MATHEMATICS 10 QUARTER 1 Week 6

COMPETENCY:
The learner performs division of polynomials using long division, synthetic division and proves the Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem, and the Rational Root Theorem. M10AL-Ig-1)

EXPECTATIONS:
This module was designed to help you master on how to divide polynomials using long division and synthetic division
and how to prove the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem, and the Rational Root Theorem.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define a polynomial expression,
2. give the standard form of the given polynomial expression,
3. divide a polynomial expression using the long division method,
4. divide a polynomial expression using the synthetic division method.
5. illustrate the following;
(a) Remainder Theorem,
(b) Factor Theorem, and
(c) the Rational Root Theorem.
6. prove and use the following in conjunction with synthetic division;
(a) Remainder Theorem,
(b) Factor Theorem, and
(c) the Rational Root Theorem.

PRE-TEST
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial?

1
A. x2 + 4x + 4 C. 𝑥+2
B. 3x-4 + 2x-3 - 5x-2 + x - 1 D.𝑥 1/2 + 6x + 9
2
For items 2 and 3, refer to the given below. Divide (x + 3x - 10) by (x + 5).
x - 2
x + 5 x2 + 3x - 10
x2 + 5x
-2x - 10
-2x - 10
0
2. What is the quotient?
A. x2 + 3x - 10 B. x + 5 C. x - 2 D. 0
3. What is the remainder?
A. x2 + 3x - 10 B. x + 5 C. x - 2 D. 0
4. If (6x - 4x3 - 6x5 + 4x4 + 2) is divided by (x - 2) using synthetic division, what would the numbers in the first row?
2

A. 6 -4 -6 4 2 0 B. 6 4 -6 -4 0 2 C. -6 4 -4 6 0 2 D. 6 -6 4 -4 2 0
5. All possible roots of 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 12 are given EXCEPT for:
A. -12, –6, –4, –3, –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 C. –6, –4, –3, –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
B. 12, –6, –4, –3, –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 D. 6, –4, –3, –2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

LOOKING BACK AT YOUR LESSON

Factor the following completely.
1. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
2. 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
3. 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 6
To solve this problems, you can use the different factoring techniques. See the table below.
Factoring techniques Examples
Common factor 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧)
Difference of two square 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Difference of two cubes 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Perfect square trinomial 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
Quadratic Trinomial 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
Grouping 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
Table1: Different Factoring Techniques with Examples

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 1 | 10

 INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
In the review part of this module, you are tasked to factor the following polynomials completely. For you to
factor those examples completely, you can apply the different factoring techniques you have seen in table 1. What
will be your answer for item numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the given review? Can you use these factoring techniques in
dividing polynomial expressions? Up to what extent you can use these factoring techniques in dividing polynomials?
Lesson 1: Division of Polynomials
Definition of Polynomial Expression
A polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the form anxn + an-1xn-1 +an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0, an ≠ 0 where the
nonnegative integer n is the degree of the polynomial and the coefficients a 0, a1,…, an are real numbers. We usually write
the terms of a polynomial in standard form. It means the terms of a polynomial are written in descending powers of x. For
instance, x2 - 8x + 15 , x4 + 2x3 - 5x2 + x - 6 and 3x5 + 4x3 - 2x2 + 5x - 1.
Methods in Dividing Polynomials
1. Long Division
The procedure in this method is similar to the procedure used when we are dividing whole numbers.
Example 1.1. Divide (25 + x2) by (x +2).
Solution: Step 1. Write the dividend in standard form and insert zeros as coefficients of any missing term. So, we
have
x + 2 x2 + 0x + 25
Step 2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor to get the first term of the quotient (x 2 ÷
x = x).
x
x + 2 x2 + 0x + 25
Step 3. Multiply the first term of the quotient by the divisor and write the product on the second line x(x + 2) = x2 +
2x). After that, subtract x2 + 2x from x2 + 0x then bring down the remaining term in the dividend (25).
x
x + 2 x2 + 0x + 25
x2 + 2x ➔ Subtract (change the sign of each term in the subtrahend then add)
-2x + 25
Step 4. Divide the first term of the new dividend by the first term of the divisor to get the second term of the
quotient. That is, -2x ÷ x = -2.
x-2
x+2 x2 + 0x + 25
x2 + 2x Subtract (change the sign of each term in the subtrahend then add)
-2x + 25
Step 5. Multiply the second term of the quotient by the divisor and write the product on third line (-2(x + 2) = -2x -
4). After that, subtract -2x - 4 from -2x + 25.
x - 2 Quotient
x + 2 x2 + 0x + 25 Dividend
Divisor 2
x + 2x ➔ Subtract (change the sign of each term in the subtrahend then add)
-2x + 25
Remainder -2x - 4 ➔ Subtract (change the sign of each term in the subtrahend then add)
29
Step 6. Since there is no more term in the dividend, write now the answer in the form of
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅(𝑥) 𝟐𝟗
Quotient + or Q(x) + . Therefore, (25 + x2) ÷ (x + 2) = x - 2 +
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐷(𝑥) 𝐱+𝟐

