Module 2

Remembering Rizal, The Life of Jose Rizal and Travels

2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) and Topics

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1. Evaluate Rizal ‘s heroism and importance in the content of Rizalista groups.

2. Discuss the history of selected Rizalista

3. Compare and contrast the different views on Rizal among the Rizalistas.

4. Describe people and events that influenced Rizal’s early life;

5. Explain Rizal’s growth as a propagandist; and

6. Identify the factors that led to Rizal’s execution.

Topics:

1. Remembering Rizal

2. The Life of Jose Rizal

2.1 Remembering Rizal

For our second module the following Intended Learning Outcomes will be :

1. Evaluate Rizal ‘s heroism and importance in the content of Rizalista groups.

2. Discuss the history of selected Rizalista.
3. Compare and contrast the different views on Rizal among the Rizalistas.

Vocabulary:

Millenarian groups- socio-political movements who generally believe in the coming of a major social  transformation with the establishment of the
Kingdom of God .

Rizalista - a religious movement that believes in the divinity of Jose Rizal.

Jove Rex Al- the Latin name of Jose  Rizal according to Rizalistas; Jove means GOD; Rex means KING; and Al means ALL ( thus , GOD KING
of ALL).

Colorum - a term used to refer to secret societies that fought against the colonial government in the Philippines

Canonization- the act of declaring a dead person as a saint 

Introduction

Rizal  execution on December 30, 1896 became an important turning point in the history of Philippine revolution. His death activated  the full-
scale revolution that resulted in the declaration of Philippine independence by 1898.  Under the American colonial government, Rizal was
considered as one of the most important Filipino heroes of the revolution and was even declared as the National Hero by the Taft Commissions
of 1901. A Rizal monument was built every town and December 30, was declared as a nation holiday to commemorate his death and heroism. In
some provinces, men-most of whom were professionals -organized and became members of Caballeros de Rizal , now known as the Knights of
Rizal. 

Rizal as the Tagalog Christ

   In late 1898 and early 1899, revolutionary newspapers La Independencia and El Heraldo de la Revolucion  reported about Filipinos
commemorating Rizal's  death in various towns in the country . In Batangas , for example, people were said to have gathered " tearfully wailing
before a portrait of Rizal " ( Ileto 1998) while remembering how Christ went through the same struggles. 
  After Rizal execution, peasants in Laguna were reported to have regarded Rizal as "lord of a kind of paradise in the heart of Mt. Makiling". In
1907, Miguel de Unamuno gave Rizal the title "Tagalog Christ" as a religious organization venerating him had been formed in different parts of
the Philippines. Rizalistas believe that Rizal, just like Jesus Christ or reincarnation of Jesus Christ would eventually return to life and save
mankind. In history Apolinario dela Cruz ( 1815-1841) who founded the religious  confraternity Cofradia de san Jose  was also considered as the
" Tagalog Christ" by his followers. More over , Filipino revolutionary Felipe Salvador ( 1870-1912) , also known as Apo Ipe , who founded the
messianic society Santa Iglesia ( Holy Church) was called bu his followers as the " Filipino Christ  and the " King of the Philippines.

Parallelism between Jesus Christ and Jose Rizal

o Both Jesus (J) and Jose (J) fulfilled a purpose/ call or mission. Jesus is for the redemption of mankind from sin while Jose is
for the redemption of his people from oppression.
o   Both J&J were Asians, had brilliant mind, extra ordinary talents.
o Both J&J were reformers, healers, non violent revolutionaries, have followers.
o Both died at young age and at the hands of their enemies. 

The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the Roots of Rizalistas

 The Philippine Independent Church (PIC) canonized Jose Rizal as saint and published in the "acta de Canonization de los Grandes
Martires de la Patria Dr. Jose Rizal y PP. Burgos, Gomez y Zamora' that the council of Bishops headed by Gregorio Aglipay met in Manila
on September 24, 1903.
 PIC observed that Rizal's followers is increasing after his canonization as saint and influential in molding the socio-religious belief of
mankind.
 Jose Rizal was revered as saint or god
o A colorum sect in Tayabas Quezon
o Rizalina in Barrio Caluluan Conception Tarlac
o Banal in many towns of Leyte (Dulag, Barauen and Limon)
o Pantay-pantay Society in Legaspi city whose members are called Rizalinos.
o Some 'colorum' sects also venerated Rizal as god.

