Jis G 0555 - 2020

Licensed to: Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.
Dated: 2021-12-17
Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited
J A PA N E S E
INDUSTRIAL
STANDARD
Translated and Published by
Japanese Standards Association
JIS G 0555 : 2020
(JISF)
Microscopic testing method for the
non-metallic inclusions in steel
ICS 77.040.99;77.080.20
Reference number : JIS G 0555 : 2020 (E)
PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT 26 S
Licensed to: Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Dated: 2021-12-17
G 0555 : 2020
Date of Establishment: 1956-12-15

Date of Revision: 2020-06-22
Date of Public Notice in Official Gazette: 2020-06-22
Investigated by: Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
Standards Board for ISO area
Technical Committee on Metal and Inorganic
Materials
JIS G 0555 : 2020, First English edition published in 2021-02
Translated and published by: Japanese Standards Association

Mita MT Building, 3-13-12, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073 JAPAN
In the event of any doubts arising as to the contents,

the original JIS is to be the final authority.
© JSA 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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AT
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G 0555 : 2020
Contents
Page
Introduction ························································································································· 1
1 Scope ···························································································································· 1
1A Normative reference ·································································································· 1
2 Principle ······················································································································ 2
3 Sampling ····················································································································· 3
4 Preparation of specimens ·························································································· 6
5 Determination of the content of inclusions ····························································· 7
5.1 Method of observation ······························································································· 7
5.2 Actual examination ···································································································· 8
6 Expression of results ······························································································· 10
6.1 General ······················································································································ 10
6.2 Case of method A ····································································································· 10
6.3 Case of method B ····································································································· 10
7 Test report ················································································································ 10
Annex A (normative) Chart diagrams for inclusion groups A, B, C, D and DS ····· 12
Annex B (informative) Assessment of a field and of oversized inclusions or
stringers ···················································································· 27
Annex C (informative) Typical example of results (the total number of fields
showing the index, by type of inclusion, for a given
number of fields observed) ······················································ 29
Annex D (informative) Relationship between chart diagram indices and
inclusion measurements ························································· 33
Annex JA (normative) Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic
inclusions by the point counting method ······························ 39
Annex JB (informative) Comparison table between JIS and corresponding
International Standard ························································· 43
(i)
G 0555 : 2020
This Japanese Industrial Standard has been revised by the Minister of Economy, Trade
and Industry through deliberations at the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee as
the result of proposal for revision of Japanese Industrial Standard submitted by The
Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF) with a draft being attached, based on the
provision of Article 12, paragraph (1) of the Industrial Standardization Act applied
mutatis mutandis pursuant to the provision of Article 16 of the said Act. This edition
replaces the previous edition (JIS G 0555:2015), which has been technically revised.
This JIS document is protected by the Copyright Act.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some parts of this Standard may conflict with
patent rights, published patent application or utility model rights. The relevant Minister
and the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee are not responsible for identifying
any of such patent rights, published patent application or utility model rights.
(ii)
JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD JIS G 0555 : 2020
Microscopic testing method for

