SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS, EXCITATION FUNCTION, STATE TABLE AND STATE DIAGRAM

CompEng 311 - Logic Circuits and

Design

Sequential
Circuits,
Excitation
Function, State
Table and State
Diagram
Module 6
Amacdalino2020

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Table of Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................................................ 1
Learning Content................................................................................................................................ 1
TOPIC 1: SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS .......................................................................................................... 2
Characteristics of Sequential Circuits ........................................................................................... 2
Types of Sequential Logic Circuits ................................................................................................. 2
i. Event-Driven or Asynchronous Sequential Circuit............................................................ 2
ii. Clock Driven or Synchronous Sequential Circuit.............................................................. 2
iii. Pulse Driven ......................................................................................................................... 3
Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits .............................. 3
Examples of Sequential Logic Circuits .......................................................................................... 4
i. Clocks ................................................................................................................................... 4
ii. Flip-Flops ............................................................................................................................... 4
iii. Bi-Stables .............................................................................................................................. 4
iv. Counters............................................................................................................................... 5
v. Registers ............................................................................................................................... 5
vi. Memories ............................................................................................................................. 6
Differences between the Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits ................................. 6
TOPIC 2: SEQUENTIAL STATE MACHINES (FSM) .................................................................................. 6
Definition .......................................................................................................................................... 6
STATE TABLES AND STATE DIAGRAMS ............................................................................................. 7
TOPIC 3: MEALY AND MOORE STATE MACHINES ............................................................................ 11
Mealy Machine ............................................................................................................................. 11
Moore Machine ............................................................................................................................ 11
Mealy Vs. Moore State Machines ............................................................................................... 12
TOPIC 4: ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS ................................................................................. 13
How to Analyze Sequential Circuits ............................................................................................ 13
EXAMPLES OF STATE MACHINES APPLICATION ........................................................................... 16
i. Pedestrian Crossing Traffic Light ...................................................................................... 16
ii. Up/Down/Stop Counter ................................................................................................... 17
iii. Vending Machine Controller ........................................................................................... 18
Teaching and Learning Activities.................................................................................................... 19
Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading ........................ 19
Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted .................................................................. 19
Assessment Task ................................................................................................................................ 19

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Module 6
Sequential Circuits, Excitation Function, State Table and State Diagram
Introduction

This module presents sequential circuits’ characteristics, types, examples and

its difference to the combinational circuits. State Tables and State Diagrams are also
presented in this module along with the Mealy and Moore State Machines and
Analysis of Sequential Circuits.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

➢ Analyze a sequential circuit by signal tracing.
➢ Construct the corresponding state graph, given a state table.
➢ Draw a general model for a clocked Mealy or Moore sequential circuit.
➢ Design a sequential circuit using gates and flip-flops
➢ Synthesize technique for realizing state tables and diagrams.
➢ Discuss the construction of state/output tables or diagrams from a word
description or flow chart specification of sequential behavior

Learning Content

Sequential Circuits, Excitation Function, State Table and State Diagram

TOPIC 1: SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
❖ Characteristics of Sequential Circuits
❖ Types of Sequential Logic Circuits
▪ i. Event-Driven or Asynchronous Sequential Circuit
▪ ii. Clock Driven or Synchronous Sequential Circuit
▪ iii. Pulse Driven
❖ Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits
❖ Examples of Sequential Logic Circuits
▪ i. Clocks
▪ ii. Flip-Flops
▪ iii. Bi-Stables
▪ iv. Counters
▪ v. Registers
▪ vi. Memories
❖ Differences between the Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits
TOPIC 2: STATE TABLES AND STATE DIAGRAMS
TOPIC 3: MEALY AND MOORE STATE MACHINES
❖ Mealy Machine
❖ Moore Machine
❖ Mealy Vs. Moore State Machines
TOPIC 4: ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
❖ How to Analyze Sequential Circuits
❖ EXAMPLES OF STATE MACHINES APPLICATION
▪ i. Pedestrian Crossing Traffic Light
▪ ii. Up/Down/Stop Counter
▪ iii. Vending Machine Controller

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TOPIC 1: SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Characteristics of Sequential Circuits
• have some form of inherent “Memory” built in to them as they are able to take into
account their previous input state as well as those actually present, a sort of “before”
and “after” effect is involved with sequential logic circuits.
• In other words, the output state of a sequential logic circuit is a function of the following
three states, the “present input”, the “past input” and/or the “past output”.

