Fluid: Flowing Deforms Continuously External Shearing Force

20ME34P- Fluid Power Engineering 2021-22
Fluid
A fluid may be defined as
1. A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing.
2. A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external shearing force
Types of fluid
The fluids may be of the following types
1. Ideal fluids
2. Real fluids
3. Newtonian fluids
4. Non-Newtonian fluids
5. Ideal plastic fluid.
Ideal fluids
A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is only an
imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some viscosity.
Real fluids
A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids.
Newtonian fluids
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), is
known as a Newtonian fluid.
Non-Newtonian fluids
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), known as a
Non-Newtonian fluid.
Ideal Plastic Fluid.
A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain
(or velocity gradient), is known as ideal plastic fluid.
Mechanical Engineering Program 1

Types of fluids
Properties of fluid
Density or Mass Density.
Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume. Thus, mass per
unit volume of a fluid is called density. It is denoted by the symbol  (rho). The unit of mass density in SI unit is kg
per cubic metre, i.e., kg/m3. The density of liquids may be considered as constant while that of gases changes with
the variation of pressure and temperature.
Mathematically, mass density is written as
Mass of fluid m
ρ= =
Volume of fluid V
The value of density of water is 1gm/cm3 ( 1 g/cc) or 1000 kg/m3.

Specific Weight or Weight Density.
Specific Weight or Weight Density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume. Thus
weight per unit volume of a fluid is called weight density and it is denoted by the symbol w.
Weight of fluid ¿
w= =Mass× acceleration due ¿ gravity
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
w=
m× g
V (
m
=ρ × g ∵ = ρ( Density)
V )
w=ρg
The value of specific weight or weight density (w) for water is 9.81  1000 N/m3
Specific Volume
Specific Volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a
fluid is called specific volume.
Volume of fluid V 1
SpecificVolume=v= = =
Mass of fluid m ρ
The specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is expressed in m3/kg
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or density) of a fluid to the weight density (or
density) of a standard fluid.
For liquids, the standard fluid taken as water.

For gases, the standard fluid taken air.
Weight density of liquid

S(Liquids)=
Weight density of water
Weight density of gas

S(Gases)=
Weight density of air
So.,
Weight density of liquid = S  Weight density of water
= S  9.81  1000 N/m3
Density of liquid = S  Density of water

= S  1000 kg/m3
Dynamic Viscosity (Viscosity)
Viscosity relation
Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid, which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid
over another adjacent layer of the fluid. When two layers of a fluid, a distance 'dy' apart, move one over the other at
different velocities, say u and u + du as shown in Figure, the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear
stress acting between the fluid layers.

The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on
the adjacent top layer. This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y. It is
denoted by symbol 
du
τ∝
dy
du
τ =μ
dy
Where  is the constant of proportionality and is known as co-efficient of Dynamic viscosity / Viscosity
du
dy
Represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear deformation or velocity gradient.
Then
τ
μ=
( )
du
dy
Thus, viscosity is also defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
Units of Viscosity
τ
μ=
( )
du
dy
Where
F N
τ =Shear stress= = 2
A m
m
du Velocity s 1
= = =
dy Distance m s
Applying above details
N
2
τ m N −s
μ= = = 2
( )
du
dy
1
s
m
The unit for viscosity is Newton-Second per square meter
2
1 N−s/m =10 Poise
Kinematic Viscosity
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by v
Dynamic viscosity μ
v= =
Density of fluid ρ
Unit