the non-metallic inclusions in steel
Introduction
This Japanese Industrial Standard has been prepared based on ISO 4967:2013, Edi-
tion 3 by adopting the microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel
of the said ISO without any changes in the technical contents, and also adding the point
counting method unique to JIS.
The vertical lines on both sides and dotted underlines indicate additions to the cor-
responding International Standard. A list of modifications with the explanations is
given in Annex JB. Annex JA is unique to JIS and not given in the corresponding Inter-
national Standard.
1 Scope
This Standard specifies a micrographic method of determining the non-metallic in-
clusions (hereafter referred to as inclusions) in rolled or forged steel products having a
reduction ratio of at least 3 using standard diagrams and point counting method. This
method is widely used to assess the suitability of a steel for a given use. However, since
it is difficult to achieve reproducible results owing to the influence of the test operator,
even with a large number of specimens, precautions should be taken when using the
method.
NOTE 1 For certain types of steel (e.g. free cutting steels), the standardized dia-
grams described in this Standard may not be applicable.
This Standard also provides for the determination of non-metallic inclusions by
image analysis technologies (see Annex D).
It also provides in Annex JA the method for assessing the cleanliness of steel by de-
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termining the type and number of inclusions in steel by means of a microscope.
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NOTE 2 The International Standard corresponding to this Standard and the sym-
bol of degree of correspondence are as follows.
ISO 4967 : 2013 Steel—Determination of content of nonmetallic inclu-
sions—Micrographic method using standard diagrams (MOD)
In addition, symbols which denote the degree of correspondence in the
contents between the relevant International Standards and JIS are IDT
(identical), MOD (modified), and NEQ (not equivalent) according to ISO/
IEC Guide 21-1.
1A Normative reference
The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, con-
stitute provisions of this Standard. The most recent edition of the standard (including
amendments) indicated below shall be applied.
JIS G 0202 Glossary of terms used in iron and steel (Testing)
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2 Principle
The method consists of comparing the observed field to the chart diagrams defined
in this Standard and taking in consideration separately each type of inclusion. In the
case of image analysis, fields will be rated according to the relationships given in
Annex D.
The chart pictures correspond to square fields of view, each with an area of 0.50 mm2,
as obtained with a longitudinal plane-of-polish and as observed at 100 ×.
According to the shape and distribution of the inclusions, the standard diagrams are
divided into five main groups, bearing the reference A, B, C, D and DS.
These five groups represent the most commonly observed inclusion types and mor-
phologies:
— Group A (sulfide type): highly malleable, individual grey particles with a wide
range of aspect ratios (length/width) and generally rounded ends;
— Group B (aluminate type): numerous non deformable, angular, low aspect ratio
(generally < 3), black or bluish particles (at least three) aligned in the deformation
direction;
— Group C (silicate type): highly malleable, individual black or dark grey particles
with a wide range of aspect ratios (generally > 3) and generally sharp ends;
— Group D (globular oxide type): non deformable, angular or circular, low aspect
ratio (generally < 3), black or bluish, randomly distributed particles;
— Group DS (single globular type): circular, or nearly circular, single particle with
a diameter > 13 µm.
Non-traditional inclusion types may also be rated based on their morphology com-
pared to the above five types and a statement about their chemical nature. As an ex-
ample, globular sulfides would be rated as a D type and a descriptive subscript (e.g. Dsulf)
defined in the test report. Dcas would indicate globular calcium sulfides; D RES would
indicate rare earth sulfides; D Dup would indicate globular duplex inclusions, such as
calcium sulfide surrounding an aluminate.
Types of precipitate such as borides, carbides, carbonitrides or nitrides may also be
rated based on their morphology compared to the above five types and a statement about
their chemical nature as described in the previous subclause.
Each main group on the chart consists of two subgroups, each made up of six dia-
grams representing increasing inclusion content. This division into subgroups is merely
intended to give examples of different thicknesses of non-metallic particles.
The diagrams on the chart are given, by inclusion group, in Annex A.
These chart diagrams carry an index number, i, from 0.5 to 3, the numbers increas-
ing with the inclusion or stringer lengths (Groups A, B, C) or by the number (Group D)
or by the diameter (Group DS), as defined in Table 1, and by thickness, as defined in
Table 2. For example, the diagram A2 indicates that the shape of the inclusions ob-
served under the microscope is in accordance with group A and that their distribution
and quantity are in accordance with number 2.
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Table 1 Rating limits

Chart Inclusion group b)
diagram
A a) B a) C a) D DS
index
total length total length total length count diameter
i µm µm µm number µm
0.5 37 or over to and 17 or over to and 18 or over to and 1 or over to 13 or over to
excl. 127 excl. 77 excl. 76 and excl. 4 and excl. 19
1 127 or over to and 77 or over to and 76 or over to and 4 or over to 19 or over to
excl. 1 181 excl. 1 147 excl. 1 029 and excl. 49 and excl. 107
a)
Notes The above length values for the A, B and C groups have been computed from the equations
given in Annex D and then rounded off to the nearest whole number.
b)
Inclusions outside the range of this table can be rated according to Annex D.
Table 2 Inclusion thickness parameters

