RCD Chaptetr 5
RCD Chaptetr 5
RCD Chaptetr 5
5.1 T – Beams
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of the slabs and beams that
are place monolithically. As result, the slab and beam act together to resist loads. In
effect the beams have extra width at their tops, called FLANGES, and the resulting T –
shaped beams are called T – Beams. The part of a T – beam below the slab is referred to
as the WEB or STEM. The beams maybe L – shaped if the stem is at the end of the slab.
The stirrups in the web extend up into the slabs, as perhaps do bend – up bars, with the
result that the further make the beams and slabs act together.
The analysis of T – Beams is handled quite similarly to the method used for
rectangular beams, and the tensile steel strength is limited to 0.75 required for a balance
design.
The neutral axis of T – Beams can fall either in the flange or in the web or stem,
depending on the proportions of slabs and stems. If it falls in the flange, the rectangular
beams and formula applies. The concrete below the neutral axis is weight. The section
above the neutral axis is rectangular. If the section is below the neutral axis, the section
above the neutral axis is no longer consists of a single rectangle, see methods in the
analysis of beam below.
Where:
b = Effective width of flange of interior beams
b’ = Effective width of flange of exterior beam
bw = stem or web width of interior beams
b’w = stem or web width of exterior beam
t = thickness of flange
d = effective depth; the distance from the extreme compression fiber
to center of tension reinforcement
cc = concrete cover; distance from extreme tension fiber to the center
of tension reinforcement
5.3 Effective width of flange
( )
fc1 = ; fc – fc1 = [1 − ] 𝑓𝑐
( )
z= ; jd = d – z
( )
When neutral axis is within the stem or below the flange thickness. This method
considers the method of doubly reinforce concrete where M = M 1 + M2, C = C1 + C2, As =
As1 + As2 and T = T1 + T2.
When neutral axis is within the stem or below the flange. This method considers
the compressive stress at the bottom of stem and flange in Tension at the support. The
dead load at this method is assumed to be 10% to 20% of live load.
At support:
Where:
C = fc/2(bt)
At the center: As =
At the support: As =
Assumed width of stem and compute for depth
d=
5.51 Problem 1
Determine the effective depth and width of its web of a continuous T – Beam having a
clear upon between supports equal to 5.50 meters and carries a uniformly distributed
load of 210 kN/m. Use f’c = 18 MPa, n = 10, fs = 135 MPa, v = 1.7 MPa.
Given:
d=? f’c = 18 MPa n = 10
bw = ? fs = 135 MPa v = 1.7 MPa
L = 5.50 m W = 210 kN/m
Solution:
Compute for moment: (continuous beam)
( . )
M= = = 96.25 kN.m
Try bw = 280 mm
Compute for Design constants:
fc = 0.45 f’c = 0.45(18) = 8.10 MPa
k= = = 0.375
.
.
j=1- =1– = 0.875
R = ½ fckj = ½ (8.1)(0.375)(0.875) = 1.33 MPa
Compute for depth:
.
d= = = 508 mm
. ( )
Therefore:
Effective depth = 508 mm
Width of web = 280 mm
Problem 2
Figure shows an interior portion of a concrete floor system. The columns are
space 5m x 6m. The girders which support the alternate rows of beams connect the
columns in the 5.0 meter direction. Design the slabs and beams using the following
data:
-M = , +M = , for slabs; -M = , +M = for beams. Live load = 7.5 kN/m2
f’c = 15 MPa, fs = 130 MPa, n = 12, v = 0.40 MPa, u = 1.25 MPa.
Figure:
-M =
Given:
S = 5.0 m Slab moments Beam moments
L = 6.0 m -M = +M =
LL = 7.5 kN/m3 +M = +M =
f’c = 15 MPa v = 0.4 MPa cc = 25 mm for slab
fs = 130 MPa u = 1.25 MPa
n = 12 cc = 60 mm for beam
Solution:
For slab:
Consider 1-m strip
S/L = 2.5/6 = 0.42 < 0.50 one-way slab
For slab thickness:
( . )
h= = 94.40 mm ; use minimum thickness = 100 mm
Compute for weight:
W = DL + LL
DL = (0.10)(1m)(2,400 kg/m)(9.81 N/kg)
DL = 2.354 kN/m
LL = 7.5 kN/m2(1m) = 7.5 kN/m
W = 2.354 kN/m + 7.5 kN/m = 9.854 kN/m
. ( )
v= = 0.154 MPa < 0.40 MPa ok
( )
Check for bond stress:
u= ; ∑o = (𝜋)(12) = (𝜋)(12) = 203.78 mm at support
∑
At center:
,
u= = 1.13 MPa < 1.25 MPa safe
. ( . )( )
. ( . )
For Negative ; At support -M = = = 5.13 kN∙m
. ( . )
For Positive; At midspan: +M = = = 3.85 kN∙m
As = at mid span
, ,
As = = 452.835 mm2
( )( . )( )
Use 12 mm main bars:
( )
Ab = = 113.10 mm2
( ) . ( )
Spacing(S) = = = 249.76 mm
.
( )
Ab = = 78.54 mm2
. ( )
v= ;V= − 𝑊𝑑 = – 28.4(0.487) = 71.37 kN
DEEP BEAMS AND T-BEAMS
5.) The max. spacing of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/b
or 300mm. Such reinforcement maybe included in strength computations if a
strain compatibility analysis is made to determine stresses in the individual
bars.
6.) Total Area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed ½
of the required flexural tensile reinforcement.
6-2 T – BEAMS
1.) Reinforced concrete floors usually consist of slabs and beams, which are
placed or poured monolithically. In this effect, the beam will be an extra width
at the top, which is usually under compression, called flanges, and the
resulting section is called T – Beams.
2.) The width of slab effective as a T-beam shall not exceed ¼ of the span
of the beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of the
web shall not exceed:
(a.) 8 times the slab thickness
(b.) ½ the clear distance to the next web
3.) For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange
shall not exceed:
(a.) 1/12 the span length of the beam
(b.) 6 times the slab thickness
(c.) 1/12 the clear distance to the next web.