m
kg × 2
×s
N −s kg × a × s s kg
2
= 2
= 2
=
m m m m−s
kg
μ m−s kg m3 m2
= = × =
ρ kg m−s kg s
3
m
2
Thus the unit for the Kinematic viscosity is m /s
It is expressed in stoke
−4 2
1 stoke=10 m / s
Surface Tension
The surface tension of a liquid is its property, which enables it to resist tensile stress. It is due to the
cohesion between the molecules at the surface of a liquid.
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the
surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension.
It is denoted by a Greek letter σ (sigma)
The phenomenon of surface tension is explained by figure as shown. Consider three molecules A, B, C of a liquid in
a mass of liquid.
Surface tension
The molecule A is attracted in all directions equally by the surrounding molecules of the liquid. Thus the resultant
force acting on the molecule A is zero.
However, the molecule B, which is situated near the free surface, is acted upon by upward and downward forces,
which are unbalanced. Thus, a net resultant force on molecule B is acting in the downward direction.
The molecule C, situated on the free surface of liquid, does experience a resultant downward force.
All the molecules on the free surface experience a downward force. Thus, the free surface of the liquid acts like a
very thin film liquid act as though it is an elastic membrane under tension.
Capillarity

Capillarity
Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent
general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid.
The rise of the liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid surface is known as
capillary depression.
It is expressed in terms of cm or mm of liquid. Its value depends upon the specific weight of the liquid,
diameter of the tube and surface tension of the liquid.
Compressibility
Compressibility is the reciprocal of the Bulk Modulus of elasticity (K).
The Bulk modulus is ratio between the increases in pressure to the volumetric strain.
Compressibility
Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in figure

Let V = Volume of fluid enclosed in the cylinder
p = Pressure of the fluid when volume is V
Let Pressure increased to p + dp

Volume decreased V – dV
So Change in pressure = dp
Change in volume = – dV

Change∈volume −dV
Volumetric strain= =
Original volume V
Increase ∈ pressure dp dp
Bulk Modulus=K = = =−V
Volumetric strain
(
−dV
V )
dV
1
Compressibi lity =
K
Fluid Pressure
Consider a small area dA in large mass of fluid. If the fluid is stationary, then the force exerted by the
surrounding fluid on the area dA will always be perpendicular to the surface dA. Let dF is the force dF acting on the
dF
area dA in the normal direction. Then the ratio of is known as the intensity of pressure or simply pressure and
dA
this ratio is represented by p. Hence mathematically the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is
dF
p=
dA
If the force (F) is uniformly distributed over the area (A), then pressure at any point is given by
F Force
p= =
A Area
Force or pressure force, F= p × A
The units of pressure are :
(i) kgf/m and kgf/cm in MKS units,
(ii) Newton/m or N/m and N/mm in SI units.
N/m is known as Pascal and is represented by Pa.

Other commonly used units of pressure are :
1 kPa = kilo Pascal = 1000 N/m2
1 bar = 100 kPa = 105 N/m2.
Pressure Head
Pressure Head
Consider a vessel containing some liquid as shown in Figure. We know that the liquid will exert pressure on
all sides as well as bottom of the vessel. Now let a bottomless cylinder be made to stand in the liquid as shown in
the figure.
Let
w = Specific weight of the liquid,

h = Height of liquid in the cylinder, and

A = Area of the cylinder base.
A little consideration will show, that there will be some pressure on the cylinder base due to weight of the liquid in
it.
Therefore pressure
Weight of theliquid ∈the cylinder whA
p= = =wh →→ →→ p=wh
Area of the cylinder base A
This equation shows that the intensity of pressure at any point, in a liquid, is proportional to its depth, from
the surface (as w is constant for the given liquid). It is thus obvious, that the pressure can be expressed in either of
the following two ways :
1. As a force per unit area i.e., N/m2, kN/m2 etc.
2. As a height of the equivalent liquid column.
Pressure Intensity
Pressure intensity is defined as the pressure per unit area of the fluid while the fluid in rest.
Since the fluid exerts equal pressure on surrounding, irrespective of contact surface
According to Pascal’s law, The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest, is the same in all directions.
Atmospheric Pressure
At sea level, the pressure exerted by the column of air of 1(One) square meter cross sectional area and of
height equal to that of the atmosphere is 101.3kN or 101.3 kPa.
It also expressed as
10.33 meters of water, in terms of equivalent water column
760 mm of mercury in terms of equivalent mercury column
It is denoted by patm ∨ patmospheric
Gauge pressure
It is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring instrument, in which
the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. Normally the atmospheric pressure on the scale is marked as zero.
Generally, this pressure above the atmospheric pressure.
It is denoted by p guage
Vacuum Pressure
It is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring instrument, in which the
atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. Normally the atmospheric pressure on the scale is marked as zero.
Generally, this pressure below the atmospheric pressure.
It is denoted by pvac ∨ p vacuum
Absolute Pressure
It is the pressure equal to the algebraic sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure ( if above the atmospheric) or
algebraic sum of atmospheric and vacuum pressure ( if below the atmospheric pressure).
p|¿|=p atm + pgauge ¿