Unit : µm
Fine Thick b)
Group type Minimum width Minimum width
A 2 or over up to and incl. 4 Over 4 up to and incl. 12
B 2 or over up to and incl. 9 Over 9 up to and incl. 15
C 2 or over up to and incl. 5 Over 5 up to and incl. 12
a)
D 2 or over up to and incl. 8 Over 8 up to and incl. 13
a)
Notes For type D, the maximum dimension is defined as the diameter.
b)
Inclusions having a width greater than the maximum width of the thick series
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
in the table should be separately reported.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Examination at a magnification greater than 100 × may be used to identify the na-
ture of the non-traditional inclusions before performing the test.
3 Sampling
The shape of the inclusion depends to a large extent on the degree of reduction of
the steel; therefore, comparative measurements may only be carried out on prepared sec-
tions taken from samples with a similar amount of deformation.
The polished surface of the specimen used to determine the content of inclusions shall
be approximately 200 mm2 (20 mm × 10 mm). It shall be parallel to the longitudinal axis
of the product and shall be located halfway between the outer surface and the centre.
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The method of sampling shall be defined in the product standard or subject to agree-
ment between the purchaser and the manufacturer. The test surface, in the case of
plates, shall be approximately at a quarter of the width.
In the absence of such specifications, the sampling procedure shall be as follows:
— bar or billet with a diameter or length of side greater than 40 mm: the surface to
be examined consists of a part of section located halfway between the outer surface
and the centre (see Figure 1);
— bar or billet with a diameter or length of side greater than 25 mm and less than or
equal to 40 mm: the surface to be examined consists of half the section (from the
centre to the edge of the sample) (see Figure 2);
— bar with a diameter less than or equal to 25 mm: the surface to be examined con-
sists of the full diametral section of length sufficient to obtain a surface of about
200 mm 2 (see Figure 3);
— plate with a thickness less than or equal to 25 mm: the surface to be examined
consists of the whole thickness, and located at the quarter of the width (see Fig-
ure 4),
— plate with a thickness greater than 25 mm and less than or equal to 50 mm: the
surface to be examined consists of half the thickness from the surface to the centre
and is located at the quarter of the width (see Figure 5);
— plate with a thickness greater than 50 mm: the surface to be examined consists of
quarter the thickness and is located halfway between the outer surface and the
middle of the thickness and at the quarter of the width (see Figure 6).
The number of samples to be taken is defined in the product standard or by special
agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
For any other product, the sampling procedures shall be subject to agreement be-
tween the purchaser and the manufacturer.
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Unit: mm
Figure 1 Sample from bar or billet with a diameter or length of side

> 40 mm
Figure 2 Sample from bar or billet with a diameter or length of side

> 25 mm and 40 mm
Figure 3 Sample from bar with a diameter 25 m
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r width
a rolling direction
Figure 4 Sample from plate with thickness 25 mm
r width
a rolling direction
Figure 5 Sample from plate with thickness > 25 mm and 50 mm
r width
a rolling direction
Figure 6 Sample from plate with thickness > 50 mm
4 Preparation of specimens
The specimen shall be cut so as to obtain a surface for examination. In order to
achieve a flat surface and to avoid rounding the edges of the specimen when polishing,
the specimen may be held mechanically or may be mounted.
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When polishing specimens, it is important to avoid any tearing out or deformation

of the inclusions, or contamination of the polished surface, so that the surface is as clean
as possible and the shape of the inclusions is not affected. These precautions are of par-
ticular importance when the inclusions are small. It is advisable to use diamond paste
for polishing. In certain cases it may be necessary for the specimen to be heat treated
before polishing in order to give it the maximum possible hardness.
5 Determination of the content of inclusions
5.1 Method of observation

Examination with the microscope may be by one of two methods:
— by projection on to ground glass,
— by observation by means of an eyepiece.
The method of observation chosen shall be maintained throughout the test.
If the image is projected onto a ground glass or similar device, the magnification shall
be 100 × ± 2 × on the ground glass. Place a clear plastic overlay (Figure 7) of a 71 mm
square (0.50 mm2 true area) over or behind the ground glass projection screen. The
image within the test square is compared to the standard pictures on the chart
(Annex A).
If the inclusions are examined through the microscope eyepieces, insert a reticle with
the test pattern shown in Figure 7 in the microscope at the appropriate location so that
the test grid area is 0.50 mm2 at the image plane.
Automatic image analysis can be used to assess inclusions of applicable materials
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providing that the accuracy of the methods has previously been proven by an extensive
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cross correlation.
-------------------------------
In special cases, a magnification greater than 100 × may be used, provided that the
same magnification is applied for the standard diagrams, and shall be recorded in the
test report.
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Unit : mm
Figure 7 Test pattern for grid overlays or reticles
5.2 Actual examination
5.2.0A General
--------------------------------
Two methods are defined as described in 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.
5.2.1 Method A
The entire polished surface is examined and, for each type of inclusion, a note is
made of the reference number 1) of the standard diagram which corresponds to the worst
field examined, in the fine and thick series.
1)
Note The reference number lies to the side of the standard diagram.
5.2.2 Method B
The entire polished surface is examined and each field of the specimen is compared
with the standard diagrams. The reference number of the field which best corresponds
to the field examined for each type of inclusion is noted, in the fine and thick series.
It may be agreed upon to make a partial examination of the specimen by studying a
reduced number of fields, distributed in accordance with a fixed scheme. Both the num-
ber of fields examined and their distribution shall be arranged by prior agreement be-
tween the purchaser and the manufacturer.
5.2.3 General rules for methods A and B

