programming
languages into machine code. When personal computers by companies such as
Apple, Atari, IBM and Amiga became popular in the 1980s, vendors began adding
features such as software scheduling and hardware maintenance.
2.2 KERNEL
is the central component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge

between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The
kernel's responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication
between hardware and software components).Usually as a basic component of an
operating system, a kernel can provide the lowest-level abstraction layer for the
resources (especially processors and I/O devices) that application software must control
to perform its function. It typically makes these facilities available to application
processes through inter-process communication mechanisms and system calls.
Operating system tasks are done differently by different kernels, depending on their
design and implementation. While monolithic kernels will try to achieve these goals by
executing all the operating system code in the same address space to increase the
performance of the system, microkernels run most of the operating system services in
user space as servers, aiming to improve maintainability and modularity of the operating
system. A range of possibilities exists between these two extremes.
4
2.3 FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
2.3.1 PROGRAM EXECUTION
The operating system acts as an interface between an application and the

hardware. The user interacts with the hardware from "the other side". The
operating system is a set of services which simplifies development of
applications. Executing a program involves the creation of a process by the
operating system.
2.3.2 MULTI TASKING
Multitasking refers to the running of multiple independent computer

programs on the same computer; giving the appearance that it is performing
the tasks at the same time. Since most computers can do at most one or two
things at one time, this is generally done via time-sharing, which means that
each program uses a share of the computer's time to execute.
2.3.3 DISK ACCESS AND FILE SYSTEMS
Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all operating

systems. Computers store data on disks using files, which are structured in
specific ways in order to allow for faster access, higher reliability, and to make
better use out of the drive's available space. The specific way in which files are
stored on a disk is called a file system, and enables files to have names and
attributes. It also allows them to be stored in a hierarchy of directories or
folders arranged in a directory tree.
5
2.4 EXAMPLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
2.4.1 Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary, graphical operating systems

developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded
on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to
the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since
1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on
technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the
1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
2.4.2 Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems that

originated as an add-on to the older MS-DOS operating system for the IBM
PC. Modern versions are based on the newer Windows NT kernel that was
originally intended for OS/2. Windows runs on x86, x86-64 and Itanium
processors. Earlier versions also ran on the Alpha, MIPS, Fairchild (later
6
Intergraph), Clipper and PowerPC architectures (some work was done to port
it to the SPARC architecture).
2.4.3 LINUX
Linux (commonly pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks in American-English,[also

pronounced /ˈlɪnʊks/ in Europe and Canada, LIN-ooks) is a generic term
referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel.
Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open
source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be
used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-
commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public
License.
7
CHAPTER III
3.1 CONCLUSIONS
based on previous discussions the writer can take the conclusion, namely:
Many types of operating systems in use today, anything what can they do and
part of the operating system itself.
3.2 INPUT
It is expected that the reader can choose exactly which operating systems
they need.
3.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINUX
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Features
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Examples_of_operating_sys
tems
 http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi
 http://images.google.co.id/imglanding?q=windows
%207&imgurl=http://images.appleinsider.com/windows7-20081028-
2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php%3Fid
%3D10323&usg=__13yuLZIByRhII7b-
qiSGvbzKdYg=&h=412&w=550&sz=68&hl=id&itbs=1&tbnid=Uy57lLjm6LF5
7M:&tbnh=100&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwindows
%2B7%26tbnid%3DUy57lLjm6LF57M%26tbnh%3D0%26tbnw%3D0%26hl
%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DX%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-
US:official%26ndsp%3D20%26imgtype%3Di_similar%26tbs
%3Disch:1&tbnid=Uy57lLjm6LF57M&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&client=firefox-
a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&ndsp=20&imgtype=i_similar&tbs=isch:1&start=0#tbnid=Uy57lLj
m6LF57M&start=0
 http://translate.google.co.id/?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&hl=id&tab=wT#id|en|

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ENGLISH TASK

FITRA HARY FADLY (2006 – 31 – 190)

REYNO RYAN ALTRIMATRA (2006 – 31 – 149)

SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNIK – PLN

1.1 THE BACKGROUND OF HISTORY

Nowadays information technology is progressing very rapidly, so did a

1.2 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.3 THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

THE THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

2.1 WHAT OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating System generally consist of several parts:

1. Boot mechanism, namely to put the kernel in memory.

is the central component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge

2.3.1 PROGRAM EXECUTION

The operating system acts as an interface between an application and the

2.3.2 MULTI TASKING

Multitasking refers to the running of multiple independent computer

2.3.3 DISK ACCESS AND FILE SYSTEMS

Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all operating

Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary, graphical operating systems

2.4.2 Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems that

Linux (commonly pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks in American-English,[also

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