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Lecture notes-AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES-introduction

1. Aircraft structures must resist aerodynamic loads to provide shape and protect contents. Primary structures like wings must withstand damage while secondary structures enhance aerodynamics. 2. Wing structures include skin, ribs, spars, and stringers. The skin resists forces while longitudinal members resist bending and compression. Ribs and frames integrate wings and resist torsion. 3. Analyzing aircraft structures involves simplifications like assuming webs only resist shear and longitudinals only resist axial loads. Unsymmetric bending and neutral axes must also be considered.

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Tarik Hassan Elsonni
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88 views

Lecture notes-AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES-introduction

1. Aircraft structures must resist aerodynamic loads to provide shape and protect contents. Primary structures like wings must withstand damage while secondary structures enhance aerodynamics. 2. Wing structures include skin, ribs, spars, and stringers. The skin resists forces while longitudinal members resist bending and compression. Ribs and frames integrate wings and resist torsion. 3. Analyzing aircraft structures involves simplifications like assuming webs only resist shear and longitudinals only resist axial loads. Unsymmetric bending and neutral axes must also be considered.

Uploaded by

Tarik Hassan Elsonni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AE2302

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES-II

INTRODUCTION
Objective

 The purpose of the chapter is to


teach the principles of solid and
structural mechanics that can be
used to design and analyze
aerospace structures, in
particular aircraft structures.
Airframe
Function of Aircraft Structures
General
The structures of most flight vehicles are thin walled
structures (shells)

Resists applied loads (Aerodynamic loads acting on the wing


structure)

Provides the aerodynamic shape

Protects the contents from the environment


Definitions
Primary structure:
A critical load-bearing structure on an aircraft.
If this structure is severely damaged, the
aircraft cannot fly.
Secondary structure:
Structural elements mainly to provide enhanced
aerodynamics. Fairings, for instance, are found
where the wing meets the body or at various
locations on the leading or trailing edge of the
wing.
Definitions…
Monocoque structures:
Unstiffened shells. must be
relatively thick to resist bending,
compressive, and torsional loads.
Definitions…
Semi-monocoque Structures:
Constructions with stiffening members that may
also be required to diffuse concentrated loads into
the cover.
More efficient type of construction that permits
much thinner covering shell.
Function of Aircraft Structures:
Part specific

Skin
reacts the applied torsion and shear forces
transmits aerodynamic forces to the longitudinal
and transverse supporting members

acts with the longitudinal members in resisting the


applied bending and axial loads

acts with the transverse members in reacting the


hoop, or circumferential, load when the structure is
pressurized.
Function of Aircraft Structures:
Part specific
Ribs and Frames
1. Structural integration of the wing and fuselage
2. Keep the wing in its aerodynamic profile
Function of Aircraft Structures:
Part specific
Spar
1. resist bending and axial loads
2. form the wing box for stable torsion resistance
Function of Aircraft Structures:
Part specific

 Stiffener or Stringers
1. resist bending and axial loads along with the skin
2. divide the skin into small panels and thereby
increase its buckling and failing stresses
3. act with the skin in resisting axial loads caused
by pressurization.
Simplifications

1. The behavior of these structural elements is often


idealized to simplify the analysis of the assembled
component

2. Several longitudinals may be lumped into a single effective

longitudinal to shorten computations.

a- The webs (skin and spar webs) carry only shear stress.

b- The longitudinal elements carry only axial stress.

c- The transverse frames and ribs are rigid within their own
planes, so that the cross section is maintained unchanged

during loading.
Unsymmetric Bending of
Beams

The general bending stress equation for elastic, homogeneous beams is given as

(II.1)
where Mx and My are the bending moments about the x and y centroidal axes,
respectively. Ix and Iy are the second moments of area (also known as
moments of inertia) about the x and y axes, respectively, and Ixy is the product
of inertia. Using this equation it would be possible to calculate the bending
stress at any point on the beam cross section regardless of moment orientation
or cross-sectional shape. Note that Mx, My, Ix, Iy, and Ixy are all unique for a
given section along the length of the beam. In other words, they will not
change from one point to another on the cross section. However, the x and y
variables shown in the equation correspond to the coordinates of a point on the
cross section at which the stress is to be determined.
Neutral Axis:

 When a homogeneous beam is subjected to elastic bending, the neutral axis (NA)
will pass through the centroid of its cross section, but the orientation of the NA
depends on the orientation of the moment vector and the cross sectional shape
of the beam.
 When the loading is unsymmetrical (at an angle) as seen in the figure below, the
NA will also be at some angle - NOT necessarily the same angle as the bending
moment.

 Realizing that at any point on the neutral axis, the bending strain and stress
are zero, we can use the general bending stress equation to find its
orientation. Setting the stress to zero and solving for the slope y/x gives φ
SHEAR FLOW AND SHEAR CENTER
Restrictions:

1. Shear stress at every point in the beam must be less than the elastic limit
of the material in shear.

2. Normal stress at every point in the beam must be less than the elastic
limit of the material in tension and in compression.

3. Beam's cross section must contain at least one axis of symmetry.

4. The applied transverse (or lateral) force(s) at every point on the beam
must pass through the elastic axis of the beam. Recall that elastic axis is a
line connecting cross-sectional shear centers of the beam. Since shear
center always falls on the cross-sectional axis of symmetry, to assure the
previous statement is satisfied, at every point the transverse force is
applied along the cross-sectional axis of symmetry.

5. The length of the beam must be much longer than its cross sectional
dimensions.

6. The beam's cross section must be uniform along its length.


Shear Center

If the line of action of the force passes through the Shear


Center of the beam section, then the beam will only
bend without any twist. Otherwise, twist will
accompany bending.
The shear center is in fact the centroid of the internal
shear force system. Depending on the beam's cross-
sectional shape along its length, the location of shear
center may vary from section to section. A line
connecting all the shear centers is called the elastic
axis of the beam. When a beam is under the action of
a more general lateral load system, then to prevent
the beam from twisting, the load must be centered
along the elastic axis of the beam.
Shear Center

 The two following points facilitate the determination of the shear


center location.
1. The shear center always falls on a cross-sectional axis of
symmetry.
2. If the cross section contains two axes of symmetry, then the shear
center is located at their intersection. Notice that this is the only
case where shear center and centroid coincide.
Torsion of Thin - Wall Closed Sections

Consider a thin-walled member with a closed cross section subjected to


pure torsion.
Examining the equilibrium of a small
cutout of the skin reveals that
Torsion - Shear Flow Relations in Multiple-
Cell Thin- Wall Closed Sections

 The torsional moment in terms of the internal


shear flow is simply

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