Example 1.2. Divide (4x3 - 2x2 - 50) by (2x - 5)

Solution:
Quotient
2x2 + 4x + 10
3 2
2x - 5 4x - 2x + 0x - 50
Divisor Dividend
4x3 - 10x2 ➔ Subtract
2
8x + 0x
8x2 - 20x ➔ Subtract
20x - 50
20x – 50 ➔ Subtract
0 Remainder
Since the remainder is zero, write the answer in the form of Q(x) only. Therefore, (4x3 - 2x2 - 50) ÷ (2x - 5) = 2x2
+ 4x 10
2. Synthetic Division
The procedure of this method is easier than the procedure of the long division method when we are dividing a
polynomial by a binomial of the form of (x - r). In this procedure, we only write the coefficients in three rows.

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 2 | 10

 Example 2.1. Divide P(x) = (25 + x2) by (x + 2) using synthetic division.
Solution:
Step 1. Write the coefficients of the dividend P(x) in descending powers of x and replace zeros for any missing
terms to obtain x2 + 0x + 25. The leading coefficient of the dividend P(x) becomes the first entry on the third row.
-2
1 0 25 ➔ 1st row
➔ 2nd row
➔ 3rd row
Step 2. Put the value of r in the upper left corner. In this example, x - r → x + 2 → x - (-2). Thus, r = -2.
-2
1 0 25 ➔ 1st row
➔ 2nd row
1 ➔ 3rd row
Step 3. To get the first number in the second row, multiply 1 of the first number in the third row by -2. Then add 0
and -2 to get the second number in the third row.
-2
1 0 25 ➔ 1st row
-2 ➔ 2nd row
1 ➔ 3rd row
Step 4. Continue the procedure in step 3 until the last number in the third row is obtained.
-2
1 0 25 Dividend
Divisor -2 4
1 -2 29 Remainder
Quotient

𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑹(𝒙)
Step 5. Write the answer in the form of Quotient + or Q(x) + . Take note that the degree of the
𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑫(𝒙)
quotient Q(x) is one less than the degree of the dividend P(x). Therefore,
𝟐𝟗
(25 + x2) ÷ (x + 2) = x - 2 + 𝒙+𝟐 .
Example 2.2. Use synthetic division to divide (4x3 - 2x2 - 50) by (2x - 5).
Solution:
The dividend is already written in standard form. However, the first-degree term is missing. So, we need to insert
zero as a coefficient of the missing term. Thus, 4x3 - 2x2 - 50 = 4x3 - 2x2 + 0x - 50. Since the divisor (2x - 5) is not
5 5
in the form of (x - r), we must rewrite 2x - 5 → 2(x - 2 ) to get the value of r. Thus, r = 2 .
Using synthetic division,
5
2
4 -2 0 -50 Dividend
Divisor 10 20 50
Quotient 4 8 20 0 Remainder
÷2
2 4 10
Since the value of r is in a fraction form and has a denominator of 2, divide the quotient Q(x) by 2 to get the final
answer. Therefore, (4x3 - 2x2 - 50) ÷ (2x - 5) = 2x2 + 4x + 10.
3. Remainder Theorem
The Remainder Theorem states that P(c) is the remainder when the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – c). The
divisor x – c is then restated as x = c.
Example 3.1.
Find the remainder using the Remainder Theorem if 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 − 𝟑.
Solution: Instead of using synthetic division, it is easier to solve the problem using substitution.
Step 1. Divisor is 𝑥 − 3. Use the constant from the divisor which is 3 to substitute for x in the given polynomial.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 ➔ 𝑃 (𝟑) = 𝟑3 + 4(𝟑)2 + 3(𝟑) − 2
Step 2. Solve the equation.
𝑃 ( 𝟑) = 𝟑 3 + 4 ( 𝟑) 2 + 3 ( 𝟑) − 2
𝑃(3) = 27 + 36 + 9 − 2
𝑷(𝟑) = 𝟕𝟎
The answer obtained is the remainder which is 70. Therefore, 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 is not divisible by x-3.
Example 3.2.
Find the value of P(x) using the Remainder Theorem if 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 + 𝟐.
Solution:
Step 1. The divisor is 𝑥 + 2. So, use -2 which is the opposite of the constant from the divisor to substitute for x in
the given polynomial. Note: Why use -2? Because x+2 is also equal to x-(-2).
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 ➔ 𝑷(−𝟐) = (−𝟐)𝟒 + 𝟑(−𝟐)𝟑 + 𝟓(−𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟓(−𝟐) − 𝟐
MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 3 | 10
 Step 2. Solve the equation.
𝑃(−𝟐) = (−𝟐)4 + 3(−𝟐)3 + 5(−𝟐)2 + 5(−𝟐) − 2
𝑃 (−2) = 16 − 24 + 20 − 10 − 2
𝑃(−2) = 0
The answer obtained is the remainder which is 0. Therefore, 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 is divisible by x+2.

Note: You can also solve an equation using the Remainder Theorem. In the next example, the polynomial P(x) is
equated to the remainder to solve for the value of k, the numerical coefficient of the x term.

Example 3.3.
Find the value of k when the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝟐.
Solution:
Step 1. Divisor is 𝑥 − 1. Use the constant from the divisor which is 1 to substitute for x.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 4 ➔ 𝑃(𝟏) = 3(𝟏)2 + 𝑘(𝟏) + 4
Step 2. Equate the given polynomial to the given remainder which is 2.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑃(1) = 𝟐 ➔ 3(𝟏)2 + 𝑘 (𝟏) + 4 = 𝟐. Final equation: 3(𝟏)2 + 𝑘(𝟏) + 4 = 𝟐
Step 3. Solve the final equation obtained from step 2.
3(𝟏)2 + 𝑘(𝟏) + 4 = 𝟐
3+𝑘+4= 𝟐
𝑘 =𝟐−3−4
𝑘 = −𝟓
Checking

Substitute k by – 5 in the original This proves the

expression, 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 4 Remainder Theorem
states that P(c) is the
remainder when the
polynomial p(x) is
divided by (x – c). The
divisor x – c is then
restated as x = c.
3 -2 2➔ Remainder

4. Factor Theorem
In your experience with numbers, you obtain a remainder of zero when a number is exactly divisible by another
number. We can say that the divisor is a factor of the dividend in that case. The same is true with polynomials. A
zero-remainder obtained when using the Remainder Theorem will give rise to another theorem called the factor
theorem. This is a test to find if a polynomial is a factor of another polynomial.
The Factor Theorem states:

Let P(x) be a polynomial. If c is a zero of P that is P(c) = 0, then (x - c) is a factor of P(x). Conversely, if (x - c)
is a factor of P(x) then, c is a zero of P.
Example 4.1:
Show that x - 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 +7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 40.
Solution:
A. Using Remainder Theorem
Step 1. Divisor is 𝑥 − 2. Use the constant from the divisor which is 2 to substitute for x.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 +7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 40 ➔ 𝑃(𝟐) = 𝟐3 +7(𝟐)2 + 2(𝟐) − 40
Step 2. Solve the equation.
𝑃 (𝟐) = 𝟐3 +7(𝟐)2 + 2(𝟐) − 40
𝑃(𝟐) = 8 + 28 + 4 − 40
𝑃 (2) = 0
The answer obtained is the remainder 0. Therefore, 𝑥 − 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 +7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 40
B. Using Another Method by Synthetic Division

