CIVICS

Secondary Notes
O-LEVEL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORM ONE ………………………………………………………………………………..… 2

FORM TWO …………………………………………………………………….……..…… 10

FORM THREE ……………………………………………………………...…………..…... 17

FORM FOUR …………………………………………………………..…………………… 24

DATES ….……………………………………………………….……..………...………….. 30

YEARS ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 30

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1. OUR NATION
Civics - Is the subject which deals with the study of duties, rights and responsibilities of citizens in a
country
Nation - A large group or community of people living together in a defined geographical area
Nationalism - Is the political will of a nation to unite and fight against foreign rule with the intention of
ruling themselves
National Language - Is the language which has been chosen and accepted to be used in national
matters
Language - Is a learned, shared and arbitrary system of vocal or written symbols through which human
beings communicate with one another
Components of a nation -
Government, people, territory
Symbols of national sovereignty -
National flag
coat of arms
currency
constitution
Factors affecting national sovereignty -
Pressure groups
conflicts
civil wars
poverty
Coat of Arms
Importance of the National Flag to Tanzania -
Symbol of the nation
shows national independence and sovereignty
a seal of the president and government
state symbol for the president/country/citizens
symbol of unity and freedom
symbol of nationality and Tanzanian culture
used during unfortunate events like the death of a state leader
Factors promoting national integrity in Tanzania -
Secularism
Kiswahili
Arusha declaration
monopartyism
Benefits of being identified as a citizen of a country -
Helps people in the provision of social services

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legal way of being recognized as a real citizen

given rights under the law
you are able to be employed in the country
nation can defend you from violence or war
Promotion of national unity is enhanced by -
Sports/games
traditions
customs
national la+nguage
intermarriage
The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was influenced by their desires for security

THE NATIONAL SYMBOLS

National Symbols - These are things which identify the country as independent and sovereign
Examples of national symbols -
National flag
coat of arms
national currency
national constitution
national anthem
Tanzanian flag colours represent -
Black - skin
yellow - minerals
blue - water
green - vegetation
Tanzania 200 Shillings
The seal of the government is the coat of arms
Coat of arms and national emblem are the same

2. PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS

Life Skills - Is the mental knowledge and ability applied by an individual to control themselves and their
environment in a beneficial way
List of life skills -
Self esteem
assertiveness
problem solving
self awareness
thinking
meditation
arguing well
decision making

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planning
determination
good relationships
Sources of life skills -
Parents
government
religion
school
Communication - Is the process which involves the transferring of information from one person to
another
Creative Thinking - The ability to find new ways to solve problems
Decision Making - The ability to select a course of action among possible alternatives
Self-confidence - Having confidence in ones own capability to succeed in their actions
Skimming for Reading - The process of reading quickly to get the main point of the paragraph or article
Team - Comprises of a group of people linked in a common purpose
Teamwork - The situation whereby people work well together while doing a particular activity
Group - A number of people having some relation to one another

SIX CLASSES OF DRUGS -

Opiates, sedative-hypnotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, inhalants
Problems of drug use -
addiction/dependence
acute health problems
dropping out of school
reduces country’s workforce
family conflict
suicide
crime/illegal business
Julius Kambarage Nyerere
irresponsible sexual behavior 1st President of Tanzania

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) -

A syndrome that develops after a person has been infected with the HIV virus caused by the virus
attacking and weakening the human immune system which has no known cure
Symptoms of HIV -
Frequent diarrhea
high fever
vomiting
skin diseases
body weakness

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HIV can be prevented through the following ways -

Being faithful
practicing safe sex
using a condom correctly every time
using sterilized needles
using clean blood for blood transfusions

3. HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights - Are basic moral rights that all human beings are born with, they are not granted or given
or removed by anybody
Examples of human rights -
Right to life
right to own property
right to vote and be voted for
freedom of expression and association
freedom of worship
right to education
right to social services
freedom of movement
Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Abuse of Power - Violation of the law or constitution of the country
2nd President of Tanzania
Amnesty International - UN’s agency for human rights
Freedoms - Of association, of assembly, of expression
Basic needs of any human - Food, shelter, clothes
Moral Rights - Are rights which are not included officially in the law of the country and one can not claim
them in the court of law
Moral, social, and cultural rights - Are rights which are not included officially in the law of the country
and one cannot claim them in a court of law
Pan Africanism - Brought human rights/freedoms/equality/democracy to Africa
Importance of Human rights -
Helps to bring equality
avoid discrimination and oppression
helps in the provision of social services
helps in the provision of employment
improves standard of living in the country
brings more freedom to the citizens
Steps taken by the government of Tanzania in promoting human rights in the country -
Establishment of NGOs
establishment of a human rights commission
mass education on the importance of promoting and preserving human rights

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punishing those who violate human rights

promoting and maintaining defense and security
Example of economic rights - To own property
Tanzanian institutions responsible for promoting or protecting human rights -
TAMWA, TAWLA, TGNP, Haki Elimu, Judiciary, Tanzania Society of the Lawyers, TUCTA
Reproductive right is a legal right, whereas the right to life is a constitutional right

Limitations of individual human rights

Arson - Unlawful setting of fire of structures or buildings
Bail - The release by the police or court of a person held in legal custody while awaiting trial or appealing
against criminal conviction
Defendant - A person against whom court proceedings are brought
Laws - Are formulations of rule of behavior enforced by a special authority
Plaintiff - A person applying for relief against another person in an action suit, petition
Prosecutor - A person who brings a case to court
Rape - Unlawful sexual act by a man without a woman’s consent
Rule of Law - Laws should be enforced equally, fairly and consistently to all
Causes of crime in Tanzania -
Poverty
lack of education
growing population
ineffective police protection
little chance of being caught or punished
Why there are higher crime rates in cities -
Overpopulation
higher unemployment
poverty
weakening of moral values Benjamin William Mkapa
3rd President of Tanzania
Ways to reduce crime in the country -
Create employment opportunities
improve & strengthen police protection
provision of effective punishments to criminals
provision of proper education
The punishment for manslaughter is life imprisonment
Human Rights Abuse - Are all actions which when practiced by people or governments which violate
human rights (ex. beating women, raping, killing old people, forced marriage)

4. RESPONSIBLE CITIZENSHIP
Citizen - A person who is accepted and belongs to the a particular country
Citizenship - A condition or state of being a citizen of a particular country

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Responsibilities of a good citizen -

Duty to respect other people’s rights
duty to watch & give opinions on government process/activities
voting
paying taxes
working
participating in community activities
Ways of acquiring citizenship in Tanzania -
Birth
by descent
by registration
Responsibilities to HIV/AIDS victims -
Not to isolate them (stigmatization)
advise them to attend treatment at medical centers Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
4th President of Tanzania
to advise them to attend counseling and guidance
to provide them with a balanced diet

5. WORK
Work - Man’s purposeful activity in the production of goods or services or the use of physical strength
and mental skills in the making of things or providing services. (ex. farming, fishing, carpentry,
trading, teaching, nursing, brick making, livestock keeping, etc)
Types of work -
Physical work (ex. brick making)
mental work (ex. teaching)
Importance of work -
Source of income
provides humans with basic needs like food/shelter/clothes
prevention of crime
advancement in science and technology
source of foreign exchange

6. FAMILY LIFE
Adolescent - A transitional stage of physical and mental human development between puberty and
adulthood
Courtship - Before marriage a man and a woman pass through this period
Marriage - Legally bonded relationship between a man and a woman as husband and wife
Three types of marriage -
Traditional
religious
civil marriage

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To establish a civil marriage - Approval by district commissioner (DC)

To establish a traditional marriage - Use of traditional laws
To establish a religious marriage - Use religious customs
Adoption - A situation where parents keep children lawfully who are not their offspring
Family Planning - Is the planning of when to have children and how many children to have
Polyandry - Two or more husbands at the same time
Monogamy - A marriage involving only one husband or wife
Polygamy - A marriage involving two or more wives or husbands
Nuclear family -
Father
mother (wives)
children
Importance of family -
Teaches us good morals & code of conduct
gives us identity
teaches us patriotism
we learn love and care for one another
it is a source of basic education
it gives us knowledge about
government and ideologies