Each field observed is compared with the standard diagrams. If a field of inclusions
falls between two standard diagrams, it is rated following the lower diagram.
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Individual inclusions or stringers that have a length greater than the field width
(0.710 mm) or a width or diameter greater than the thick series maximum (see Table 2)
will be rated as oversized by length, width or diameter. The oversized dimensions of
the inclusion or stringer shall be noted separately. However, these inclusions shall still
be part of the overall rating of that field.
Reproducibility of measurements is improved if actual measurements (stringer
lengths of A, B or C types, diameter of DS type) and counts (D types) are made. Use a
grid overlay or reticle, as shown in Figure 7, the measurement limits in Tables 1 and 2,
and the morphological descriptions in Clause 2, as illustrated in the chart in Annex A.
Non-traditional inclusion types are rated according to the chart group (A, B, C, D,
DS) that best corresponds to their morphology. Compare the length, number, thickness
or diameter of the inclusions to each group shown in Annex A or use Tables 1 and 2 to
assign the appropriate inclusion content number and thickness class (fine, thick or over-
size). Then indicate the nature of the non-traditional inclusion with a subscript to the
group type. Define the subscript in the test report.
For type A, B and C inclusions, two individual inclusions or stringers of lengths l1
and l2 and which are, or are not, in line are considered as one inclusion or stringer if
the distance d is lower than or equal to 40 µm and if the distance s, (the distance between
centres of inclusions/stringers) is lower than or equal to 10 µm (see Figures 8 and 9).
In the case of a stringer with inclusions of different width, the width to be consid-
ered is the width of the biggest inclusion.
Figure 8 Type A and C inclusions
Figure 9 Type B inclusions
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6 Expression of results
6.1 General
Unless otherwise stated in the product standard, the results may be expressed as de-
scribed in 6.2 and 6.3 depending on the method used (method A or method B).
6.2 Case of method A

For each type of inclusion and for each thickness series (see Annex B), the reference
symbol for the group of inclusions shall be followed by the reference number of the worst
field among the observed number of fields, N, the presence of thick inclusions being
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
indicated by the letter e, the presence of inclusion oversized being indicated by the
letter s.
Example A2, B1e, C3, D1, B2s, DS0.5
Any subscripts used to identify non-traditional inclusion types shall be defined.
On the basis of the index numbers relating to each specimen and on their basis, an
arithmetic mean may be assessed per cast for each type of inclusion and for each thick-
ness series.
6.3 Case of method B

The total number of fields shall be indicated for a given index, per type of inclusion
and per thickness series for a given number of fields observed (N).
The full set of total numbers of fields for a given index relative to the various types
of inclusions may be used in special methods for expressing results, such as total index,
itot , or mean index, i moy, subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufac-
turer.
Example For type A inclusions taking: n1 as the number of fields of index 0.5
n2 as the number of fields of index 1.0
n6 as the number of fields of index 3.0,
where, N : total number of fields observed.

A typical result is given in Annex C.
7 Test report
Where required, a test report shall be prepared including the items of information
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chosen among the following by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer:
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a) a reference to this Standard;

Example JIS G 0555
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b) the steel grade or its symbol, and the cast number;

c) the symbol of the product and its dimensions;
d) the type of sampling and position of the area examined;
e) the method selected (method of observation, method of examination, standard chart
used, method of expressing results);
f) the magnification if greater than 100 ×;
g) the number of observed fields or the total area examined;
h) the results of the examination (including the number, size and type of oversize in-
clusions or stringers);
i) statement of subscripts used to define any non-traditional inclusion type;
j) report number and date;
k) name of operator.
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Annex A (normative)
Chart diagrams for inclusion groups A, B, C, D and DS
A
(Sulfide type)
Fine series Minimum Thick series

Thickness 2 µm to 4 µm total Thickness ->- - -4 µm to 12 µm
length
i = 0.5
i=1
Magnification: 100 ×
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i = 1.5
i=2
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i = 2.5
i=3
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B
(Aluminate type)

Thickness 2 µm to 9 µm total Thickness ->- - - 9 µm to 15 µm
length
i = 0.5
i=1
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i = 1.5
i=2
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i = 2.5
i=3
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C
(Silicate type)

Thickness 2 µm to 5 µm total Thickness ->
---
5 µm to 12 µm
length
i = 0.5
i=1
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i = 1.5
i=2
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i = 2.5
i=3
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D
(Globular type oxides)