Since the remainder is zero (0), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 +𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝟎

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 4 | 10

 Example 4.2:
Show that (x – 3) is a factor of 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕.
Solution. A. Using Remainder Theorem
Step 1. Divisor is 𝑥 − 3. Use the constant from the divisor which is 3 to substitute for x.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 −𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 − 7➔ 𝑃(𝟑) = 2(𝟑)4 −(𝟑)3 − 18(𝟑)2 − 7
Step 2. Solve the equation.
𝑃 (𝟑) = 2(𝟑)4 −(𝟑)3 − 18(𝟑)2 − 7
𝑃 (3) = 2(81) − 27 − 18(9) − 40
𝑃(3) = 162 − 27 − 162 − 40
𝑃 (2) = −34
The answer obtained is the remainder which is -34.Therefore, 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕
B. Using Another Method by Synthetic Division

2 5 -3 -9 -34 ➔ remainder

The answer obtained is the remainder which is -34. Therefore, 𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 −𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 − 7

Note: If the polynomial x – c is a factor of P(x), then you can equate P(x) to zero. An example is given to you below.

Example 4.3.
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 − 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑘𝑥 − 3.
Solution:
Solution. A. Using Remainder Theorem
Step 1. Divisor is 𝑥 − 2. Use the constant from the divisor which is 2 to substitute for x.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑘𝑥 − 3 ➔ 𝑃(2) = 2(2)3 − 𝑘(2) − 3
Step 2. Since 𝑥 − 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑘𝑥 − 3, therefore, zero is the remainder. So, we
simply have to equate the given polynomial to zero.
𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑃(2) = 𝟎 ➔ 2(2)3 − 𝑘(2) − 3 = 0 Final equation: 2(2)3 − 𝑘(2) − 3 = 0
Step 3. Solve the equation.
2(2)3 − 𝑘(2) − 3 = 0
2(8) − 2𝑘 − 3 = 0
16 − 2𝑘 − 3 = 0
−2𝑘 = −16 + 3
−2𝑘 = −13
−2𝑘 −13
=
−2 −2
13
𝑘=
2
Check using synthetic division
13
Step 1. Substitute k by 2 in the original expression, 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒌𝒙 − 𝟑

Since the remainder is zero (0),

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒌𝒙 − 𝟑

5. Rational Roots Theorem
The Rational Roots Test (also known as Rational Zeros Theorem) allows us to find all the possible rational roots
of a polynomial. Suppose a is the root of the polynomial P(x),that means P(a) = 0. In other words, if we substitute
a into the polynomial P(x) and get zero (0), it means that the input value is a root of the function.
But, how do we find the possible list of rational roots?

Then every rational root of P(x) is of the form:

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 5 | 10

 Example 5.1.
Find the rational roots of the polynomial 𝑃 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6 using the Rational Roots Theorem.
Solution:
Step 1. Identify the constant term a0
and the leading coefficient an.

Step 2. Determine the positive and negative factors of each.

Factors
term, a0 = 6 : ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
coefficient an = 3 : ±1, ±3
Write down the list of the possible rational roots by finding {p/q} which is simply the ratio of the factors of
the constant term and leading term. Make sure that you keep track of the possible combinations.
𝑝
Step 3. Write down the list of the possible rational roots by finding 𝑞 which is simply the ratio of the factors of the
constant term and the leading term.

Step 4. simplify the fractions to get rid of duplicates

In this, 12 possible roots are to be checked.

Step 5. Check all the roots by substituting the value to the given polynomial 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6.
Remember that if a is a root of the polynomial P(x), then P(a)=0.
.

Sample computation: −1
1 𝑃( ) = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6
𝑃 ( ) = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6 3
3 −1 3 −1 2 −1
1 3 1 2 1 = 3 ( ) − 4 ( ) − 17 ( ) + 6
= 3 ( ) − 4 ( ) − 17 ( ) + 6 3 3 3
100
3 3 3 = ( 9 ), not zero therefore not a root.
= 0, therefore, it is a root!

