Iso 148-3 - 1998
Iso 148-3 - 1998
Iso 148-3 - 1998
STANDARD 148-3
First edition
1998-12-01
Page
Contents
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative reference........................................................................................................................ 1
3 Definitions........................................................................................................................................ 1
4 Symbols........................................................................................................................................... 3
Figures
2 Configuration of test piece supports and anvils in a reference pendulum impact testing machine 10
Annex A Principle behind the use of reference test machines and reference test pieces ................... 11
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© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
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© ISO ISO 148-3:1998(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 148-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of
metals, Subcommittee SC 4, Toughness testing.
ISO 148 consists of the following parts, under the general title Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test :
— Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy V reference test pieces for verification of test machines
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Introduction
The suitability of a pendulum impact testing machine for acceptance testing of metallic materials usually has been
based on a calibration of its scale and verification of compliance with specified dimensions, such as the shape and
spacing of the anvils supporting the specimen. The scale calibration is commonly verified by measuring the mass of the
pendulum and its elevation at various scale readings. This procedure for evaluation of machines had the distinct
advantage of requiring only measurements of quantities which can be traced to national standards. The objective
nature of these traceable measurements minimized the necessity for arbitration regarding the suitability of the
machines for material acceptance tests.
However, sometimes two machines that had been evaluated by the direct-verification procedures described above,
and which met all dimensional requirements, were found to give significantly different impact values when testing test
pieces of the same material. This difference was commercially important when values obtained using one machine met
the material specification, while the values obtained using the other machine did not.
To avoid such disagreements, some purchasers of materials added the requirement that all impact machines used for
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acceptance testing of material sold to them must be indirectly verified by testing reference test pieces supplied by
them. A machine was considered acceptable only if the values obtained using the machine agreed, within specified
limits, with the value furnished with the reference test pieces. Successful experience in the use of reference test pieces
led to the requirement in ISO 148-2 that indirect verification must be performed using reference test pieces in addition
to direct verification. Many national standards and codes also require indirect verification using reference test pieces:
for example, EN 10045-2:1992, Metallic materials — Charpy impact test — Part 2: Verification of the testing machine
(pendulum impact), and ASTM E 23:1994b, Test methods for notched bar impact testing of metallic materials, require
the use of notched test pieces. The purpose of this part of ISO 148 is to specify the requirements, preparation and
methods of qualifying these reference test pieces by means of a reference machine. The indirect verification of the
reference machine is carried out with reference test pieces which have been certified by a third party. As information,
annex A shows this approach schematically.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 148-3:1998(E)
Part 3:
Preparation and characterization of Charpy V reference test
pieces for verification of test machines
1 Scope
This part of ISO 148 covers the requirements, preparation and methods of qualifying test pieces that are used to
indirectly verify pendulum impact testing machines in accordance with ISO 148-2 and with the certificate for reference
test pieces.
It describes notched test pieces with nominal dimensions identical to those specified in ISO 148-1. However, the
tolerances are more stringent. The chemical composition or heat treatment or both are varied according to the energy
level desired.
Reference test pieces are qualified on reference pendulum impact machines which are also described in this
document.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of
ISO 148. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
agreements based on this part of ISO 148 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.
ISO 148-1:—1), Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method.
ISO 148-2:1998, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 2: Verification of test machines.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 148, the following definitions apply.
3.1 industrial machine: Pendulum impact testing machine used for industrial and most research-laboratory testing of
metallic materials. These machines are not used to establish reference values. Industrial machines are verified using
direct verification and indirect verification with reference test pieces.
_______________
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 83:1976 and ISO 148:1983)
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3.2 reference machine: Pendulum impact testing machine used to determine the reference energy of a reference test
piece. The verification requirements for this grade of machine are more stringent than those for industrial machines.
3.3.1 actual absorbed energy (absorbed energy), AV: The total energy required to break a test piece when tested by
a pendulum impact testing machine. It is equal to the difference in the potential energy from the starting position of the
pendulum to the end of the first half-swing during which the test piece is broken.
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3.3.2 indicated absorbed energy (indicated energy), AS: The energy value indicated by the pointer or other readout
device of a pendulum impact testing machine.
3.3.3 reference energy, AR: The absorbed energy associated with reference test pieces, determined from tests made
using reference machines. It is the mean value of the set tested (see also clause 6).
3.4 lot: A definite quantity of reference test pieces manufactured under identical conditions of production.
3.5 reference test piece: An impact test piece used to verify the suitability of an industrial pendulum impact testing
machine by comparing the indicated energy measured by that machine to the reference energy associated with the
test piece (see clause 8).
3.6 certified reference test piece: An impact test piece used to verify reference machines by comparing the impact
energy measured by that machine to the certified reference value associated with the test piece.
NOTE — The certified reference value is the value determined by a national or international body following an inter-
comparison exercise carried out on a group of reference machines within its jurisdiction.
3.7.1 characterization set: A set of test pieces taken from a lot in accordance with clause 6 and used to determine
the reference energy of the lot.
3.7.2 reference set: A set of test pieces chosen in accordance with clauses 6 and 8 and used to verify a pendulum
impact testing machine.
3.8 Definitions pertaining to the test piece (placed in the test position on the supports of the machine (see figures 1
and 2)
3.8.1 height: The distance between the notched face and the opposite face.
3.8.2 width: The dimension perpendicular to the height and parallel to the notch.
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© ISO ISO 148-3:1998(E)
4 Symbols
The symbols used in this part of ISO 148 are as indicated in table 1.