Thickness 2 µm to 8 µm number of Thickness ->- - -8 µm to 13 µm
inclusions
i = 0.5
i=1
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i = 1.5
i=2
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i = 2.5
i=3
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DS
(Single globular type)
Minimum diameter
Thickness ->- - -13 µm < 76 µm
i = 0.5
13 µm
i=1
19 µm
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i = 1.5
27 µm
i=2
38 µm
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i = 2.5
53 µm
i=3
76 µm
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Annex B (informative)
Assessment of a field and of oversized inclusions or
stringers
B.1 Example of assessment of a field (see Figure B.1)
The upper, left diagram shows a field observed using a

magnification of 100 ×, where four types of nonmetallic
inclusions may be distinguished. Depending on their
shape and distribution, these are classified according to
the four inclusion types:
— type A, sulfide,
— type B, aluminate (fragmented inclusions),
— type C, silicate,
— type DS, single globular inclusion.
The field observed is assessed by comparing it, for each
type of inclusion, with the nearest standard diagram,
ignoring other types of inclusions.
This gives the following indices: A2, B2, C1 and DS2.5.
Figure B.1 Field assessment
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B.2 Example of assessment of oversized inclusions or stringers

If the inclusion or stringer is oversized by length only, the portion of the inclusion or
stringer within the field for method B, or 0.710 mm for method A, will be added to the
length of any other inclusions of the same type and thickness in the same field [see
Figure B.2 a)].
If the inclusion or stringer is oversized by width or diameter (type D inclusions), the
inclusion should be part of the thick series rating for that field [see Figure B.2 b)].
For the type D inclusion, if the number of particles is greater than 49, the index can
be calculated from the equation given in Annex D.
For a DS type inclusion with a diameter greater than 0.107 mm, the index can be
calculated from the equation given in Annex D.
The field rating is based on the total length L The field rating is based on the total length L
L = 0.710 + l 1 + l2 + l3 L = l 1 + l2 + l3 + l4
with separate indication of oversized length l4 with separate indication of oversized length l4
a) For inclusions or stringers oversized b) For inclusions or stringers oversized
by length only by width or diameter
Figure B.2 Field assessment with oversized inclusions on stringer
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Annex C (informative)
Typical example of results (the total number of fields
showing the index, by type of inclusion, for a given
number of fields observed)
C.1 Indices according to field and type of inclusion

Table C.1 gives an example of the results of an assessment of this type, for a total of
20 observed fields, in order to simplify the lay-out of the examples. In general, a mini-
mum of 100 fields are examined.
Table C.1 Results (Indices)
Type of inclusion
Field A B C D DS
Fine Thick Fine Thick Fine Thick Fine Thick
1 — 0.5 1 — 0.5 — — — —
2 0.5 — — — 0.5 — — — —
3 0.5 — 0.5 — — 0.5 — — 0.5
4 1 — — 0.5 1.5 — — 0.5 —
5 — — — 1.5 — 1 — — —
6 1.5 — — — — — 0.5 — 1
7 — 1s 1.5 — — 0.5 — — —
8 — — — 1 1 — — 1 —
9 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 — — — —
10 — 0.5 1 — 0.5 — — — —
11 1 — 0.5 — — 0.5 — — 1
12 0.5 — — — — — — 1s —
13 — — — 0.5 — 1.5 1 — —
14 2 — — 1 — — — — —
15 — — — — 0.5 — — — —
16 0.5 — 1 — — 1 — — —
17 0.5 — 0.5 — — — — 0.5 1.5
18 — — — 1.5 1 — — — —
19 — 2 — 3 0.5 — 0.5 — —
20 — — 0.5 — — 0.5 — — —
C.2 Total number of fields per index according to type of inclusion

On the basis of these results it is possible to determine the total number of fields for
the various indices and inclusion types. Table C.2 below gives the values for the total
number of fields.
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Table C.2 Total number of fields a)

Type of inclusion
Index A B C D DS
Fine Thick Fine Thick Fine Thick Fine Thick
0.5 6 2 5 2 6 4 2 2 1
1 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2
1.5 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
a)
Note Inclusions having a length greater than the dimension of the field, or a width or a diameter
greater than indicated in Table 2 shall be rated using the standard diagrams and reported sepa-
rately in the test report.
C.3 Calculation of total index, itot, and mean index, i moy
C.3.0A General
---------------------------------
Using the total numbers of fields given in Table C.2, it is possible to calculate the
corresponding total and mean indices for each inclusion type and each series.
C.3.1 For type A inclusions

a) Fine series
where, N : total number of fields observed

b) Thick series
C.3.2 For type B inclusions

a) Fine series
b) Thick series
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C.3.3 For type C inclusions

a) Fine series
b) Thick series
C.3.4 For type D inclusions

a) Fine series
b) Thick series
C.3.5 For type DS inclusions
C.4 Weighting factor

It is possible to use a weighting factor for each index number in order to calculate
global cleanness index based on the amount of inclusions. The weighting factors given
in Table C.3 may be used:
Table C.3 Weighting factors
Index number Weighting factor

i fi
0.5 0.05
1 0.1
1.5 0.2
2 0.5
2.5 1
3 2
32
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The cleanness index Ci is calculated following the formula.
where, f i : weighting factor

ni : number of fields of index i
S : total investigated area of the sample (mm2 )
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Annex D (informative)
Relationship between chart diagram indices and
inclusion measurements
D.0A General
------------------------------
The relationships between the chart diagram indices and the inclusion measure-
ments (length or diameter in µm, or number per field) for inclusion groups A, B, C, D
and DS are shown on the following graphs in Figures D.1 to D.5. The following equa-
tions in D.1 and D.2 can be used to calculate either the index from the measurement,
or the inclusion measurement from the index, for example, if there is a need to work to
chart picture numbers above 3.
D.1 Calculation of chart diagram indices from measurements