Step 6. Get all the roots in which the remainder is equal to 0. Therefore, the rational roots of the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥 ) =
3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6 are
1
{ , −2,3}
3
Example 5.2:
Find the rational roots of the polynomial 𝑃 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 using the Rational Roots
Theorem.
Solution:
Step 1. Identify the constant term a0 and the leading coefficient an
The constant term is a0 = –2 and its possible factors are p = ± 1, ± 2. The leading coefficient is an = 4 and its factors
are q = ± 1, ± 2, ± 4.

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 6 | 10

 𝑝
Step 2. Find the roots of the polynomial in the form 𝑞 and write down all possible combinations.

Step 3. Simplify each fraction to eliminate duplicates or identical values.

Now, it has 8 possible roots to check. All zero answers are the roots of the given polynomial.

Step 4. Check all the roots by substituting the value to the given polynomial 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 +
8𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2. Remember that if a is a root of the polynomial P(x), then P(a)=0.

Step 5. Get the final answer by finding for all of the roots. Therefore, the rational roots of the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥 ) =
4𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 are
1
{− , 1,2}
2
TRY IT YOURSELF
Activity 1: Do You Know Me? Then Face Me
Draw if the expression is a polynomial and if not.
_______ 1. x - 7
_______ 2. 3√𝑥
_______ 3. x2 - 8x + 15
_______ 4. 6x-4 + 2x-3 - x-2 -9x + 1

_______ 5. 2x6 + x5 - √7x3 +8x - 5

Activity 2: Match Me with the Right One
Match Column I with the appropriate standard form in Column II. Write the letter of the correct answer.
Column I Column II
1. 10x2 - 33 + 4x3 + 7x I. -9x3 + 21x2+ 15x + 50
2. 15x + 21x2 - 9x3 + 50 R. 13x3 - 23x2 - 83x + 47
3 2
3. 13x +47- 23x -83x S. -19x3 + 6x2 + 27x - 99
3 2
4. 26 - 11x + 49x - 17x U. -11x3 - 17x2 + 49x + 26
2 3
5. 6x + 27x -99 - 19x V. 4x3 +10x2 + 7x - 33

Activity 3: Find Me and You Will See

Question: What do you call the new respiratory disease which spreads mostly through droplets produced when
an infected person coughs or sneezes?
To find the answer to the question above, divide each polynomial using Long Division. Find the correct quotient for each
number and put the letter in the box that corresponds to the number.
1. x2 -x-30 2. x2 -4x+4 3. x2 +8x +16
x-6 x-3 x+4

4. x2 + 9 5. x2 +12x+36 6. x2 +5x -14

x+3 x+6 x+7

7. 2x2 -5x-7 8. 4x2 -3x-10 9. 5x2+20x -25

x+1 x-2 x+5
A. x+6 C. x+5 I. 2x-7
18 1 R. x+4
N. x-3 + O. x-1 +
𝑥+3 𝑥−3
S. 5x-5 U. 4x+5 V. x-2

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1 2 3 2 4 5 6 7 3 8 9

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 7 | 10

ACTIVITY 5.
Find the value of P(x), for the given x using remainder theorem.
1. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 x=4
2. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 2 − 20 x=2
3. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 79 x=9

ACTIVITY 6.
Tell whether the second polynomial is a factor of the first.
1. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 x–2
2. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1 x+1
3. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 x+3

ACTIVITY 7.
Determine the value of k which is necessary to meet the given condition.
1. (x – 2) is a factor of 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 𝑘.
2. (x + 3) is a factor of 2𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 3.
3. (x + 1) is a factor of −𝑥 4 + 𝑘𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 10.

ACTIVITY 8.
Find all of the possible rational roots of the following polynomial equations.
1. 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12

LET US SUMMARIZE!
The following are the important terms and methods in dividing polynomials:
1. Polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the form anxn + an-1xn-1 +an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0, an ≠ 0 where the
nonnegative integer n is the degree of the polynomial and the coefficients a0, a1,…, an are real numbers.
2. Standard form is a polynomial expression where the terms are written in descending powers of x.
3. Long Division Method is similar to the procedure used when we are dividing whole numbers.
5x2 + 5x + 8
x - 1 5x + 0x2 + 3x - 20
3 Quotient
Divisor
5x - 5x ➔ Subtract
3 2