Rights and responsibilities of family members

Responsibilities of a father -
To make decisions as the head of family
Dr. John Pombe Magufuli
organize family activities 5th President of Tanzania
providing security for the family
to teach children customs and traditions
to maintain family discipline and peace
provide requirements to family members (food/clothes/shelter)
Responsibilities of a mother -
Organizes family activities
giving birth and providing parental care
taking care of husband and children
assist the father in running the family
a bridge of love between parents and children
Responsibilities of children -
To assist with domestic work
a bond of love and joy in a family
assisting in taking care of younger brothers and sisters

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7. PROPER BEHAVIOUR AND RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING

Behaviour - The way one acts towards other people
Types of behaviour -
Proper, improper
Elements of proper behaviour -
Love
peace
respect
responsibility
cooperation
Elements of improper behaviour -
Aggression
segregation
violence
arrogance
excessive drunkenness
irresponsibility
use of abusive language
killing
stealing
raping
corruption
Responsible Decision Making - A process whereby every member of a society feels responsible to
participate in planning, formulation of policies and implementation for development

8. ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION

Road - A prepared surface on which vehicles and pedestrians move from one place to another
Road Safety - A state of being safe from dangers when using a road
Road Traffic Signs - The symbols or marks used to instruct drivers what to do
Importance of road traffic signs -
Guide drivers where to go
warn drivers about corners
construction zones
minimize road accidents caused by speed
regulate traffic flow/speed
ensures safe driving and proper road usage
Examples of road traffic signs -
Zebra cross, slow down, stop, give way, no turn, no parking
Causes of road accidents -
Excessive driving speed Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume
1st President of Zanzibar

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drunkenness
not using a seatbelt
improper use of traffic lights
driving by unqualified drivers
poor road quality
talking on a mobile phone while driving
Prevention of road accidents -
Proper use of road traffic signs
being strict about driving speed
road maintenance
law enforcement
education about road traffic signs
Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein
7th President of Zanzibar

1. PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS

Steps of problem solving and decision making:
1. Identify the problem
2. Problem Analysis and clarification
3. Reviewing alternative solutions
4. Choosing a solution
5. Implementing a solution
6. Evaluation
The purpose of problem solving is to get the best possible solution

2. GOVERNMENT OF TANZANIA
Government - Is a group of people within a community or nation who have the power and authority of
performing administrative functions like planning, making decisions or implementing policies
Responsibilities of the President -
Head of State
Head of Government Affairs
Commander in Chief of Armed Forces
Head of Public Service
Sovereignty - Freedom from foreign influence and domination
External sources of government revenue -
Non-payable: Grants from donor countries

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Payable: IMF loan, loans from central government/Word Bank, Domestic loans
Importance of taxes in Tanzania -
Chief source of government income
used to pay various government employees
helps government to make good decisions
facility wealth redistribution
helps to estimate economic state of the country
List of ministries under the Union Government of Tanzania -
Security and Defense
Home Affairs
Finance
Science Technology and Higher Education
Aristocracy/Oligarchy - A type of dictatorship where a few persons form and control the government
Dictatorship - A type of government where a single person or small group of people control all aspects of
the country
Unicameral - A type of government with one house of parliament
Public Transport - Shared passenger transportation service which is available for use by the general
public Morocco is a constitutional monarchy
Constitution - A body of rules and principles by which a country is governed
According to the constitution the parliament consists of the president and national assembly
One of the features of a typical constitution is that it spells out the composition and functions of the
government
One of the advantages of an unwritten constitution is that it is flexible

LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Structure of local government in Tanzania -
Village government - Village assembly, village council, committees (finance and economic
planning, defense and security, social services and self reliance, VEO
Ward government - Ward development committee, departments of
agriculture/education/finance/health/livestock/social welfare, WEO
District local government - District council, district executive officer (DED), district committees,
departments, councilors
Urban - Town council, municipal council, city council
Mandatory functions of local governments in Tanzania -
Provision of social services
maintenance of law and order
promotion of social and economic welfare and the wellbeing of people
collecting and proper
utilization of taxes
making of bylaws