Or
p|¿|=p atm − pv ac ¿
Actually absolute pressure measured from absolute zero pressure as shown in figure.
Different types of Pressure

From the figure
p|¿|=p + p ¿
atm gauge
p|¿|=p atm − pvacuum ¿
pvacuum =p atm −p|¿|¿

p gauge =p|¿|− p ¿ and so on atm
Measurement of Pressure
The principle measurement of the pressure of a fluid if following two types
1. By balancing the liquid column (whose pressure to be found out) by the same or another column. Normally
these are called as Manometers.
2. By balancing the liquid column (whose pressure to be found out) by the spring or dead weight. Normally
these are called as Mechanical Gauges.
Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge

The pressure above or below the atmospheric pressure, may be easily measured with the help of a Bourdon’s
tube pressure gauge. A Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge, in its simplest form consists of an elliptical tube ABC, bent
into an arc of a circle as shown in figure. This bent-up tube is called Bourdon’s tube.
When the gauge tube is connected to the fluid (whose pressure is required to be found out) at C, the fluid under
pressure flows into the tube. The Bourdon's tube, as a result of the increased pressure, tends to straighten itself.
Since the tube is encased in a circular cover, therefore it tends to become circular instead of straight. With the help
of a simple pinion and sector arrangement, the elastic deformation of the Bourdon's tube rotates the pointer. This
pointer moves over a calibrated scale, which directly gives the pressure as shown in Figure. A Bourdon's tube
pressure gauge is generally used for measuring high pressures.

Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge
Diaphragm Pressure Gauge

The Pressure, above or below the atmospheric pressure, is also found out with the help of diaphragm pressure
gauge. A diaphragm pressure gauge, in its simplest form, consists of a corrugated diaphragm as shown in Figure.
When the gauge is connected to the fluid (whose pressure is required to be found out) at C, the fluid under
pressure causes some deformation of the diaphragm. With the help of some pinion arrangement, the elastic
deformation of the diaphragm rotates the pointer. This pointer moves over a calibrated scale, which directly gives
the pressure as shown in Figure. A diaphragm pressure gauge is, generally, used to measure relatively low
pressures.
Diaphragm pressure gauge

EXPERIMENT NO.1
FIND DISCHARGE OF A FLUID THROUGH VENTURIMETER
Aim : Find Discharge of a fluid through Venturimeter
Apparatus Required :
1. Venturimeter setup
2. Measuring Tank
3. Stop watch
Procedure
1. Check the Venturimeter experimental setup.
2. Note down the Inlet diameter (d1) and throat diameter (d2) of Venturimeter.
3. Note down the width (W) and length (L) of the measuring tank
4. Ensure all connections of fluid flow system in proper positions
5. Switch on the motor and allow the fluid flow through the Venturimeter.
6. Note down the Manometer pressure reading in meters of Mercury.
7. Close the outlet valve of the measuring tank.
8. Note down time taken for collecting fluid about 100mm (H) in measuring tank
9. Repeat the experiment for different flows using control valve.
Observations
1. Length of the collecting tank = L = 300mm = 0.3m
2. Width of the collecting tank = W = 500mm = 0.5m
3. Inlet diameter of the Venturimeter = d1 = 25mm = 0.025m
4. Throat diameter of the Venturimeter = d2 = 12.5mm = 0.0125m
5. Height of the water collected in tank = H = 100mm = 0.1m
6. Specific gravity of heavier liquid (Mercury) = Sh = 13.6
7. Specific gravity of lighter liquid (Water) = Sl = 1
Formulas
1. Inlet Area of the Venturimeter
2
π d1
a 1=
4
2. Throat Area of the Venturimeter
2
π d2
a 2=
4
3. The value of h is given by (If heavier liquid present in U-Tube manometer)
h=hm
[ ]
Sh
Sl
−1
4. Discharge through the Venturimeter is given by

a1 ×a 2
Qthe= 2 2 × √ 2 gh
√ a1 −a2
5. Actual Discharge is given by

L×W × H
Qact =
T
Tabular Column-1 (For Observations)
Trial No h1 in mm h2 in mm hm Raise of Time taken for