Major Groups Venerating Jose Rizal

1. Adarnista
1. Founder: Candida Balantac (engkantada/Inang Adarna) in 1901
2. Branches:  La Union, Pangasinan and Tarlac, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Baguio city and Manila
3. Members: 10,000
4. Teachings: Rizal is a god of the Filipino people, Rizal is true god and man....
5. They believe in the following 1. Rizal is a god of the Filipino People 2. Rizal is true god and a true man 3. Rizal was not
executed as has been mentioned by historians. 4. Man is endowed with a soul; as such, man is capable of good deeds 5. Heaven and
hell exist but are, nevertheless, " within us" 6. The abode of the members of the sect in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is the New Jerusalem
or Paradise 7. The caves  in Bongabon  are dwelling place in Jehovah or God. 
2. Sambahang Rizal (Rizal Church)
1. Founder: Basilio Aromin in 1918
2. Branches: Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan
3. Members: 7,000
4. Teachings: Bible (Noli and El Fili) shows the doctrine and teachings of Rizal.
5. The Sambahang Rizal conducts sacraments like baptism , confirmation , marriage , and ceremonies for the dead.
3. Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi (Factions: Watawat ng Lahi, Iglesia ng Watawat ng Lahi, Inc. and Iglesia ng Lipi ni Gat Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Inc.)
1. Founder: Philippine National Heroes (PNH) and Arsenio de Guzman in 1911
2. Branches: Nationwide
3. Members: 100,000
4. Teachings: Rizal was the Christ and the "Messenger of God".RizalRizal
5. The aims of the organization are as follows (Foronda , 2011) 1. To love God above all things 2. To love one's fellowman as
one loves himself  3. To love the motherland and to respect and venerate the heroes of the race especially the martyr of Bagumbayan,
Dr. Rizal , to follow , to spread, and to support their right teachings ; and to serve the country with one's whole hearth towards its order,
progress and peace.
4. Suprema de la Iglesia de Cuidad Mistica de Dios Inc. (Supreme Church of the Mystical City of God)
1. Founder: Naria Bernarda Balitaan (MBB) in 1920s
2. Branches: Foot of Mt. Banahaw Sta. Lucia Dolores, Quezon (Main) and other provinces in Luzon Island
3. Members: 100,000
4. Teachings: Jesus Christ's works was continued by Jose Rizal and the twelve lights (12 apostles) in 19th century. 
 5. The Ciudad Mistica shares many elements with the Catholic Church . They hold masses (every Saturday), and have prayers
and chants. They commemorate the birth and death anniversaries of the twelve lights  with Rizal death (December 30) as the
mostimportant celebration.

Summary

  This topic showed that Rizal is not only regarded  as the Philippine national hero but also venerated as the " Filipino Jesus Christ" or the Jove
Rex Al ( God,King of All) by most Rizalista groups. The Canonization of Rizal by L Iglesia Filipina Independiente and the eventual emergence of
Rizalista groups in different parts of the country could be associated with the long struggle of the Filipino s for freedom and independence .
Syncretism is also evident among the Rizalista groups as the nationalism visions are included in their religious beliefs and texts. 

2.2 The Life of Jose Rizal and Travels

At the end of the lesson the students must be able to:

1.Describe people  and events that influenced Rizal’s early life;  

2.Explain Rizal’s growth as a propagandist; and

3.Identity the factors that led to Rizal’s execution.

Vocabulary:

Chinese mestizo - a person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry

Principalia - the ruling and usually educated upper class in Spanish colonial Philippines

Bachiller en Artes - Bachelor of Arts degree bestowed by colleges or universities

Spanish Cortes - Spain's lawmaking or legislative body

Ilustrado - a term which literally means " enlighten ones" or the Filipinois educated in Europe

Masonry - fraternal organization which strives for moral betterment

Introduction

     A biography narrates how a person has lived during a certain period of time . It presents not only the life of an individual and hos he/she has
influenced the society but also how an individual and his/her have been shaped by historical events . Jose Rizal lived in the nineteenth century, a
period in Philippines history when changes in public consciousness were already being felt and progressive ideas were being realized . Studying
Rizal's biography , therefore , will lead to a better understanding of how Rizal devoted his life in shaping the Filipino character.  