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coordination of projects and plans

facilitate representative democracy
Local Governments are important institutions for facilitating participatory democracy
The proper officer in charge of District council is the District Executive Director
The regional commissioner is appointed by the head of state and government

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Taxes - Taxes are fees/levies imposed by the government upon its people as a source of government
revenue or income
Direct Tax - Is paid by people employed by the government or private sector (income tax)
Indirect Tax - Comes from import and export duties, fees, fines
VAT (Value Added Tax) - Source of government revenues
Major sources of national income in Tanzania -
Taxes rents fees
customs borrowing aid tariffs
sale of government assets
government activities (ex mining, fishing, industry, oil, agriculture)
Bill - A proposal for a new law
Judiciary - The organ of the government which interprets the law of the country
The parliament should limit and control the powers and actions of the executive government
branch
The Parliament of Tanzania is unicameral
The parliament is called legislature because it enacts laws
The three branches of government are - Legislative, judicial, executive
One of the functions of judiciary is to interpret laws

Tanganyika/Zanzibar union
What a United Republic means in Tanzania - It refers to the union between Zanzibar and Tanganyika
under Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika and Abeid Amani Karume of Zanzibar in 1964
The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was influenced by their desires for security

UNION AFFAIRS IN THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

According to the constitution of Tanzania the union matters are -
Statistics higher education citizenship
research defense migration
currency police income tax
foreign affairs
declaration of state emergency
constitution and governance
international trade and loans

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court of appeals
registration of polities
Non union matters -
Local government affairs
road maintenance and travel
agriculture/livestock/fishing
trade and small scale industries
prisons

3. DEMOCRACY
Democracy - A type of government where the people in power were chosen by the population through
elections
Types of democracy:
Representative democracy - Involves few people who are elected to represent others in
decision making discussions, they rule on behalf of others
Participatory Democracy - Is where people directly engage in decision making discussions
Parliamentary Democracy - Is a form of governance in which people, through their votes, elect
members of the parliament
Importance of democratic leadership -
Promotes freedom of speech/religion/opinion
promotes accountability and transparency
promotes good governance
promotes rule of law
brings equality and justice
guarantee basic human rights
leads to development
Role of the press in enhancing democracy -
Allows opposition to have a voice
spreads information
bringing awareness to the people Tanganyika Independence, 1961
advise the government
provide information to the people about the actions of the government

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Difference between Democratic Government from Non-Democratic Government –

Democratic Government Non-democratic Government

• Leaders enter in power through free and • No free and fair elections
fair elections • No freedom of
• Freedom of opinion/worship/speech/association opinion/worship/speech/association
• Existence of rule of law • Rule of law is not respected
• Guarantee of basic human rights • No guarantee of basic human rights
• The leader is a servant of the people • The leader is not a servant of thepeople
• Transparency and accountability • No transparency or accountability
• No one is above the law • Leaders are above the law

DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS
Election - Formal decision making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public
office
Polling Station - A place where voting takes place
Advice on how to improve democracy -
Free and fair elections
multipartism
transparency
accountability
rule of law
good governance
guarantee of basic human rights
political tolerance
integrity
Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, 1964
civic competence
Conditions for a free and fair election in a democracy -
Free mass media
freedom of speech/expression
multipartism
competition between political parties/candidates
transparency in the election
corruption is limited
no outside influence from foreign governments
Importance of elections in governance -
Helps to get leaders
promotes democracy
promotes freedom of people

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promotes equality and justice

encourages mass involvement in government activities
Importance of multiparty democracy in Tanzania -
To get competent leaders
allow for political competition
promote freedom of people
promote democracy
reduction of corruption
The Union Electoral Commission is chaired by a judge of the court of Appeal
The Tanzanian president must be 40 years old or above

4. GENDER
Gender Discrimination - Men or women are treated unfairly based on gender
Gender Gap - The inequality that exists in job accessibility
Gender Equality - Absence of inequality between men and women in all aspects
Gender Equity - Equal treatment of men and women within a society
Gender Mainstreaming - The strategies to achieve the goals of gender equality