Types of Sequential Logic Circuits

• There are three types of sequential circuits:
➢ Event-Driven (Asynchronous)
➢ Clock Driven (Synchronous)
➢ Pulse Driven

i. Event-Driven or Asynchronous Sequential Circuit

➢ Asynchronous circuits that can change the state immediately when enabled.
Asynchronous (fundamental mode) sequential circuit: The behavior is
dependent on the arrangement of the input signal that changes continuously
over time, and the output can be a change at any time (clockless).

ii. Clock Driven or Synchronous Sequential Circuit

➢ Synchronous circuits that are synchronized to a specific clock signal.
Synchronous (latch mode) sequential circuit: The behavior can be defined from
the knowledge of circuits that achieve synchronization by using a timing signal
called the clock.

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iii. Pulse Driven

➢ This is a mixture of the two that responds to the triggering pulses.

Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

• As the name suggests both Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits are the
type of sequential circuits which uses feedback for the next output generation however
on the basis of the type of this feedback both circuits can be get differentiated.
• Following are the important differences between Synchronous and Asynchronous
Sequential Circuits –

Sr. Key Synchronous Sequential Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

No. Circuits
1 Definition Synchronous sequential On other hand Asynchronous sequential
circuits are digital circuits are digital sequential circuits in
sequential circuits in which which the feedback to the input for next
the feedback to the input output generation is not governed by
for next output generation clock signals.
is governed by clock
signals.
2 Memory Unit In Synchronous sequential On other hand unclocked flip flop or
circuits, the memory unit time delay is used as memory element in
which is being get used for case of Asynchronous sequential
governance is clocked flip circuits.
flop.
3 State The states of Synchronous On other hand there are chances for
sequential circuits are the Asynchronous circuits to enter into a
always predictable and wrong state because of the time
thus reliable. difference between the arrivals of
inputs. This is called as race condition.
4 Complexity It is easy to design However, on other hand, the presence
Synchronous sequential of feedback among logic gates causes
circuits instability issues making the design of
Asynchronous sequential circuits
difficult.
5 Performance Due to the propagation Since there is no clock signal delay,
delay of clock signal in these are fast compared to the
reaching all elements of the Synchronous Sequential Circuits
circuit the Synchronous
sequential circuits are
slower in its operation
speed
6 Example Synchronous circuits are On other hand Asynchronous circuits
used in counters, shift are used in low power and high-speed
registers, memory units. operations such as simple
microprocessors, digital signal
processing units and in communication
systems for email applications, internet
access and networking.

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Examples of Sequential Logic Circuits

i. Clocks
➢ State changes of most sequential circuits occur at times specified by free-
running clock signals. As the name implies, sequential logic circuits require a
means by which events can be sequenced.

➢ The state changes are controlled by the clocks.

➢ A “clock” is a special circuit that sends pulses with accurate pulse width and
an accurate interval between the consecutive pulses.
➢ The interval between consecutive pulses is called the clock cycle time.
➢ The Clock speed is normally measured in Megahertz or Gigahertz.

ii. Flip-Flops
➢ The basic building block of the combinational circuit has logic gates, while
indeed the basic building block of a sequential circuit is a flip-flop.
➢ Flip-flop has a better and greater usage in shift register, counters and memory
devices.
➢ It is a storage device capable of storing one bit of data.
➢ Flip flop has two inputs and two outputs labeled as Q and Q’. It is normal and
complements.

iii. Bi-Stables
➢ Are indicated by a box or circle in most cases. Lines in or around bi-stables not
only mark them as bi-stables but also indicate how they function.
➢ Bi-stables are of two types latch and flip flop.
➢ The bi-stables have two stable states one is SET and the other one is RESET. They
can retain either of these stages indefinitely, which makes them useful for
storage purposes. Latches and flip-flops are different in the way they change
from one state to another.

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iv. Counters
➢ Is a register that goes throughout a predetermined sequence of states upon
the application of clock pulses.
➢ It is also some sort of sequential circuit whose state diagram is a single cycle. In
other words, counters are a particular case of a finite state machine. The output
is generally a state value.