In mm In meter water level collecting water
in Tank (H) in (T) in seconds
in meters
1
2
3
Tabular Column-2 (For Calculations)
Trial No h in m Qthe in Qact in Co-efficient of Average of

m3/s m3/s Discharge(Cd) Cd
1
2
3
Calculations (For any one trial)

1. Inlet Area of the Venturimeter
2 2
π d 1 π ( 0.025 ) −4 2
a 1= = =4.908× 10 m
4 4
2. Throat Area of the Venturimeter
2 2
π d 2 π ( 0.0125 ) −4 2
a 2= = =1.227 ×10 m
4 4
3. The value of h
h=hm
Sh
Sl [ ]
−1 =¿ ¿¿ =¿ 12.6=¿ m
4. Discharge through the Venturimeter

a1 ×a 2 −4
4.908 ×10 ×1.227 ×10
−4
Qthe= 2 2 × √ 2 gh= × √ 2 × 9.81×¿
√ a1 −a2 √ 2
( 4.908 ×10−4 ) −( 1.227 ×10−4 )
2
Qthe =¿ ¿ s
5. Actual Discharge through the Venturimeter
L×W × H 0.3× 0.5 ×0.1 3

Q act = = =¿ m / s
T ¿¿
6. Coefficient of Discharge through the Venturimeter

Qact ¿¿
C d= = ¿
Qth ¿ ¿ ¿
Result : The Co efficient of discharge of Venturimeter is found to ______
EXPERIMENT NO.2
FIND THE DISCHARGE THROUGH V-NOTCH
Aim : Find the Discharge through V-Notch
1. V-Notch setup
2. Hook Gauge (Vernier calliper)
3. Measuring Tank
4. Stop watch
Procedure
1. Check the V-Notch experimental setup.
2. Fix the given V-Notch to the reservoir at specified location.
3. Note down the Crest level reading of the notch by using Hook Gauge (Vernier calliper)
4. Start the pump and allow the water to flow through the notch at some level above the crest of the notch.
5. Allow the water to stabilise the flow (Stopping of uneven waves during flow)
6. Note down the water level reading by using Hook Gauge (Vernier calliper)(h)
7. Collect the water flowing through a notch at the specified time.
8. Measure the volume of water collected by the specified time (T).
10. Note down the height (H) of the water collected in measuring tank.

Observations
1. Angle of the V-Notch = θ = 45⁰
Formulas
1. Discharge through the V-Notch is given by
()
5
8 θ
Q= tan √ 2 g × h2
15 2
Trial No Hook Hook h=h1 – h2 Raise of Time taken for

Gauge Gauge In mm In meter water level collecting water
reading reading in Tank (H) in (T) in seconds
h1 in mm h2 in mm in meters
1
2
3
Trial No Qthe in Qact in Co-efficient of Average of