Presentation

 Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, Laguna

JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA

 Doctor - completed his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of Licentiate  in Medicine by the Universidad Central de
Madrid

 Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph)
 Protacio - from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar
 Mercado - adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the paternal great-great- grandfather of Jose Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado
means ‘market’ in English
 Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again
 Alonzo - old surname of his mother
 Y- and
 Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the culture by that time
 June 19, 1861- moonlit of Wednesday between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal was born in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna
 June 22, 1861- aged three days old, Rizal was baptized in the Catholic church
 Father Rufino Collantes - a Batangueño, the parish priest who baptized Rizal
 Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather, native of Calamba and close friend of the Rizal family
 Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born

Rizal's Parents

 Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)

-born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818

-studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila

-became a tenant

-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda

-a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and was strong in body

 and valiant in spirit

-died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of 80

-Rizal affectionately called him “a model of fathers”

 Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)

-born in Manila on November 8, 1826

-educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city

-a remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan women

-is a woman of more than ordinary culture: she knows literature and speaks Spanish (according to Rizal)

-died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85

Rizal's Ancestry

Fathers' Side -Domingo Lamco Ines de la Rosa (a Chinese immigrant from (Well-to-do Chinese the Fukien city arrived in Christian girl of
Changchow Manila about 1690)

 Francisco Mercado Cirila Bernacha Juan Mercado (Rizal’s grandfather) Cirila Alejandro . Had thirteen children, the youngest being Francisco
Mercado (Rizal’s father)

Mother's Side - Lakandula (The last native king of Tondo) Eugenio Ursua (Rizal’s maternal Benigna Great-great Grandfather of (a Filipina)
Japanese Ancestry) Manuel de Quintos Regina (a Filipino from Pangasinan) Lorenzo Alberto Alonso Brigida (a prominent Spanish Filipino
mestizo of Biñan) Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s mother), Gregorio, Manuel at Jose

Childhood years in Calamba

-Calamba was named after a big native jar

-Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order, which also owned all the lands around it

 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)

 a poem about Rizal’s beloved town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila

 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was three years old
 Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to
pray the Angelus
 Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon
 The death of little Concha brought Rizal his first sorrow
 At the age of three, Rizal began to take a part in the family prayers
 When Rizal was five years old, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible
 The Story of the Moth- made the profoundest impression on Rizal -“died a martyr to its illusions”
 At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects which attracted his fancy
 Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children)- Rizal’s first poem in native language at the age of eight -reveals Rizal’s earliest
nationalist sentiment
 At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy

Influences on the Hero's Boyhood

(1) hereditary influence

(2) environmental influence

(3) aid of Divine Providence

Tio Jose Alberto

 studied for eleven years in British school in Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability

Tio Manuel

 a husky and athletic man, encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by means of physical exercises

Tio Gregorio

 a book lover, intensified Rizal’s voracious reading of good book

Father Leoncio Lopez

 the old and learned parish priest of Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual  honesty

Early Education in Calamba and Binan

 The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was remarkable woman of good character and fine culture —her mother

Maestro Celestino

 Rizal’s first private tutor

Maestro Lucas Padua

 Rizal’s second tutor

Leon Monroy

 a former classmate of Rizal’s father became Rizal’s tutor that instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin.

Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz

 Rizal’s teacher in a private school in Biñan

-Rizal described his teacher as follows: He was thin, long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body slightly bentforward

Pedro- the teacher’s son which Rizal challenged to a fight

Andres Salandanan - challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match

Juancho-an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacher; freely give Rizal lessons in drawing and painting
Jose Guevara- Rizal’s classmate who also loved painting, became apprentices of the old painter

 “the favorite painters of the class”- because of his artistic talent

 Christmas in 1870

-Rizal received a letter from his sister Saturnina, informing him of the arrival of the steamer Talim which would take him from Biñan to Calamba

Daily Life in Binan

-Heard the four o’ clock mass then at ten o’ clock went home at once and went at school at two and came out at five -The day was unusual when
Rizal was not laid out on a bench and given five or six blows because of fighting

Martyrdom of Gom-bur-za

 Night of January 20, 1872- about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of Lamadrid, Filipino
sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges
 Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora- were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by order of Governor
General Izquierdo
 The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people
 Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to Gom-Bur-Za

Injustice to Hero's Mother 

 Before June, 1872 - Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother, Jose Alberto, tried to poison
the latter’s perfidious wife

 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario

 Calamba’s gobernadorcillo, help arrest Doña Teodora

 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz (capital of Laguna
province), a distance of 50 kilometers

 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for two years and a half
 Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan  - the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora

Escuela Pia/Ateneo Municipal

 a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits

 Escuela Pia (Charity School)

 formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817

 Escuela Pia----à Ateneo Municipal---à Ateneo de Manila

 June 10, 1872   - Rizal accompanied by Paciano went to Manila

 Father Magin Ferrando- was the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reasons:

(1) he was late for registration

(2) he was sickly and undersized for his age

 Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo
 Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname “Rizal”. He registered under this name at Ateneo because their family name
“Mercado” had come under the suspicion of the Spanish authorities

Jesuits Sytem of Education

-it trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious instructions

-Students were divided into two groups:

 Roman Empire - consisting of internos (boarders); red banner

 Carthaginian Empire - composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner

 Emperor- the best student in each “empire”

 Tribune-the second best

 Decurion - the third best

 Centurion-the fourth best

 Stand-bearer- the fifth best

 The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore a uniform which consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton coat” The coat
material was called rayadillo

 Ateneo

 Father Jose Bech - Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo whom he described as a “tall thin man, with a body slightly bent forward, a harried
walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc
whose ends fell toward the chin

 A Religious picture- Rizal’s first prize for being the brightest pupil in the whole class

    *Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during the noon recesses. He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons

 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas - the first favorite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on him

 Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his studies

 Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines

-Rizal was impressed in this book because of (1) Jagor’s keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization (2) his prophecy that someday
Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer

 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s professors who inspired him to study harder and to
write poetry -Rizal described this Jesuiot professor as “model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils”

 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term
 The most brilliant Atenean of histime, he was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”
 March 23, 1877- Commencement Day, Rizal, who was 16 years old, received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree
of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors
 Marian Congregation - a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later became the secretary

 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez
 Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to stop communing with the Muse and pay more attention to more practical studies

 Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agustin Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino
sculptor
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his pocket- knife
 Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal’s sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus

 Poems Written in Ateneo

 Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874- the first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in Ateneo which was dedicated
to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was 14 years old -In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-religion, education,
childhood memories and war. They were as follows:
 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) - a tender poem in honor of Calamba, the hero’s natal town

*Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education) - Rizal showed the importance
of religion in education

*Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light)- Rizal believed in the significant role which education
plays in the progress and welfare of a nation

Studies at the University of Sto Tomas (1887-1882)

 After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal transferred to the medical course-“Don’t send him
to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head.”
 Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea that Rizal pursue higher learning in the university

 April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy
and Letters because (1) his father like it (2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”
 Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him during his student days in that college, asking for advice on the
choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao
 It was during the following term (1878-1879) that Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rector’s advice to study medicine
 During Rizal’s first school term in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational
course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor)
 Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila- a society of literary men and artists, held a literary contest in the year 1879
o A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) - Rizal, who was then 18 years old, submitted thi- is an inspiring poem of
flawless form. Rizal beseeches  the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art and
science to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of the people -this winning poem of Rizal is a classic in Philippine literature
for two reasons:

(1) it was the great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by   Spanish literary authorities

(2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”

 The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards, was impressed by Rizal’s poem and gave it the first prize which consisted of a silver
pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the Gods) - an allegorical drama written by Rizal which he entered in the literary contest of
Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes -was a literary masterpiece based on the
Greek classics
 The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which was engraved the bust of Cervantes
 D.N. del Puzo- a Spanish writer, who won the second prize
 Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) - a zarzuela which was staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880, on the occasion of the annual
celebration of the Feats Day of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo - Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of
Spanish Literature in Ateneo

 Compañerismo (Comradeship)- Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in University of Santo Tomas in 1880

Unhappy days at the UST

 -Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of
higher learning because
 (1) the Dominican professors were hostile to him

 (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards

 (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive-In Rizal’s novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were
humiliated and insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural
sciences.He related in Chapter XIII, “The Class in Physics”

Sunny Spain  (1882-1885)

-After finishing the 4th year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain

-Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal has his “secret mission”—was to observe keenly the life and culture,languages and customs,
industries and commerce, and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people from Spanish tyranny

-This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated Manila, May 20,1892

-Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars

• Jose Mercado- Rizal used this name; a cousin from Biñan

 May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for Singapore

Naples and Marseilles

 Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’If, where Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned
 Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles

Barcelona

 Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s second largest city, was unfavorable
 Las Ramblas- the most famous street in Barcelona
 Amor Patrio (Love of Country)- nationalistic essay, Rizal’s first article written on Spain’s soil -under his pen-name Laong
Laan, appeared in print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882 -it was published in two texts—Spanish and Tagalog—the Spanish text
was the one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by M.H. del Pilar
 Basilio Teodoro Moran- a friend of Rizal in Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog where Rizal sent this article
 Diariong Tagalog- the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog)
 Los Viajes (Travels)- Rizal’s second article for Diariong Tagalog
 Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)- Rizal’s third article written in Madrid on November 29, 1882 but returned to him because the
Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds

 Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the provinces according to Paciano’s letter, dated September
15, 1882
 Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid
 Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and established himself in Madrid, the capital of Spain

Life in Madrid

 Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle) - a society of Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in
Madrid in 1882
 Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses)- upon the request of the members of this society, Rizal’s wrote this poem which he
personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in the evening of December 31, 1882 -in this sad
poem, Rizal poured out the cry of his agonizing heart
 Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew- these two books aroused Rizal’s sympathy for the
oppressed and unfortunate people
First Visit to Paris (1883)

 March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid

 Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to secure Freemansory’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines
 Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal transferred where he became a Master Mason on November 15, 1890
 February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris
 Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizal’s only Masonic writing; a lecture which he delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid
 After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba:

 (1) harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts

(2) the manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands

(3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and
there were times when they never arrived

 Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in
the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid—Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho), second prize
 These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of
the academic year on November 20, in which he proclaimed “the freedom of science and the teacher”
 June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical course in Spain; he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
Central de Madrid • The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine
but he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctor’s diploma
 June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central
de Madrid with the rating of “Excellent”: (Sobresaliente)

Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)

 -Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology—Rizal chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his
mother’s eye ailment

In Gay Paris (1185-1886) Maximo Viola- a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal’s friend

 Señor Eusebio Corominas- editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La
Publicidad 
 Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article on the Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, for publication
 Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading French ophthalmologist wherein Rizal worked as an assistant from November 1885 to
February 1886
 Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl, who was engaged to Juan Luna
 At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings
 In Luna’s canvas “The Death of Cleopatra,“ Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest. In another of Luna’s great paintings, “The Blood
Compact,” he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi
 La Deportacion (Deportation)- a sad danza which Rizal composed in Dapitan during his exile

In Historic Heidelberg

 Dr. Otto Becker- distinguished German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked—University Eye Hospital
 April 22, 1886- Rizal wrote a fine poem “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of Heidelberg)
 In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River. Among them was his
favorite flower—the light blue “forget-me-not”
 Wilhelmsfeld- a mountainous village near Heidelberg where Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation
 Dr. Karl Ullmer- a kind Protestant pastor where Rizal stayed, who became his good friend and admirer

In Leipzig and Dresden 

 Dr. Hans Meyer- German anthropologist, a friend of Rizal

 In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller’s William Tell from German into Tagalog so that Filipino might know the story of that champion of
Swiss independence
 Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his nephews and niece Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales
 Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was cheapest in Europe so that he stayed two months and a half
 October 29, 1886- Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological
Museum

Berlin

 Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice
 Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a book
which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist
 Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy
 Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked
 Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the
recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer
 Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)- Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in German which he read before the society in April 1887
-this paper was published by the society in the same year, and elicited favorable comments from all scientificquarters
 Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of unified Germany for five reasons: (1) to gain further knowledge of ophthalmology (2) to further
his studies of sciences and languages (3) to observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation (4) to associate with
famous German scientists and scholars (5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere

Lietmeritz

 Professor Blumentritt- a kind-hearted, old Austrian professor

 May 13 to May 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola stayed in Leitmeritz
 Tourist’s Club of Leitmeritz-which Blumentritt was the secretary; Rizal spoke extemporaneously in fluent Germany to the officers and
members
 Dr. Carlos Czepelak- renowned scientist of Europe
 Professor Robert Klutschak- an eminent naturalist
 May 16, 1887 at 9:45 AM- Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz by train

Rizal in Italy

 June 27, 1887- Rizal reached Rome, the “Eternal City” and also called the “City of the Caesars”
 Rizal was thrilled by the sights and memories of the Eternal City. Describing to Blumentritt, the   “grandeur that was Rome”, he wrote
on June 27, 1887 16

 June 29, 1887- the Feast Day of St. Peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first time the Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and the
capital of Christendom
 Every night, after sightseeing the whole day, Rizal returned to his hotel, very tired. “I am tired as a dog,” he wrote to Blumentritt, “but I
will sleep as a God”

 Exile in Dapitan 

* Rizal arrived in Dapitan on board the steamer CEBU on July 17, 1892 ( now a city within Zamboanga del Norte) was a remote town in
Mindanao which served as a politico-military's outpost of the Spaniards in the Philippines.

* It was headed by Captain Ricardo Carnicero, who became a friend of Rizal during his exile. He gave Rizal the permission to explore the place
and required him to report once a week in his office. 

