RCD Chapter 8

8.
31: Example Problem:
A 150 mm wall is carrying a total load of 150 KN/m length of wall. Design a wall footing
using the following f'c = 20 MPa, fs = 140 MPa, n = 9, R = 1.45 MPa, j = 0.878, ν = 0.40 MPa, μ
= 2.2 MPa. Allowable soil pressure = 75 KPa.
Given:
tw = 150 mm n=9 μ = 2.2 MPa
WT = 150 KN/m R = 1.45 MPa qa = 75 KPa
f'c = 20 MPa j = 0.878
fs = 140 MPa ν = 0.40 MPa
Solution:
Consider 1 – meter strip:
Assume weight of footing = 9% of Total Load
WF = 0.09(150 KN/m) = 13.50 KN/m (1 m) = 13.50 KN
WT = 150 KN/m (1 m) + 13.5 KN = 163.5KN
Area Required:
ᴛ .
Area = = = 2.18 m²
/
But Area = L²
Thus, L² = 2.18 m²; L = 2.18 m². = 1.48 m
For thickness of footing:

Assumed 1.5 × thickness of wall
h = 1.5 (150) = 225 mm
use 16 mm θ RSB:
d = 225 – 70 mm − = 147 mm
Net upward soil pressure (qu) = =

( . )( . )
qu = 68.81 KN/m² or 68.81 KPa
Compute for Moment:
M = qu (L) (X1) ( )
.
M = 68.81 KN/m² (1.48 m)(.665 m) ( )
M = 22.52 KN – m
For Actual Depth:
. ×
d= =
. ( )
d = 124 mm < 147 mm ok
For Reinforcing Bar:
Using 16 mm θ RSB
² ( )
Ab = = = 201.10 mm²
. ×
As = = ( . )(
= 1,246.32 mm
)
, . ²
N= = = 6.19 say 7 pcs – 16 mm θ RSB
. ²/
S= = = 142 mm. O.C
For Longitudinal Bars:
S= = = 211.43 say 211 mm. O.C
Check for shear:
V = qu (0.518 m)(1 m) = 68.81 KN/m² (0.518)(1 m)
V = 35.64 KN
. ×
ν= = ( )(
= 0.242 MPa < 0.40 MPa safe
)
Check for bond stress:
μ= ; V = qu (L) (X1) = 68.81 KN/m² (1.48 m) (0.665 m) = 67.723 KN
Σo = πNdb = π(7)(16) = 351.86 mm
. ×
μ= = 1.50 MPa < 2.20 MPa safe
. ( . )( )
.·. use 225 thick wall footing with 7-16 mm θ RSB @ 142 mm. o.c cross sectional bars and 211
mm.o.c longitudinal bars.
8.4: Design of Square or Isolated Footings:
Single – column footing usually provides the most economical column foundations. Such
footings are generally square in plan, but it can just as well be rectangular or even circular or
octagonal. Rectangular footings are used where such shapes are directed by the available space
or where the cross – sections of the columns are very pronounced rectangles.
Figure 8 – 10 : Forms of square isolated footings
From figure above, most footings consist of type a since it is simplier to construct, shear and
moment in footings are obviously larger near the column, with the result that greater depth at the
area as compared to the outer part of the footing. For very large footings such as for bridge,
piers, stepped footing can give appreciable savings in concrete quantities. Occasionally slope
footings are used instead of stepped footing, but labor is a problem. Whether stepped or slope it
is considered necessary to place the concrete for the entire footing in a single pour to ensure the
construction of monolithic structure, thus avoiding horizontal shearing weaknesses.
8-41: Shear and Moments on Isolated Square Footing:

1. One – way or Beam Shear – the total shear V, taken along section 1-1, refer to figure (a)
below, equals the net soil pressure times the cross hatched area outside the section, times
the total length of footing.
2. Two – way or Punching Shear – The compression load from the column tends to spread
out into the footing, opposing diagonal tension in the area, with the result that a square
column tends to punch out a piece of the slab, which has the shape of truncated pyramid.
ACI Code provides that the critical section of two-way shear is located d/2 from the face
of the column, see figure b.
3. Moments – The bending moment is the same about both axes due to symmetry. It should
be noted that the effective depth of the footing could not be the same in the two directions
because the bar in one direction rest on top of bar in the other direction. The effective
depth used for calculation might be the average of two directions, or more conservatively
the value for the top bars on top.
The critical section for bending is taken at the face reinforced concrete columns or
a distance half-way at the edge of the base plate and the face of the column if structural
steel columns are used.
Figure 8.20 – Critical Points for Beam and Punching Shear
8-42: Example Problem for square an isolated footing:

A 500 mm × 500 mm tied column has 12 pcs – 28 mm θ deformed bars of 340
MPa yield point carrying a concentrated load of 1770 KN. It is required to design a square two-
way reinforced concrete having for a 280 KPa safe soil pressure. f'c = 17 MPa, fs = 136 MPa, n
= 12, ν = 0.52 MPa and μ = 1.38 MPa. Make a sketch of footing showing all dimensions and
reinforcement.
Given:
Col. = 500 mm × 500 mm fs = 136 MPa
RSB of Col. = 12 – 28 mm θ f'c = 17 MPa
P = 340 MPa n = 12
qa = 280 KPa ν = 0.52 MPa
fc = 7.65 MPa μ = 1.38 MPa
Solution:
Assume wt. of footing = 7% of P
Wt. of footing = 0.07 (1770) = 123.90 KN
Total Load = 1770 + 123.90 = 1,893.90 KN
Area Required:
, .
Area = = = 6.76 m²
/
But; A = L²
Thus L² = 6.76 m²; L = √6.76m ; L = 2.6 m ; L = b
Compute for Moment due to upward soil pressure:

Net upward soil pressure (qu) = = ( )(
. . )
qu = 261.834 KN/m²
For Moment:
M = qu (L) (X1) (X1/2)
,
X1 = = = 1,050 mm = 1.05 m
M = 261.834 KN/m² (2.6 m) (1.05 m) (1.05/2) = 375.274 KN-m
Compute for Depth:
d=
Compute for Design Constants:
k= = = 0.403
.
.
j = 1- = 1- = 0.866
R = fckj = (7.65 MPa) (0.403) (0.866) = 1.335 MPa

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8.

31: Example Problem:

For thickness of footing:

Net upward soil pressure (qu) = =

qu = 68.81 KN/m² or 68.81 KPa

Compute for Moment:

8.4: Design of Square or Isolated Footings:

Figure 8 – 10 : Forms of square isolated footings

8-41: Shear and Moments on Isolated Square Footing:

8-42: Example Problem for square an isolated footing:

Compute for Moment due to upward soil pressure:

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