1
2
3

1. Discharge through the V-Notch

( )√ 2 g × h = 158 tan ( 452 ) √2 ×9.81 ×¿ ¿

5
8 θ 2
Qthe= tan
15 2
Qthe =¿ ¿ s
2. Actual Discharge through the V-Notch
L×W × H × 3
Q act = =0.3 ×0.5 ¿ =¿ m /s ¿
T ¿¿
3. Coefficient of Discharge through the V-Notch
Qact ¿¿
C d= = ¿
Qthe ¿ ¿ ¿
Result : The Co efficient of discharge of V-Notch is found to ______
EXPERIMENT NO.3
FIND THE DISCHARGE THROUGH RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Aim : Find the Discharge through Rectangular Notch
1. Rectangular Notch setup
2. Hook Gauge (Vernier calliper)
3. Measuring Tank
4. Stop watch
Procedure
1. Check the Rectangular Notch experimental setup.
2. Note down the width of Rectangular notch (b)
3. Fix the given Rectangular Notch to the reservoir at specified location.
4. Note down the Crest level reading of the notch by using Hook Gauge (Vernier calliper)
5. Start the pump and allow the water to flow through the notch at some level above the crest of the notch.
6. Allow the water to stabilise the flow (Stopping of uneven waves during flow)
7. Note down the water level reading by using Hook Gauge (Vernier calliper)(h)
8. Collect the water flowing through a notch at the specified time.
9. Measure the volume of water collected by the specified time (T).
11. Note down the height (H) of the water collected in measuring tank.
Observations
1. Width of the Rectangular notch = b = ____mm = ___ m

Formulas
1. Discharge through the Rectangular Notch is given by
3
2
Q= b √ 2 g ×h 2
3
Trial No Hook Hook h=h1 – h2 Raise of Time taken for

Gauge Gauge In mm In meter water level collecting water
reading reading in Tank (H) in (T) in seconds
1
2
3
Trial No Qthe in Qact in Co-efficient of Average of

1
2
3

1. Discharge through the Rectangular Notch
3
2 2
Qthe= b √ 2 g ×h 2 = ×¿ √ 2 ×9.81 × ¿¿
3 3
Qthe =¿ ¿ s

2. Actual Discharge through the Rectangular Notch
L×W × H × 3
Qact = =0.3 ×0.5 ¿ =¿ m /s ¿
T ¿ ¿
3. Coefficient of Discharge through the Rectangular Notch

Qact ¿¿
C d= = ¿
Qthe ¿ ¿ ¿
Result : The Co efficient of discharge of Rectangular Notch is found to be ______
EXPERIMENT NO.4
FINDING COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IN PIPES
Aim : Find the Coefficient of friction in pipes
1. Experimental setup
2. Manometer
3. Measuring Tank
4. Stop watch
Procedure
1. Check the experimental setup.
2. Note down the length of pipes (l)
3. Note down the pipe diameters d1, d2 & d3
4. Release the valves in manometer for any pressure lock.
7. Switch on the motor and allow the fluid flow through any one of the pipe out of three.
8. Note down the Manometer pressure reading in meters of Mercury.
9. Close the outlet valve of the measuring tank.
Observations
1. Diameter of the Pipe-1 = d1 = 25.4mm = 0.0254m
4. Length of the all pipes = l = 1000mm = 1m
7. Height of the water collected in tank = H = 100mm = 0.1m
8. Specific gravity of heavier liquid (Mercury) = Sh = 13.6
9. Specific gravity of lighter liquid (Water) = Sl = 1

Formulas
1. Area of Pipe-1
2
π d1
a 1=
4
2. Area of Pipe-2
2
π d2
a 2=
4
3. Area of Pipe-3
2
π d3
a 3=
4
4. Loss of head due to friction hf is given by (If heavier liquid present in U-Tube manometer)
h f =hm
[ ]Sh
Sl
−1
6. Actual Discharge is given by

L×W × H
Q act =
T
5. Velocity of flow is given by
Q Q Q
v= = =
a1 a2 a3
6. Formula for f is given by
4 fl v
2
2h f gd
hf = =¿ ≫ f = 2
2 gd 4lv
Trial No Diameter Hook Hook h=h1 – h2 Raise of Time taken for

of pipe Gauge Gauge In mm In meter water level collecting water
in mm reading reading in Tank (H) in (T) in seconds
1 25.40
2 19.05
3 12.70
Trial No Diameter Area of Loss of Qact in Velocity of flow Darcy’s

of pipe the Pipe head due m3/s v in m/s Coefficient of
in mm in m2 to friction f
friction
hf
1 25.40
2 19.05
3 12.70
Result : The Darcy’s Coefficient of friction of pipes is found to be ______