For group A sulfides, length in µm (L):
log (i) = [0.560 5 log (L)] − 1.179
For group B aluminates, length in µm (L):
log (i) = [0.462 6 log (L)] − 0.871
For group C silicates, length in µm (L):
log (i) = [0.480 7 log (L)] − 0.904
For group D globular oxide type, number per field (n):
log (i) = [0.5 log (n)] − 0.301
For group DS single globular type, diameter in µm (d):
i = [3.311 log (d)] − 3.22
Except for type DS, the anti-log shall be taken to obtain the i value.
D.2 Calculation of the inclusion measurement from the chart picture number
For group A sulfides, length in µm (L)
log (L) = [1.784 log (i)] + 2.104
For group B aluminates, length in µm (L)
log (L) = [2.161 6 log (i)] + 1.884
For group C silicates, length in µm (L):
log (L) = [2.08 log (i)] + 1.88
For group D globular oxide type, number per field (n):
log (n) = [2 log (i)] + 0.602
For group DS single globular type, diameter in µm (d):
log (d) = [0.302 i] + 0.972
The anti-log shall be taken to obtain the measurement values.
For the above linear regression equations, the R 2 values are all above 0.999 9.
(see Figures D.1 to D.5)
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X Chart diagram index

Y Total length (µm)
Figure D.1 Group A: sulfide type
35
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Figure D.2 Group B: aluminate type
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Figure D.3 Group C: silicate type
37
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Y Number/field
Figure D.4 Group D: globular oxide type
38
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Y Diameter (µm)
Figure D.5 Group DS: single globular type
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Annex JA (normative)
Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic
inclusions by the point counting method
JA.1 General
This Annex specifies the microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions
by the point counting method.
JA.2 Principle
A specified test piece is cut out from a specimen and polished to obtain a test sur-
face of specified dimensions. The classification of an inclusion and its area percentage
are determined by examination with a microscope.
JA.3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this Annex, the terms and definitions given in JIS G 0202, and
the following apply.
JA.3.1
point counting method
method wherein the test surface is observed under a microscope with a glass plate
having specified grating lines inserted into the eyepiece, and the number of grating point
centres occupied by inclusions is counted
JA.4 Specimen and test piece
JA.4.1 Specimen
A specimen shall be cut off from rolled or forged steel at right angles to the rolled
direction or forged axis in a length sufficient for taking the test piece.
JA.4.2 Test piece

A test piece shall be taken as follows.
a) A test piece shall be cut out of the specimen parallel to its rolled direction or forged
axis through the centre line of the specimen.
b) A test piece shall have a test surface of, as a rule, 300 mm 2 extending from the
surface to the centre line of the specimen.
Figures JA.1 and JA.2 show the sampling of a test piece from round and square
specimens, respectively.
40
G 0555 : 2020
Figure JA.1 Sampling of test piece Figure JA.2 Sampling of test piece
from round specimen from square specimen
c) For a specimen 60 mm or greater in thickness, width, diameter, side length or width

across flats, a test piece may be taken from an intermediate portion between the
surface and the centre axis of the specimen, with the test surface being parallel to
the rolled direction or forged axis. In this case, the test surface shall, as a rule, be
15 mm wide and 20 mm high.
Figures JA.3 and JA.4 show the sampling of a test piece from a round specimen
60 mm or greater in diameter, and from a square specimen 60 mm or greater in
thickness, width, side length or width across flats, respectively.
Unit : mm Unit: mm
Figure JA.3 Sampling of test Figure JA.4 Sampling of test piece from
piece from round square specimen 60 mm or
specimen 60 mm greater in thickness, width,
or greater in side length or width across
diameter flats
d) For a specimen 20 mm or smaller in thickness, width, diameter, side length or width

across flats, a test piece may be taken such that the test surface consists of the
cross-section passing through the centre line. In this case, the test surface area
shall be determined beforehand.
Figures JA.5 and JA.6 show the sampling of a test piece from a round specimen
20 mm or smaller in diameter, and from a square specimen 20 mm or smaller in
thickness, width, side length or width across flats, respectively.
41
G 0555 : 2020
Figure JA.5 Sampling of test piece Figure JA.6 Sampling of test piece
from round specimen from square specimen
20 mm or smaller in 20 mm or smaller in
diameter thickness, width, side
length or width across
flats
e) For specimens of steel plate, steel pipe, or steel section, an appropriate sampling
method shall be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
f) The sampling position and the test surface area of the test piece shall be appended
to the test results.
g) The test surface shall be finished by polishing with an emery paper or a buffer after
quench hardening the test piece or carburizing and quenching the test surface.
Polishing shall be performed carefully enough to avoid tearing out or concealing of
inclusions, and generation of pits, scratches or rust.
JA.5 Types of inclusion