➢ There are two types of counters: Asynchronous counters (Ripple counter) and
the other one is Synchronous counters.
o The asynchronous counter is the clock signal (CLK), which is simply used
to clock the first FF. Each FF (except the first FF) is clocked by the
preceding FF.
o The synchronous counter is the clock signal (CLK) that is functional to all
FF, which means that all FF shares the same clock signal. Thus, the
output changes at the same time.

v. Registers
➢ Registers are clocked sequential circuits.
➢ A register is a collection of flip-flops; each flip-flop is capable of storing one bit
of information. An n-bit register consists of n flip-flops and is capable of storing
n bits of information. Besides flip-flops, a register usually contains a
combinational logic to perform some simple tasks. The flip-flops hold binary
information. The gates to determine how the information is shifted into the
register.
➢ Counters are a special type of register. A counter goes through a
predetermined sequence of states.

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vi. Memories
➢ Memory elements can be anything that creates a past value available at some
future time-devices that can behold a binary value.
➢ Memory elements are typically flip-flops.
➢ Memory output which is considered as a circuit’s “current state” is a numerical
label. The state embodies all the information about the past needed to define
the current output.

Differences between the Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits

Combinational circuits Sequential circuits

The circuit whose output, at any immediate The circuit whose output at any immediate
time, depends only on the input present at time depends not only on the input present
that instant only is known as a combinational but also on the past output, is known as
circuit. sequential circuit
These types of circuits have a memory unit to
These types of circuits have no memory unit.
store the past output.
It is Faster. It is Slower.
These are easy to design. These are difficult to design.
Examples of combinational circuits are a half
Examples of sequential circuits are flip-flop,
adder, full adder, magnitude comparator,
register, counter, clocks, etc.
multiplexer, demultiplexer, etc.

Note: Computer circuits consist of combinational logic circuits and sequential logic circuits.
Combinational circuits produce outputs immediately when their input changes. Sequential
circuits require clocks to control their changes of state. The fundamental sequential circuit unit
is the flip-flop and the behavior of the SR, JK, and D flip-flops are the most important to
know. Review your module 4 for further information of these flip-flops.

TOPIC 2: SEQUENTIAL STATE MACHINES (FSM)

Definition
➢ Sequential machines (or state machines) carry out operations in a sequence of steps.
➢ Synchronous sequential machines are those whose operation is governed by a system
clock signal; such machines move from state to state only at times determined by the
clock.
➢ Sequential machines that are not synchronous are called asynchronous.
➢ When a sequential machine has only a finite number of states, it is called a finite state
machine (FSM).
➢ Unlike combinational systems, state machines have memory. The state is remembered.

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STATE TABLES AND STATE DIAGRAMS

In the general model for sequential circuits, the effect of all previous inputs on the
outputs is represented by a state of the circuit. Thus, the output of the circuit at any time
depends upon its current state and the input. These also determine the next state of the circuit.
The relationship that exists among the inputs, outputs, present states and next states can be
specified by either the state table or the state diagram.

Characteristic Table – defines the state of each flip-flop as a function of its inputs and previous
state.

Excitation Table – lists the required inputs for a given change of state

State Table – The state table representation of a sequential circuit consists of four sections
labelled present state, input, next state and output. The present state designates the state of
flip-flops before the occurrence of a clock pulse. The next state shows the states of flip-flops
after the clock pulse, and the output section lists the value of the output variables during the
present state.

State Diagram - In addition to graphical symbols, tables or equations, flip-flops can also be
represented graphically by a state diagram.
• In this diagram, a state is represented by a circle, and the transition between states is
indicated by directed lines (or arcs) connecting the circles.
• The binary number inside each circle identifies the state the circle represents.
• The directed lines are labelled with two binary numbers separated by a slash (/). The
input value that causes the state transition is labelled first. The number after the slash
symbol / gives the value of the output.
• A directed line connecting a circle with itself indicates that no change of state occurs.
The state diagram provides exactly the same information as the state table and is
obtained directly from the state table.
• The number of states is 2n where n is the number of flip-flops.

An example of a state diagram is shown in below.

http://ee.usyd.edu.au/tutorials/digital_tutorial/part3/t-diag.htm

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Example 1:
Draw the state diagram of RS Flip-flop.