5.1 Characteristics
The characteristics of reference machines used to determine the reference energy of reference test pieces shall
comply with the requirements of ISO 148-2 except as modified below:
d) The striker shall conform to the geometry specified in ISO 148-2 for either the 2 mm or the 8 mm striker.
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The radius at the base of the notch shall be tangential to the notch angle.
The surface finish shall not exceed 1,6 µm on the notched surface or 3,2 µm on the other surfaces.
Identification marks shall not be placed in any area of the test piece that contacts the striker edge, anvils or test piece
supports, or within 5 mm of the notch.
5.1.2 Capacity
5.1.3 Hardness
The portions of the striker and the anvils (see figure 1) which contact the specimen and apply or react to the impacting
force shall have a minimum hardness of 56 HRC.
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5.1.4 Vibration
Ensure that the reference machine is not subjected to external (random) vibrations induced by other equipment in close
proximity, such as forging hammers, presses, moving vehicles.
NOTE — Such vibrations can be detected by placing a small container of water at any convenient location on the
machine framework; the absence of ripples on the water surface indicates that this requirement is met. Excessive
vibration in a machine firmly fastened to the floor indicates the need for a separate foundation and/or the use of
vibration isolators.
Direct verification shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 148-2 and with the additional requirements of 5.1.
Indirect verification shall be carried out using certified reference test pieces. The repeatability and the error shall be as
specified in table 3.
< 40 ¶3 ¶2
Ä 40 ¶ 7,5 % of AR ¶ 5 % of AR
where
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The procedure for the operation of the reference machine shall conform to the requirements of ISO 148 and to the
following additional requirements:
5.3.1 The angular position of the pendulum at the extremes of its swing or the impact energy calculated therefrom
shall be automatically recorded in digital or graphical form. These records shall be in permanent form suitable for
evaluation at any time until one year after the entire batch of reference test pieces has been distributed.
5.3.2 The combined windage and friction loss during 11 successive half-swings shall be measured before and after
testing each characterization set and the values recorded.
5.3.3 The anvils and striker shall be removed from the machine annually for a complete inspection. If any parts are
found to be damaged, they shall be replaced and the machine shall be re-qualified (see 5.1 and 5.2).
During the annual inspection of the reference machine, the flatness of the anvil surfaces (which absorb the force
transmitted through the test piece) and the adjacent radii shall be examined for local wear or damage or both. The
results of this examination shall be retained until the anvils are replaced or re-machined.
NOTE — This examination can be done, for example, by making impressions of the surfaces in silicone rubber or
another low-shrinkage material, or by holographic methods.
The radius (radii) of the striking edge of the striker and the radii of the anvil surfaces which are contacted by the test
piece shall be measured and documented in the same manner.
If it becomes necessary to repair the recording system, it shall be recalibrated before additional tests are made
(see 5.2).
All equipment used by the supplier for final inspection and testing shall be calibrated and shall have a certified
traceability to the SI System (the international system of units). The supplier shall maintain calibration records for all
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The dates and details of all inspections and repairs shall be documented in a log book maintained for each
reference machine.
All the test pieces from a lot shall come from a single ingot or melt.
All test pieces shall be made of steel. The composition of the test pieces is not specified. Lots with different energy
levels may have different compositions.
All test pieces from a lot shall receive the same heat treatment.
For each lot, the reference energy shall fall within one of the following ranges:
Low: , 30 J
6.2 Dimensions
The reference test pieces shall meet the dimensional requirements given in table 2. These dimensions are identical
with those in ISO 148-1 except that the tolerances are tighter.
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© ISO ISO 148-3:1998(E)
6.3 Marking
All test pieces shall be permanently marked so that each test piece can be distinguished from all the others.
6.4.1 Any group of test pieces meeting the requirements of 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 may be used as the lot from which
reference test pieces are randomly selected.
6.4.2 To determine the reference energy of a lot, draw one or more sets of at least 25 test pieces at random from
the lot and test them on a reference machine.
6.4.3 Take the reference energy of the lot as the average of the values obtained for the 25 or more test pieces.
Also calculate the standard deviation. The standard deviation shall be as specified in table 4.
Table 4 — Standard deviation permitted for reference test pieces (values in joules)
6.4.4 The report on the impact tests on the reference test pieces shall include the following information:
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b) the striker geometry;
e) the energy value, corrected for windage and friction, of each test piece;
f) the reference energy value for the set, and the standard deviation.
After the set(s) to be tested by the reference machine have been drawn from the lot, draw the remaining test pieces
in sets of five. These are the reference test piece sets. Each reference test piece set shall remain intact with no
substitution permitted.
5) the temperature at which the reference energy was determined, and all details necessary for the
identification of the reference machine(s) used to determine the reference energy;
b) when necessary, information concerning the use of the reference test pieces.
8.2 All the reference test pieces in each set shall be used for a single, indirect verification of the pendulum impact
testing machine, testing the test pieces in random order and including all the results in the average. Substitution or
replacement of individual test pieces by test pieces from another reference set is not permitted.
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© ISO ISO 148-3:1998(E)
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Figure 2 — Configuration of test piece supports and anvils in a reference pendulum impact testing machine
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© ISO ISO 148-3:1998(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Principle behind the use of reference test machines and reference test
pieces
NOTE — The USA has no equivalent to reference test pieces or reference machines.
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ICS 77.040.10
Descriptors: metal products, tests, mechanical tests, impact tests, Charpy impact tests, test equipment, impact testing machines,
verification, test specimens, reference sample.