The inclusions are classified into the following types.
a) Type A inclusions Inclusions formed by viscous deformation during working (e.g.
sulfides, silicates). They may be further classified into sulfides and silicates as re-
quired, with the former being designated as Type A 1 inclusions and the latter, as
Type A2 inclusions.
b) Type B inclusions Granular inclusions discontinuously and collectively disposed
in the working direction (e.g. alumina). For steel containing Nb, Ti and Zr (one or
more thereof), these inclusions may be further classified into oxides such as alumina
and carbon nitrides of Nb, Ti and Zr as required, with the former being designated
as Type B1 inclusions and the latter, as Type B2 inclusions.
c) Type C inclusions Inclusions irregularly dispersed without viscous deformation
(e.g. granular oxides). For steel containing Nb, Ti and Zr (one or more thereof),
these inclusions may be further classified into oxides and carbon nitrides of Nb, Ti
and Zr as required, with the former being designated as Type C1 inclusions and the
latter, as Type C2 inclusions.
JA.6 Actual examination

The following method shall be used.
a) A glass plate having 20 grating lines, both in the longitudinal and lateral directions,
is inserted in the eyepiece of the microscope, and the test surface is observed
repeatedly at random. The number of grating point centres occupied by the inclu-
sions is counted.
42
G 0555 : 2020
b) The number of visual fields shall be 60 as a rule, and shall never be less than 30.
c) The magnification of the microscope shall be 400 × as a rule.
JA.7 Determination
The index of cleanliness of the steel d (%) shall be determined from the percentage
of area occupied by inclusions calculated according to the following formula from the
total number of grating points found on the glass plate within the visual field, the num-
ber of visual fields and the number of grating point centres occupied by inclusions:
where, p : total number of grating points on the glass plate in

the visual field
f : number of visual fields
n : number of grating point centres occupied by all the
inclusions in f visual fields
JA.8 Expression of results

The results shall be expressed as follows.
cleanliness 0.34 % when 60 visual fields have been
Example 1 d60 × 400 = 0.34 % observed with 400 × magnification
Example 2 dA60 × 400 = 0.15 %

cleanliness 0.15 %, 0.02 % and 0.09 % for Type A,
dB60 × 400 = 0.02 % B, and C inclusions, respectively, when 60 visual
fields have been observed with 400 × magnification
dC60 × 400 = 0.09 %
JA.9 Test report