Solution:
1st Step: Determine the number of states.
• 2n (n=1, number of flip-flops)
• 21 = 2, the states are 0 and 1

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2nd Step: Determine the excitation table

Q Q(next) S R
0 0 0 X
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 X 0

3rd Step: Draw the state diagram

Example 2:
Consider a sequential circuit shown below. It has one input x and one output Z and two
state variable Q1Q2. Construct the state table and then draw the state diagram.

Solution:
a. Determine the behavior of the circuit by getting the Boolean expressions for Z, D1 and
D2.
Z = x*Q1
D1 = x' + Q1
D2 = x*Q2' + x'*Q1'
b. Use the equations to form the state table that consists of Present State (Q1, Q2), Next
State (Q1, Q2 when x=0 and x=1) and Output (when x=0 and x=1).

Present State Next State Output (Z)

X=0 X=1
Q1 Q2 X=0 X=1
D1 D2 D1 D2
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

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c. Draw the state diagram based from the state table.

Think and Learn!

Problem: Given the state diagram, construct its equivalent state table.

Solution:
1. Determine the states
a. 00
b. 01
c. 10
d. 11

2. Given the state diagram, construct its equivalent state table.

Present Next State when Output (Z) when

State input x is input x is
A B X=0 X=1 X=0 X=1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

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TOPIC 3: MEALY AND MOORE STATE MACHINES

• There are two models developed to represent synchronous sequential circuits:
1. Moore Circuit or Moore State Machines - output is the function of present state only
2. Mealy Circuit or Mealy State Machines – output is the function of the present state
and the input

Mealy Machine
• A Mealy Machine is an FSM whose output depends on the present state as well as the present
input.
• It can be described by a 6 tuple (Q, ∑, O, δ, X, q0) where −
o Q is a finite set of states.
o ∑ is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet.
o is a finite set of symbols called the output alphabet.
o δ is the input transition function where δ: Q × ∑ → Q
o X is the output transition function where X: Q × ∑ → O
o q0 is the initial state from where any input is processed (q0 ∈ Q).

• The state table of a Mealy Machine is shown below −

Next state

Present state input = 0 input = 1

State Output State Output

→a b x1 c x1

b b x2 d x3

c d x3 c x1

d d x3 d x2

• The state diagram of the above Mealy Machine is −

Moore Machine
• Moore machine is an FSM whose outputs depend on only the present state.
• A Moore machine can be described by a 6 tuple (Q, ∑, O, δ, X, q0) where −
o Q is a finite set of states.
o ∑ is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet.

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o is a finite set of symbols called the output alphabet.

o δ is the input transition function where δ: Q × ∑ → Q
o X is the output transition function where X: Q → O
o q0 is the initial state from where any input is processed (q0 ∈ Q).

• The state table of a Moore Machine is shown below −

Next State
Present state Output
Input = 0 Input = 1

→a b c x2

b b d x1

c c d x2

d d d x3

• The state diagram of the above Moore Machine is −

Mealy Vs. Moore State Machines

Mealy Machine Moore Machine

Output depends both upon the present Output depends only upon the present state.
state and the present input

Generally, it has fewer states than Moore Generally, it has more states than Mealy
Machine. Machine.

The value of the output function is a The value of the output function is a function
function of the transitions and the changes, of the current state and the changes at the
when the input logic on the present state is clock edges, whenever state changes occur.
done.

Mealy machines react faster to inputs. They In Moore machines, more logic is required to
generally react in the same clock cycle. decode the outputs resulting in more circuit
delays. They generally react one clock cycle
later.

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TOPIC 4: ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

How to Analyze Sequential Circuits

The suggested analysis procedure of a sequential circuit is set out in figure below:

Logic Schematic

Derive excitation equation

(Boolean Expression)

Derive next state and output

equations

Generate next state and output

equations

Generate state diagram

Develop timing diagram

Start with the logic schematic from which excitation equations for each flip-flop input
can be derived. Then, to obtain next-state equations, insert the excitation equations into the
characteristic equations. The output equations can be derived from the schematic, and once
output and next-state equations are available, the next-state and output tables as well as
state diagrams can be generated. At this stage, use either the table or the state diagram to
develop a timing diagram which can be verified through simulation.