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT -
Refers to initiatives taken by the government or organizations to promote the role of women in
society
Problems facing our society’s efforts to empower women -
Poor government support
cultural beliefs/practices/traditions
inadequate funds
lack of moral support
women do not receive adequate education
misappropriate of money
lack of sustainability in womens empowerment projects
dependency on donors and external financing
sexual abuse
Strategies to promote gender equality -
Change bad cultural practices like female genital mutilation/jando/unyago
change men’s perception of women’s roles
encourage women to work
mass education in the society
encourage equality in the family
make and enforce laws which protect women
Women are considered to be among the underprivileged groups in society because -
They are seen as being only capable of cooking and raising children

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Problems facing the governments’ efforts to empower women -

Bad cultural beliefs
lack of education
inadequate funds
poor civic support
corruption
ineffective organized groups
peoples bad attitude towards women
Efforts by the government to empower women in Tanzania -
Establishment of NGOs (TGNP, TAMWA, TAWLA)
making laws which protect women
involving women in decision making organs of government
promoting women to become involved in economic activities
affirmative action like free marks to become enrolled in the education system
conduction dialogues about women
Causes of early marriage -
Poverty
bride price
cultural beliefs or practices
illiteracy
adolescence brings biological and mental changes
threat of AIDS increases demand for younger girls
The effects of inheritance of spouses -
Transmission of STDs/HIV
loss of care for children who can become orphans
doesn’t consider the rights of the woman/she is forced
physical beating because of lack of respect
denies widows rights to inherit property
Means of removing the gap between educated and uneducated people -
Get rid of selfishness
students do the same work as other students (i.e. farming)
be in contact with others (i.e. teaching adults)
former students helping those without education to improve their lives
Gender inequality in Africa is perpetuated by:
early marriage
bride price
polygamy

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1. PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS

The qualities of good leadership -
Talking/discussing with people
explaining clearly and persuading people
making constructive suggestions
educated
creativity
Roles of a leader -
Planning
decision making
building a team
mobilizing others
encouraging others
supervising others
implementation of strategy
budgeting Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi
8th President of Zanzibar
coordinating
organizing
Effective Communication -
Sender, message, receiver, feedback
Self-worth - Is a feeling of confidence in yourself that you are good and useful
Self confidence - Is achieved when one has focus and determination and knows they can be successful
Factors of good leadership -
Communication
motivation
education
teamwork
positive relationships
self worth and confidence

2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Economic Development - The increase in the standard of living of a nation’s population with sustained
growth from a simple low income country to a modern high income country
Education - The process by which a society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and
values from one generation to another
‘Education is a Debt’ - The student is indebted to the society for the privilege of receiving education and
must serve society in return
Liberalism - Socio-economic system in which individual liberties are supreme

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Entrepreneur - Someone who possesses a new business or idea and who assumes the risks of its
outcome
Bases of development - Leadership through education, democracy in decision making
GNP (Gross National Product) - The total value of all products and services produced in a country

INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Literacy Rate - The proportion of the population over the age of fifteen that can read and write
The indicators of development in a given country -
Education
infrastructure
technology
industry
high GDP
better health services
good governance
high employment rates
low infant mortality rates, higher life expectancy
high per capita income
access to good diet/food
better social services
high literacy rates
Criteria used to determine if a country is underdeveloped -
Poor economy
lack of infrastructural development
poor technology
conflict/war
few people complete education
high mortality rates
high corruption
diseases
poor industry
lack of transparency
Conditions for development -
Land
labour
technology
capital
markets

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FACTORS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Importance of industry and agriculture to developing countries -
Agriculture provides raw materials to industries
industries provide manufactured goods to people (clothes/food)
agriculture provides food to the people
both provide employment
both improve living standards of the people
Domestic factors in Tanzania causing our economic crisis -
Lack of technology
nepotism
high illiteracy level
corruption
lack of education
selling of industries to foreign nationals
poor government planning and leadership
Problems facing informal sector -
Inadequate funds
inadequate training and education
poor government support
poor technology
lack of areas for settlement
unplanned settlement
Ways to improve the informal sector -
Provision of education to build skills
access to loans
use of better technology
permanent settlement
good laws and policies

