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  • ME335 Ch1

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    سيمو بشيري
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    A design factor is used to account for uncertainty and ensure safety. Common sources of uncertainty include material properties, load variability, and model validity. A stress-strain diagram plots stress versus strain, showing the proportional limit, elastic limit, yield strength, and ultimate strength. The slope is Young's modulus. True stress-strain diagrams account for area reduction during loading. Resilience is the material's ability to absorb energy elastically, equal to the area under the stress-strain curve up to yield. Strength generally decreases with increasing temperature for steels. Composite materials consist of two dissimilar materials, with a filler for stiffness and strength and a matrix to hold them together.

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    ME335-Ch1

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    A design factor is used to account for uncertainty and ensure safety. Common sources of uncertainty include material properties, load variability, and model validity. A stress-strain diagram plots stress versus strain, showing the proportional limit, elastic limit, yield strength, and ultimate strength. The slope is Young's modulus. True stress-strain diagrams account for area reduction during loading. Resilience is the material's ability to absorb energy elastically, equal to the area under the stress-strain curve up to yield. Strength generally decreases with increasing temperature for steels. Composite materials consist of two dissimilar materials, with a filler for stiffness and strength and a matrix to hold them together.

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    23 views8 pages

    ME335 Ch1

    Uploaded by

    سيمو بشيري
    A design factor is used to account for uncertainty and ensure safety. Common sources of uncertainty include material properties, load variability, and model validity. A stress-strain diagram plots stress versus strain, showing the proportional limit, elastic limit, yield strength, and ultimate strength. The slope is Young's modulus. True stress-strain diagrams account for area reduction during loading. Resilience is the material's ability to absorb energy elastically, equal to the area under the stress-strain curve up to yield. Strength generally decreases with increasing temperature for steels. Composite materials consist of two dissimilar materials, with a filler for stiffness and strength and a matrix to hold them together.

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    of 8

    Design Considerations

    vSome characteristics that influence the design


    Design Factor and Safety Factor:
    A design factor is used to:
    v Account for uncertainty (material properties, load variability, validity of mathematical models, etc.).
    v Ensure safety.
    By definition:

    v Common sources of uncertainty in stress or strength

    Look at Example 1-3


    Stress-Strain Diagram
    v Plot stress vs. normal strain
    v Typically, linear relation until the proportional limit, pl
    v No permanent deformation until the elastic limit, el
    v Yield strength, Sy , defined at point where significant plastic
    deformation begins, or where permanent set reaches a fixed Ductile material
    amount, usually 0.2% of the original gauge length
    v Ultimate strength, Su , defined as the maximum stress on the
    diagram

    v Slope of linear section is Young’s Modulus, or modulus of elasticity, E


    v E is relatively constant for a given type of material (e.g. steel, copper, aluminum)
    See Table A–5 for typical values
    Brittle material
    v Usually independent of heat treatment, carbon content, or alloying

    Fig. 2–2
    True Stress-Strain Diagram
    vEngineering stress-strain diagrams (commonly used) are based
    on original area.
    vArea typically reduces under load, particularly during “necking”
    after point u. Engineering
    stress-strain
    vTrue stress is based on actual area corresponding to current P.
    vTrue strain is the sum of the incremental elongations divided by
    the current gauge length at load P.

    vNote that true stress continually increases all the way to


    fracture.

    True Stress-strain
    Torsional Strengths
    v Maximum shear stress is related to the applied torque by

    • J is the polar second moment of area of the cross section


    • For round cross section,
    vTorsional yield strength, Ssy corresponds to the maximum shear stress at
    the point where the torque-twist diagram becomes significantly non-
    linear
    vModulus of rupture, Ssu corresponds to the torque Tu at the maximum
    point on the torque-twist diagram
    Resilience
    • Resilience – Capacity of a material to absorb
    energy within its elastic range
    • Modulus of resilience, uR
    • Energy absorbed per unit volume without
    permanent deformation
    • Equals the area under the stress-strain curve up
    to the elastic limit
    • Elastic limit often approximated by yield point

    v Area under curve to yield point gives approximation


    If elastic region is linear,

    vFor two materials with the same yield strength, the less stiff material (lower E) has greater resilience
    Temperature Effects on Strengths
    vPlot of strength vs. temperature for carbon
    and alloy steels.

    vAs temperature increases above room


    temperature
    • Sut increase slightly, then decreases significantly,
    • Sy decreases continuously,
    • Results in increased ductility.

    Fig. 2–9
    Composite Materials
    • Formed from two or more dissimilar materials, each of which
    contributes to the final properties
    • Materials remain distinct from each other at the macroscopic level
    • Usually amorphous and non-isotropic
    • Often consists of laminates of filler to provide stiffness and strength
    and a matrix to hold the material together
    • Common filler types:

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