5x2 + 3x Dividend
5x - 5x ➔ Subtract
2

8x - 20
8x - 8
- 12 Remainder
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑹(𝒙)
Note: Write the answer in the form of Quotient + 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒓 or Q(x) + 𝑫(𝒙) if R(x) ≠ 0 and write the answer in the
form of Quotient Q(x) only if R(x) = 0.
4. Synthetic Division Method is easier than the procedure of long division method when we are dividing a polynomial by
a binomial of the form of (x - r). In this procedure, we write only the coefficients in three rows.
2 1 -1 0 -4 Dividend

Divisor 2 2 4

Quotient 1 1 2 0 Remainder
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑹(𝒙)
Note: Write the answer in the form of Quotient + or Q(x) + 𝑫(𝒙) if R(x) ≠ 0 and write the answer in the
𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒓
form of Quotient Q(x) only if R(x) = 0.
5. The Remainder theorem can be used to find the value of a function, that is P(c) where the remainder is computed when
a polynomial P(x) is divided by (x-c).

6. The Factor Theorem states that the binomial (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial P(x) if and only if P(x) = 0.

7. The Rational Roots Theorem (also known as Rational Zeros Theorem) allows us to find all of the possible rational roots
of a polynomial. Suppose a is root of the polynomial P(x), that means P(a) = 0. In other words, if we substitute a into the
polynomial P(x) and get zero (0), it means that the input value is a root of the function.

LET US CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

I. Direction. Answer the following. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. What will be the quotient and the remainder when 𝑃 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 is divided by (x +2)?
A. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6, 𝑅 = −8 B. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6, 𝑅 = 8
C. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6, 𝑅 = −8 D. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6, 𝑅 = 8
2. If 𝑃 (𝑎) = 2𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 12, what will be the value of P(a) at a = -2?
A. 1 B. -1 C. 0 D. 2
3. Which of the following binomials is a factor of 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3?
A. x + 1 B. x + 2 C. x -3 D. x –2
4. What is the value of k when 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 x + 1 results to a quotient where the remainder is 3?
A. -1 B. 1 C. 2 D. -2

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 8 | 10

5. Find the possible roots of 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 5.
A. ±{1, ½, 5, 5/2} B. ±{2, ½, 5, 5/2} C. ±{3, ½, 5, 5/2} D. ±{4, ½, 5, 5/2}

II. Find the value of the following function using any of the theorems discussed.
1. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7; 𝑥 = −3
2. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 8; 𝑥 = −2
3. 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 = 4

VI. Divide the polynomials using synthetic division.

1. (x2 - 4) ÷ (x – 2)
2. (x3 - 6x2 + 10x - 3) ÷ (x - 3)
3. (3x4 - 4x3 + 7x2 - 5x + 1) ÷ (3x - 1)

POST-TEST
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial?

1
A. x2 + 4x + 4 C. 𝑥+2
B. 3x-4 + 2x-3 - 5x-2 + x - 1 D.𝑥 1/2 + 6x + 9
2
For items 2 and 3, refer to the given below. Divide (x + 3x - 10) by (x + 5).
x - 2
x + 5 x2 + 3x - 10
x2 + 5x
-2x - 10
-2x - 10
0
2. What is the quotient?
A. x2 + 3x - 10 B. x + 5 C. x - 2 D. 0
3. What is the remainder?
A. x2 + 3x - 10 B. x + 5 C. x - 2 D. 0
4. If (6x - 4x3 - 6x5 + 4x4 + 2 is divided by (x - 2) using synthetic division, what would the numbers in the first row?
2

A. 6 -4 -6 4 2 0 B. 6 4 -6 -4 0 2 C. -6 4 -4 6 0 2 D. 6 -6 4 -4
5. All possible roots of 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 12 are given EXCEPT for:
A. -12, –6, –4, –3, –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 C. –6, –4, –3, –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
B. 12, –6, –4, –3, –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 D. 6, –4, –3, –2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 9 | 10

 MATHEMATICS 10
Quarter 1 Week 6
ANSWER SHEET
Name: Math Teacher:
Section: Score:

MATH 10 QUARTER 1 WEEK 6 P a g e 10 | 10