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT

Financial Institution - An institution which lends money to people or businesses
NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development) - An economic initiative for development of Africa
Role of financial institutions in the development of Tanzania -
Provide loans to people
promote higher living standards of the people
create employment opportunities
provide business education to people
maintains the value of money (ex central bank)
establish economic projects and plans
provides financial support to special groups

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ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN DEVELOPMENT

Capital Expenditure - Government expenditure of development projects
Nepotism - Favouring of relatives/friends over qualified/educated people
PCB (Prevention of Corruption Bureau) - The Anti corruption bureau in Tanzania
Role of government in regulating national development -
Provision of social services
construction of transport/communication systems
making laws and policies
planning overall strategy
promoting new technology
collection and effective utilization of taxes
Role of government in the promotion of economic development in Tanzania -
To encourage citizens to get involved in various production activities
to promote domestic and foreign investment
Support citizens economic activities
to provide economic and financial education to citizens
provision of better social services
to invite foreign governments and organizations to support economic and infrastructural projects
ensure effective and sustainable use of natural resources
develop tourism
mining and agricultural sectors
Role of local government in speeding up social, economic and political development of Tanzania -
Provision of social services
maintenance of peace and security
making of laws and policies
planning and coordinating projects
collecting and allocating revenue
Effects of corruption towards development in Tanzania -
Ineffective provision of social services
leads to selfishness/nepotism/favouritism
doesn’t promote a diversified economy
denies equality and justice
leads to poverty and poor infrastructure
Parastatals - Used to facilitate state centered economy in Tanzania

ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN DEVELOPMENT

Advantages of privatization -
Increases the amount of capital invested in our economy
increases the efficiency of operation
increase industrial output

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increases government revenue

expansion of employment opportunities
improvement of infrastructure
Disadvantages of privatization -
Kills local industrial sector
causes unequal distribution of wealth
entrenchment of workers
may lead to the importation of outdated technology
kills markets for local raw materials
Importance of private sectors in Tanzania -
Help in the provision of social services (banking/health)
provides employment
diversifies the economy
brings money into Tanzania
develops infrastructure
provides goods to citizens
Social Development - Refers to a change in the social structure of a society in terms of its nature, social
institutions, social behaviors or social relations
NEMC (National Environmental Management Council) - Government organization responsible for
environmental management
Importance of reproductive health -
Prevents risks associated with frequent pregnancies
protects from risk of high mortality rate
gives information to take precautions given their health status
avoids need for abortion
avoids drugs/alcohol during pregnancy
reduces spread of STDs or HIV to child
elimination of female circumcision
The purpose of education is to benefit society

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES

Role of the government in the provision of social services -
Training people (experts)
provision of tools and equipment
constructing new transport systems and repairing the old ones
education the public about how best to use social services
good policy making and implementation

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ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES

Role of private sector in the provision of social services -
Building and running hospitals/schools
providing education
drilling wells to provide clean water sources
building transport and communication systems
providing loans
Challenges facing the provision of social services in Tanzania -
Inadequate funds
poor transport/communication system
poor technology
corruption
lack of qualified personnel
bad ethics
Solutions for the problems facing the provision of social services in Tanzania -
Use of advanced technology
construction of better communication/transportation system
enforcement of anticorruption laws
better education to develop qualified personnel
good ethics

3. POVERTY
Per Capita Income - Income of an individual in a year
Two levels of poverty -
Poverty at a national level - A situation whereby a country is economically dependent on
external assistance to finance its basic needs so that it can survive as a nation
Poverty at an individual level - A situation whereby a person is unable to afford his or her own
basic needs like food/clothing/shelter
Effects of poverty in third world countries like Tanzania -
Loss of freedom
lack of education
lack of women’s rights
corrupt governments
violence and conflict
malnutrition and hunger
economic output
diseases
poor infrastructure
poor social services