EXPERIMENT NO.5
STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF CETRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim : Study the Performance of Centrifugal Pump
1. Experimental setup
2. Measuring Tank
3. Stop Watch
Procedure
1. Check the experimental setup.
2. Switch on the pump.
3. Close the delivery valve fully
4. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head.
5. Note down the suction pressure, Delivery pressure and speed of the pump
9. For every set of reading note the time taken for 10 revolution of energy meter.
Observations
1. Energy Meter Constant = K =
2. Suction Pressure = Ps =
3. Delivery Pressure = Pd =
4. Revolution of energy meter = 10
5. Time taken for collecting fluid about 100mm (H) in measuring tank = T =
6. Time taken for n = 10 revolution of energy meter = t =
Formulas
1. Suction Head = Hs = Ps × 10
2. Delivery Head = Hd = Pd × 10
3. Total Head = Ht = Hs + Hd + 0.25
4. Discharge = Q = (L×W×H)/T
5. Input Power
3600 ×n
Pi= kW
K ×t
6. Output Power
wQ H t
Po = kW
1000
7. Efficiency of pump
PO
¿ ×100
PI

Trial No Suction Delivery Speed of Time Raise of Time taken for

Pressure Pressure pump in taken for water level collecting water
(Ps) (Pd) RPM n = 10 in Tank (H) in (T) in seconds
revolutions in meters
(t)
1
2
3
Trial No Suction Delivery Total Discharge Input Output Efficiency of

head Head Head Qact in Power Power pump ()
(Hs) (Hd) (Ht) m3/s (Pi) (Po)
1
2
3
Result : The efficiency of pump is found to be ______
EXPERIMENT NO.6
DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCE OF PELTON WHEEL
Aim : Study the Performance of Pelton Wheel

EXPERIMENT NO.7
CIRCUIT TO CONTROL SPEED OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
Aim : Build a Circuit for a given task
1. Single acting cylinder - 01 No.
2. 3/2 DC valve (Push button with Spring returned) - 01 No.
3. One way flow control valve - 01 No.
4. Air Supply (Source) - 01 No.

EXPERIMENT NO.8
CIRCUIT TO CONTROL SPEED OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
1. Double acting cylinder - 01 No.
3. One way flow control valve - 02 Nos.

EXPERIMENT NO.9
CIRCUIT FOR PILOT DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
2. 4/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated Spring returned) - 01 No.

EXPERIMENT NO.10
CIRCUIT FOR DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER BEING CONTROLLED BY 4/2 DC SOLENOID VALVE
2. 4/2 DC valve (Electro Pneumatically operated ) - 01 No.
4. 0-24V DC supply - 01 No.
5. Push button (Make) - 02 Nos.

6. Solenoid Valves - 02 Nos.

EXPERIMENT NO.11
CIRCUIT FOR STAMPING OPERATION BY USING 3/2 DC VALVE WITH SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
1. Single acting cylinder - 01 No.
2. 3/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated ) - 01 No.
3. 3/2 DC valve (Push button with Spring returned) - 02 Nos.

EXPERIMENT NO.12
CIRCUIT FOR AUTOMATIC DOOR OPENING AND CLOSING BY USING 4/2 DC VALVE WITH DOUBLE ACTING
CYLINDER
2. One way Flow control valve - 02 Nos.
3. 4/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated ) - 01 No.
EXPERIMENT NO.13
CIRCUIT FOR AUTOMATIC RECIPROCATING MOTION OF A DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
2. Distance Rule - 01 No.
4. 4/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated) - 02 No.
5. 3/2 DC valve (Mechanically operated) - 02 Nos.
For Electro pneumatic

4. 4/2 DC valve (Electro Pneumatically operated) - 01 No.
5. Push button (Make) - 01 No.
6. Push button (Break) - 01 No.
7. Relay - 01 No.
8. Relay Switch - 02 Nos.
9. Make switch ladder - 02 Nos.
10. Solenoid valves - 02 Nos.