* He practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies , and continued his artistic pursuits in sculpture, painting, sketching, and writing poetry. 

* He established a school for boys and promoted community development projects. He also found time to study the Malayan language and other
Philippine languages.

* He engaged himself in farming and commerce and even invented a wooden machine for making bricks.

* Rizal won the second prize in a lottery. A portion of Rizal's winnings was used in purchasing land approximately one kilometer away from
Dapitan in a place known as Talisay.He built his house on the seashore of Talisay as well as a school and a hospital within the area.
*Rizal project is to improve and beautify Dapitan, he made a big relief map of Mindanao in the plaza and used it to teach geography. Rizal also
constructed a water system to supply the town with water for drinking and irrigation. he also helped the people in putting up lamppost at every
corner of the town.

* Having heard of Rizal's fame as an ophthalmologist, George Taufer who was suffering from an eye ailment traveled from Hong Kong to Dapitan
He was accompanied by his adopted daughter, Josephine Bracken, who eventually fell in love with Rizal. They lived as husband and wife in
Rizal's octagonal house after being denied the sacrament of marriage by Father Obach, the parish priest of Dapitan, due to Rizal's refusal to
retract his statements against the Church and to accept other conditions.  

* Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal in Dapitan and informed him about the founding of Katipunan and planned revolution. Rizal objected to it, citing
the importance of a well-planned movement with sufficient arms.

* Rizal sending letters to Gov. General Blanco. he ask for a review of his case. he said that if his request would not be granted, he would
volunteer to serve as a surgeon the Spanish army fighting  in the Cuban revolution.

* Rizal's request to go to Cuba was approved. The next day, he left for Manila on board the steamer Espana. He boarded the steamer Isla de
Panay which bring him to Barcelona. Upon arriving at the fort, however, Governor-General Despujol told him that there was an order to ship him
back to Manila. Rizal arrived in Manila and was immediately brought to Fort Santiago. 

Trial and Execution

        The preliminary investigation of Rizal's case began on Nov. 20, 1896. He was accused of being the main organizer of the revolution by
having proliferated the ideas of rebellion and of founding illegal organizations. Rizal pleaded not guilty and even wrote a manifesto appealing to
the revolutionaries to discontinue the uprising.

* Rizal's lawyer, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade , tried his best to save Rizal. The trial ended and the sentence was read. Jose Rizal was found guilty
and sentenced to death by firing squad.

* On Dec. 28, 1896, Gov. General Camilo de Polavieja signed the court decision. He later decreed that Rizal be executed by firing squad at 7:00
am of December 30. 

* Rizal, on his last remaining days, composed his longest poem, Mi Ultimo Adios, which was about his farewell to the Filipino people. 

* Mother and sisters visited him om December 29, 1896, rizal gave away  his remaining possessions. He handed his gas lamp to his sister
Trinindad and murmered sofly in English, ' There is something inside." Eventually, trining and her sister Maria would extract from the lamp the
copy of Rizal's last poem.

* At 6:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal , in black suit with his arms tied behind his back, walked to Bagumbayan (Luneta) The
orders were given and shots were fired. Consummatum est! ( It's finished"!)  Rizal died offering his life for his for his country and its freedom .

Summary

This topic covered the important stages of Rizal's life from his family history to his memorable childhood   in Calamba and his first taste of
education in the town of Binan in Laguna. The narrative also showed hoe Rizal's ideas and works were influenced by his education in Manila and
later in Europe. His active participation in the Propaganda Movement made him one of the most known reformist . Rizal's writings and alleged
involvement in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 were used by the Spanish colonial government to justify his public execution on December 30,
1896. 

Module 2 Summary

  This topic showed that Rizal is not only regarded  as the Philippine national hero but also venerated as the " Filipino Jesus Christ" or the Jove
Rex Al ( God,King of All) by most Rizalista groups. The Canonization of Rizal by L Iglesia Filipina Independiente and the eventual emergence of
Rizalista groups in different parts of the country could be associated with the long struggle of the Filipino s for freedom and independence .
Syncretism is also evident among the Rizalista groups as the nationalism visions are included in their religious beliefs and texts. 

This topic covered the important stages of Rizal's life from his family history to his memorable childhood   in Calamba and his first taste of
education in the town of Binan in Laguna. The narrative also showed hoe Rizal's ideas and works were influenced by his education in Manila and
later in Europe. His active participation in the Propaganda Movement made him one of the most known reformist . Rizal's writings and alleged
involvement in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 were used by the Spanish colonial government to justify his public execution on December 30,
1896.