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political unrest
weakens national sovereignty
Why so many in Tanzania have fallen into poverty since independence -
Corruption
poor economic management
poor transport/communication system
poor infrastructure
poor technology
bad leadership
lack of education and skilled personnel
inadequate funds
Reasons for poverty and backwardness in many sub-Saharan countries -
Inadequate funds
poor technology
poor leadership/governance
ineffective utilization of resources
bad cultural practices
colonial legacy
tribal conflict
poor infrastructure
poor transport/communication
weak economy
weak democracy
Strategies to alleviate poverty in rural areas of Tanzania -
Effective utilization of resources
use of advanced technology
improving education
construction of infrastructure
improvement of transport/communication systems
empowering women
good leadership
development of economic activities in rural areas
encourage participation of private sectors

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1. CULTURE
Crafts - Material cultural products
Customs – Refers to the short-lived patterns/systems of behaviour shared by the members of a society
that can be directly observed like greetings, dressing style, foods etc
Folk Way - True stories and beliefs used to guide society
Culture - The totality of a people’s way of life as they struggle to live and develop as a society or a nation
Myths - False stories that parents tell their children as oral tradition
Intellectual Culture - A non-material culture, enjoys books and arts
Characteristics of culture -
Adoptive
learned
symbolic
dynamic
Purpose of learning culture in school -
Culture gives identity as a nation
binds people together
encourages good morals/behavior
crafts provide households with basic items
initiation ceremonies prepare boys/girls for life ahead Samia Suluhu Hassan
6th President of Tanzania
Significance of Kiswahili as a national language in Tanzania -
Gives national identity
unifies Tanzanians
used as a medium of communication to the people
official language of the parliament and government
gives pride and self confidence to the citizens
Colonial education had the following problems –
Segregated women
supported racism
despised traditional beliefs and dances
encouraged individualism over community
Antiquities - Important objects that have existed for a very long time
Tribe - The group of people living in a particular area sharing common customs, traditions and race

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF OUR CULTURAL PRACTICES

Tanzanian traditions/customs which must be eradicated -
Women’s genital mutilation
inheritance of widows

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gender inequality
early and forced marriages
Bad customs and traditions in our culture which can lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS -
Fataki (intergenerational sex)
inheritance of widows
female genital mutilation
early marriage
forced marriage
bride price
polygamy
Effects of bad cultural practices in terms of poverty -
Leads to the spread of HIV/AIDS
brings segregation/humiliation/oppression
leads to inequality and injustice
denial of social services
denies ownership of property
leads to killings/conflicts
Importance of maintaining a culture in a country -
Symbol of a nation
promotes peace and security
promotes unity/solidarity/cooperation
source of income (ex Maasai)
pride and self worth of citizens
transfer knowledge
skills and abilities to new generations
Merits of family planning in Tanzania -
It assures availability of resources for children
it ensures reproductive health to the mother
it helps the family engage in economic activities
reduces risks of maternal and child deaths
reduces number of street children
reduces rapid population growth
Using Life Skills - They are used in day to day activities so as to solve various problems that we face. It
also helps people related well with others and shapes the behaviour of people so that they will
beaccepted by the society

2. GLOBALIZATION
Globalization - The integration of regional economies, societies and cultures throughout the world
Cooperation - Stabilization of the personal relationship between members of the society
Free Market Economy - Is where people are free to engage in any type of economic activity

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Purpose of the East African union -

Common market
increase agricultural and industrial products
encourage investors to move capital here
common passports
encourage production of commodities on a large scale
Common regulation/standardization boards and laws
Areas of cooperation in East African countries -
Trade
investments/industrial development
monetary/fiscal affairs
infrastructure/social services
free movement of people and goods
science/technology
agriculture/food security

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Effects of globalization on Tanzanian culture -
Positive -
Respect of human rights and higher living standards
eradication of bad cultural beliefs/practices
integration of all cultural practices in the world
diffusion of good international beliefs like democracy and human rights
expansion of religious institutions
Negative -
Erosion of morals in the society
undermining of local languages and Kiswahili
eradication of cultural boundaries
Effects of globalization on the economy of Tanzania -
Positive -
Leads to effective utilization of natural resources
easy transportation and production of goods
creating employment opportunities
improves provision of social services
Negative -
Decline and underdevelopment of the industrial sector
decline of locally produced technology
influx of outside goods
presence of multinational companies
creates unemployment

