Lecture 4
Lecture 4
Assistant Professor
shear stress
pp’ plane is oriented at an angle of ө. The stress on this plane is not a pure tensile
stress anymore.
Elastic Deformation: is observed
when stress and strain are
proportional.
Hooke’s Law:
E=modulus of elasticity or
Young’s modulus (GPa or psi)
for metals E=45-407 GPa.
for polymers E=0.007-4 GPa
In this case either tangent or secant modulus is normally used (shown in the
figure above).
Elastic strain is due to small changes
in interatomic spacing and
streching the interatomic bonds.
Therefore the magnitude of E is a
measure of the resistance to
separation of adjacent
atoms/ions/molecules. This
modulus is proportional to the
slope of the F versus r curve:
The imposition of compressive, shear
or torsional stresses evokes
elastic behavior as well. For low
shear stress levels:
G= shear modulus
Many materials are elastically anisotropic. This means the elastic behavior changes
with crystallographic direction. Therefore to characterize the elastic properties of the
material, several E values should be reported for specific directions. In fact even for
isotropic materials, at least two constants should be given.
Quantitatively:
Ductility of materials is important for at least two reasons: (i) it indicates the
degree to which a structure will deform plastically, (ii) it specifies the degree of
allowable deformation during fabrication. Fracture strain of brittle materials is about 5%.
The mechanical properties of the materials are sensitive to
any prior deformation,
presence of impurities,
heat treatment.
The modulus of elasticity is one mechanical parameter that is insensitive to
these treatments. Similar to modulus of elasticity, the magnitudes of both
yield and tensile strengths decline with increasing temperature.
4) Resilience: is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
Modulus of resilience (Ur) = strain energy per unit volume required to stress a
material from an unloaded state up to the point of yielding.
True strain:
for some metals and alloys, the region of true stress and ture strain curve from the
onset of plastic deformation to the beginning of necking:
N=1.2-4.0