EXPERIMENT NO.14
CIRCUIT FOR FEEDING A STRIP WITH FOLLOWING SEQUENCES: HOLDING THE STRIP, MOVING THE STRIP
FORWARD ON TO THE TOOL, MAINTAINING THE STRIP IN THAT POSITION AND RETURNING THE STRIP TO ITS
ORIGINAL POSITION AFTER WORK IS OVER
1. Double acting cylinder - 02 Nos.
4. 4/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated) - 03 Nos.
EXPERIMENT NO.15

CIRCUIT TO PRESS FIT A PIN TO A HOLE WITH A PRECONDITIONS THAT WHILE ACTUATING OF THE CYLINDER,
BOTH THE HANDS OF THE OPERATOR IS ENGAGED
3. 4/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated spring returned) - 01 Nos.
4. Two pressure Valve - 01 No.
EXPERIMENT NO.16

CIRCUIT FOR A MACHINE DEVICE DRIVEN BY A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH ACTUATION AT LEAST TWO
MUTUALLY OPERATED DC VALVES (SAFETY CIRCUIT WITH OR AND AND GATES)
2. Shuttle Valve - 01 No.
EXPERIMENT NO.17

CIRCUIT FOR THE CLAMPING DEVICE OF A DRILLING MACHINE OF A DRILLING MACHINE SUCH THAT THE
CLAMPS ARE ACTIVATED BEFORE THE DRILL IS FED TO THE WORK
3. 4/2 DC valve (Pneumatically operated) - 02 Nos.
6. Pressure Sequence valve - 01 No.

Fluid: Flowing Deforms Continuously External Shearing Force

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid: Flowing Deforms Continuously External Shearing Force

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid: Flowing Deforms Continuously External Shearing Force

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

20ME34P- Fluid Power Engineering 2021-22

A fluid may be defined as

1. A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing.

The fluids may be of the following types

5. Ideal plastic fluid.

Ideal Plastic Fluid.

Mechanical Engineering Program 1

Mathematically, mass density is written as

The value of density of water is 1gm/cm3 ( 1 g/cc) or 1000 kg/m3.

The specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is expressed in m3/kg

For liquids, the standard fluid taken as water.

Weight density of liquid

Weight density of gas

Density of liquid = S  Density of water

Dynamic Viscosity (Viscosity)

Mechanical Engineering Program 3

The unit for viscosity is Newton-Second per square meter

Mechanical Engineering Program 4

Mechanical Engineering Program 5

Compressibility is the reciprocal of the Bulk Modulus of elasticity (K).

Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in figure

Let Pressure increased to p + dp

Mechanical Engineering Program 6

N/m is known as Pascal and is represented by Pa.

Mechanical Engineering Program 7

h = Height of liquid in the cylinder, and

p|¿|=p atm + pgauge ¿

Mechanical Engineering Program 8

Different types of Pressure

p|¿|=p atm − pvacuum ¿

pvacuum =p atm −p|¿|¿

Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge

Mechanical Engineering Program 9

Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge

Diaphragm Pressure Gauge

Diaphragm pressure gauge

Mechanical Engineering Program 10

4. Discharge through the Venturimeter is given by

Mechanical Engineering Program 11

Tabular Column-1 (For Observations)

Trial No h1 in mm h2 in mm hm Raise of Time taken for

Tabular Column-2 (For Calculations)

Trial No h in m Qthe in Qact in Co-efficient of Average of

Calculations (For any one trial)

4. Discharge through the Venturimeter

5. Actual Discharge through the Venturimeter

L×W × H 0.3× 0.5 ×0.1 3

6. Coefficient of Discharge through the Venturimeter

Result : The Co efficient of discharge of Venturimeter is found to ______

Mechanical Engineering Program 13

Tabular Column-1 (For Observations)

Trial No Hook Hook h=h1 – h2 Raise of Time taken for

Tabular Column-2 (For Calculations)

Trial No Qthe in Qact in Co-efficient of Average of

Calculations (For any one trial)

Mechanical Engineering Program 14

( )√ 2 g × h = 158 tan ( 452 ) √2 ×9.81 ×¿ ¿

2. Actual Discharge through the V-Notch