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causes environmental degradation

Political effects of globalization on Tanzania -
Positive -
Integration of Tanzania into global politics
formation of strong political organizations
promotion of the democratization process
Negative -
Global political disorder and terrorism
conflicts and chaos within the country
How the establishment of the East African common market benefits Tanzania -
It will facilitate economic competition
increase employment opportunities
free movement of goods and people
promote investment
development of industries
Benefits of the World Economic forum on Africa held in Dar es Salaam 2010 for Tanzania -
Helps attract foreign investors
develops positive relations with other countries
problems in Tanzania are openly discussed
opens trade barriers
to promote the country’s image
State centered economy - Is an economic system where the government controls the economy
Nationalization - The process of taking an industry or assets into the public ownership of a national
government or state
A major impact of SAP (Structural Adjustment Programmes) in African countries was the reduction of the
work force
The government of Tanzania decided to privatize public enterprises in order to improve efficiency and
Productivity

Factors for land degradation in Tanzania -

Improper farming methods
Overgrazing and overstocking
over-cultivation
bushfires
use of harmful chemicals
mining, urbanization
How the problem of land degradation can be solved -
Through soil conservation practices
prevention of fires

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forest conservation
proper education

CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION
Negative effects of globalization -
Promotes a foreign language
division of people
debilitated local industries/production
moral degradation
encouraging criminal acts/violence
unfair competition between industrialized and poor countries
Positive effects of globalization -
education
new skills/technology
higher quality communications
Acquire capital through foreign investment
connection to other humans
emphasis on human rights

NIEO (New International Economic Order) - An organization which wants to adjust the imbalances in
the distribution of resources between rich and poor nations
ECOWAS - Is the economic integration of West African States formed in 1975
Objectives of ECOWAS -
Set up a customs union with reduction of import duties
enable free movement of people/capital/services
coordinate industrial development
harmonize agricultural policies
Problems facing ECOWAS -
West Africa is foreign oriented
less than 10% of trade is within ECOWAS
smuggling makes it difficult to regulate trade
French speaking countries formed Francophone West
African States which divided ECOWAS
Economic and military dominance by Nigeria
Political instability in countries like Sierra Leone and Liberia
Different levels of economic development in each country

STRUCTURE OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL OF THE UN -

It has 15 members, 5 are permanent US / France / China / Russia / UK) others are elected by UN

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General Assembly. Their function is to maintain international peace and security. Any permanent member
of the Security Council can veto an action
Problems faced by the Security Council in maintaining peace and order -
Too passive in the pursuit of peace
US dominations of UN actions
failure to stop war
development of nuclear weapons continues
MONUC - Is the peace keeping commission in DR Congo

Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, 1964

Tanganyika Independence, 1961

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DATES
January 12th - Zanzibar Revolution Day
April 7th - Karume Day
April 12th - Sokoine Day
April 26th - Union (Tanganyika and Zanzibar) Day
May 1st - Workers Day
June 16th - African Child Day in memory of the Soweto Massacre
October 14th - Nyerere Day
December 9th - Independence Day

YEARS
1890 - The beginning of British rule in Zanzibar Julius Nyerere and Edward Sokoine
1898 - Chief Mkwawa was defeated by the Germans
1926 - First legislative council in Tanganyika
1961- Tanganyika got Independence from the British
1962 - Tanganyika became Republic
1964 - The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, and form Tanzania
1965 - Legal abolition of multiparty system in Tanzania
1965 - The interim constitution introduced a monoparty system
1972 - Local government authorities are established in Tanzania due to the parliamentary act of 1972
- Abeid Karume was assassinated
1975 - Formation of ECOWAS in West Africa
1980 - CEDAW (Convention for Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women) was formed
1984 - Edward Sokoine got the car accident and die
1992 - Introduction of Multiparty System in Tanzania
1999 - Lusaka Agreement international pact for peace in DR Congo
- Julius Nyerere died
2000 - Marriage law passed in Tanzania to stop discrimination against women

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