Where required, a test report shall be prepared including the items of information
chosen among the following by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer:
a) a reference to this Standard;
b) type of material or its symbol, and melt number;
c) sampling position and the test surface area of the test piece;
d) test results;
e) report number and date.
Annex JB (informative)
Comparison table between JIS and corresponding International Standard
JIS G 0555 : 2020 Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel ISO 4967 : 2013 Steel—Determination of content of nonmetallic
inclusions—Micrographic method using standard diagrams
(I) Requirements in JIS (II) Inter- (III) Requirements in (IV) Classification and details of (V) Justification for the
national International Standard technical deviation between JIS and technical deviation and
Standard the International Standard by clause future measures
number
No. and title Content No. of Content Classifi- Detail of technical
of clause clause cation by deviation
clause
1 Scope • Rolled or forged steel 1 Scope Addition Add the statement that The point counting method
products having a re- Identical with JIS. the point counting has been adopted from the
duction ratio of at least method is additionally previous edition of this
The point counting
3 specified in Annex JA. Standard, JIS G 0555:
method is not
• Determination by 1998 as a cleanliness de-
specified.
image analysis tech- termination method. This
nologies provided in method is highly quantita-
Annex D. tive in comparison to the
standard chart method,
• Determination of
and should be added to the
inclusions by point
ISO scope; this proposal
counting method pro-
will be submitted to ISO.
vided in Annex JA.
2 Principle • Types and morpholo- 2 Principle Alteration No technical deviation. To make clearer the rating
gies of inclusions, and Identical with JIS Replace the minimum by Tables 1 and 2.
principle of measure- except for the indi- values for rating in
ment cation of values in Table 1 with ranges of
Tables 1 and 2. values.
Add Note b) to Tables 1
and 2.
G 0555 : 2020
43
G 0555 : 2020
44
(I) Requirements in JIS (II) Inter- (III) Requirements in (IV) Classification and details of (V) Justification for the
national International Standard technical deviation between JIS and technical deviation and
Standard the International Standard by clause future measures
number
No. and title Content No. of Content Classifi- Detail of technical
of clause clause cation by deviation
clause
5.1 Method of Examination with a — — Addition Add the provision that Proposal of this addition
observation microscope automatic image analysis will be submitted to ISO.
may be used providing
that the accuracy of the
methods has previously
been proven by an exten-
sive cross correlation.
7 Test report Information to be 7 Information to be Addition Add the provision that Proposal of this addition
included in the test included in the test the items of information will be submitted to ISO.
report. report. may be chosen by agree-
ment between the pur-
chaser and the manufac-
turer.
Annex C Typical example of Annex C Typical example of Alteration Correct the error of ISO. In calculation formula for
results results group D in C.3.4, the de-
Identical with JIS. scription “with indication
of 1 s” is not necessary.
Annex JA Microscopic testing — — Addition The point counting This method is highly
method for the non- method has been adopted quantitative in comparison
metallic inclusions by from the previous edition to the standard chart
the point counting of this Standard, JIS G method, and should be
method 0555:1998. added to the ISO scope;
this proposal will be sub-
mitted to ISO.
Overall degree of correspondence between JIS and International Standard(s) (ISO 4967: 2013) : MOD
NOTE 1 Symbols in sub-columns of classification by clause in the above table indicate as follows:
— Addition: Adds the specification item(s) or content(s) which are not included in International Standard.
— Alteration: Alters the specification content(s) which are included in International Standard.
NOTE 2 Symbol in column of overall degree of correspondence between JIS and International Standard(s) in the above table indicates as follows:
— MOD: Modifies International Standard(s).
G 0555 : 2020
45 .
Blank
Errata for JIS (English edition) can be downloaded in PDF format at Webdesk (purchase
information page) of our website (https://www.jsa.or.jp/).
For inquiry, please contact:
Publication and Information Unit, Japanese Standards Association Group
Mita MT Building, 3-13-12, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073 JAPAN
TEL. 03-4231-8550 FAX. 03-4231-8665

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Licensed to: Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.

JIS G 0555 : 2020

Date of Establishment: 1956-12-15

JIS G 0555 : 2020, First English edition published in 2021-02

Translated and published by: Japanese Standards Association

In the event of any doubts arising as to the contents,

Microscopic testing method for

Table 1 Rating limits

Table 2 Inclusion thickness parameters

Figure 1 Sample from bar or billet with a diameter or length of side

Figure 2 Sample from bar or billet with a diameter or length of side

Figure 3 Sample from bar with a diameter 25 m

Figure 4 Sample from plate with thickness 25 mm

Figure 5 Sample from plate with thickness > 25 mm and 50 mm

Figure 6 Sample from plate with thickness > 50 mm

When polishing specimens, it is important to avoid any tearing out or deformation

5 Determination of the content of inclusions

5.1 Method of observation

Figure 7 Test pattern for grid overlays or reticles

5.2 Actual examination

5.2.3 General rules for methods A and B

Figure 8 Type A and C inclusions

Figure 9 Type B inclusions

6.2 Case of method A

6.3 Case of method B

where, N : total number of fields observed.

a) a reference to this Standard;

b) the steel grade or its symbol, and the cast number;

Fine series Minimum Thick series

Fine series Minimum Thick series

Fine series Minimum Thick series

Fine series Minimum Thick series

B.1 Example of assessment of a field (see Figure B.1)

The upper, left diagram shows a field observed using a

Figure B.1 Field assessment

B.2 Example of assessment of oversized inclusions or stringers

Figure B.2 Field assessment with oversized inclusions on stringer

C.1 Indices according to field and type of inclusion

Table C.1 Results (Indices)

C.2 Total number of fields per index according to type of inclusion

Table C.2 Total number of fields a)

C.3 Calculation of total index, itot, and mean index, i moy

C.3.1 For type A inclusions

where, N : total number of fields observed

C.3.2 For type B inclusions

C.3.3 For type C inclusions

C.3.4 For type D inclusions

C.3.5 For type DS inclusions

C.4 Weighting factor

Table C.3 Weighting factors

Index number Weighting factor

The cleanness index Ci is calculated following the formula.

where, f i : weighting factor

D.1 Calculation of chart diagram indices from measurements

X Chart diagram index

Figure D.1 Group A: sulfide type

X Chart diagram index

Figure D.2 Group B: aluminate type

X Chart diagram index