Examples:

1. Derive the state table and state diagram for the sequential circuit shown in the figure.

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a. Derive the Boolean expressions for the inputs of each flip-flops in the schematic, in terms
of external input Cnt and the flip-flop outputs Q1 and Q0. These are called excitation
equations.
D0 = Cnt XOR Q0 = Cnt'Q0 + CntQ0'
D1 = Cnt'Q1 + CntQ1'Q0 + CntQ1Q0'

b. Derive the next-state equations by converting these excitation equations into flip-flop
characteristic equations.
Q0next = D0 = Cnt XOR Q0 = Cnt'Q0 + CntQ0'
Q1next = D1 = Cnt'Q1 + CntQ1'Q0 + CntQ1Q0'

c. Convert the equations into tabular form called state table.

Present
Next State
State
Cnt = 0 Cnt = 1
Q1Q0

00 01
00
01 01 10
10 10 11
11
11 00

d. Draw the state diagram.

Following these transition arcs, we can see that as long as Cnt = 1, the sequential circuit
goes through the states in the following sequence: 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, .... On the other
hand, when Cnt = 0, the circuit stays in its present state until Cnt changes to 1, at which
the counting continues.
Since this sequence is characteristic of modulo-4 counting, we can conclude that the
sequential circuit is a modulo-4 counter with one control signal, Cnt, which enables
counting when Cnt = 1 and disables it when Cnt = 0.

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e. Draw the timing diagram.

2. Construct the State Table and State Diagram of the circuit below:

• Derive the excitation and output equations.

J0 = X' + Q1' K0 = 1
J1 = Q0 K1 = X + Q0
Y = XQ0'Q1 + X'Q0Q1

• Construct the transition table.

Next State for JK Flip-flop is> Qnext = JQ' + K'Q
So for the first flip-flop,
Qnext = (X’ + Q1’)Q0’ + 0Q0
= X’Q0’ + Q1’Q0’

For the 2nd flip-flop,

Qnext = Q0Q1’ + (X + Q0)’Q1
= Q0Q1’ + X’Q0’Q1

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Present State Next State Output (y)

Q1Q0 X=0 X=1 X=0 X=1
00 01 01 0 0
01 10 10 0 0
10 11 00 0 1
11 00 00 1 0

• Draw the state diagram.

EXAMPLES OF STATE MACHINES APPLICATION

i. Pedestrian Crossing Traffic Light

Below is a concept of a finite state machine and its application in the field of digital
design. The example being investigated is the design of a pedestrian crossing controller
unit. The pedestrian crossing consists of a traffic light and a pedestrian light. When a
pedestrian wants to cross, he or she pushes a button and the lights change
accordingly. This unit has one input signal: WALKREQUEST (W), which corresponds to a
pedestrian pushing the walk button; and five outputs: Red, Yellow, Green, Walk and
Don’t Walk.

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ii. Up/Down/Stop Counter

State Diagram

Next State Table

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iii. Vending Machine Controller

Block Diagram

State Diagram

Next State Table

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Teaching and Learning Activities

Watch the following video lecture:
o Introduction to State Table, State Diagram & State Equation
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaN72s5WfOM&list=PLBlnK6fEyqR
jMH3mWf6kwqiTbT798eAOm&index=144
o Mealy and Moore State Machines (Part 1)
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_OZKWdCixw&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRj
MH3mWf6kwqiTbT798eAOm&index=167
o Mealy and Moore State Machines (Part 2)
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdZKehWMJSM

Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading

• https://www.elprocus.com/tutorial-on-sequential-logic-circuits/
• http://osp.mans.edu.eg/cs212/Seq_circuitst_FF_states.htm
• http://osp.mans.edu.eg/cs212/Seq_circuits_analysis.htm
• https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-sequential-circuits
• https://www.elprocus.com/tutorial-on-sequential-logic-circuits
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-synchronous-and-asynchronous-
sequential-circuits
• http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~Matthew.James/engn3213-2002/notes/seqnode1.html

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

In this Module, the online and remote FTLM is adapted using the university’s Learning
Management System called SeDi. For the online modality, the Virtual Classroom of SeDi shall
be used for the purpose of delivering a lecture and allowing a synchronous discussion with the
students. For the remote modality, SeDI shall be used to upload the module and to allow
asynchronous discussion with the students. This will also be used as platform for the submission
of the requirements.

Assessment Task
Watch the video lectures listed in the Teaching and Learning Activities of the module.
Watch the videos and provide your impressions or understanding of the videos through the
forum that will be posted. Impressions in each video will be equivalent to 15 points each, total
of 45 points.

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