HOW IS THE SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED?

THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF AN ORGANIZATION

ARE THE RESULTS
OF THE COMBINED EFFORT OF EACH
INDIVIDUAL
- VINCE LOMBARDI

All societies are organized to provide protection

, law and order .
Economic security , and a sense of belonging to
their members.
This chapter addresses the organization
societies . It covers three
(3) modules:

Module 1: The Group in Society

Module 2: Cultural , Social and Political

Institutions
Module 3: Social and Political Stratification

MODULE 1
GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

Coming together is a beginning ; keeping

together
is progress ; working together is success.

- HENRY FORD

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY:

PRIMARY GROUP AND SECONDARY GROUP

GROUP – a number of things , persons being in

some relation to one another.

According to CHARLES HORTON COOLEY , a

PRIMARY GROUP is a small social
group whos members share personal and long
lasting relationships.

PRIMARY GROUP – Is a group in which one

exchanges implicit items such as love ,
caring concern , support etc.

SECONDARY GROUP – are large clusters of

people who have a mutually shared
purposes , often aiming to complete tasks ,
whose realtionships are impersonal and goal
oriented , their relationships are temporary.

IN – GROUPS AND OUT - GROUPS

IN-GROUPS – group wherein people feel that

they are part of the social group.
- refers to preference and affinity for one’s in-
group over the out-group or anyone viewed as
outside the in-group.

There are a lot of phenomena when these two

groups clash.

First is the IN-GROUP FAVORITISM , these refer

to the fact that under certain conditions people
will preference and
have affinity for one’s in-group over the our-
group.

Another is the INTERGROUP AGRRESSION -

wherein in-groups try to harm another person
because they feel that
they are part of the out-group.
OUT-GROUPS – is the complete opposite , it is a
social group with which an individual you do
not
identity.

OUT-GROUP DEROGATION – it is the

phenomenon in which an out-group is
perceived as being threatening to
other group as threat to them.

REFERENCE GROUPS

A reference group - is a group to which we

compare ourselves .Reference groups are used
in
order to guide our behavior and attitudes to
help us to identify social norms.
- provide the benchmarks and contrast needed
for comparison and evaluation of group
and personal characteristics.

ROBERT K . MERTON - hypothesized that

individuals compare themselves with reference
groups of people who occupy the social role to
which the individual aspires.

SOCIAL IDENTITY – perception of self.

SOCIAL ROLE – set of connected behaviors ,

rights , and ions as conceptualized as
conceptualized by actors in a social situation.

NETWORKS
The SOCIAL NETWORK is the theoretical
construct useful in the social sciences to study
relationships between individuals , groups ,
organizations , or even entire societies. It is
social structure exists between actors
( individuals and organizations).

Social networks are divided into three levels of

analysis : MICRO , MESO AND MACRO

MICRO - smallest level of analysis of social

networks. The micro level divide into (4) levels.

DYADIC LEVEL – social relationship starts with

two individuals

TRIADIC LEVEL – social relationship starts with

three individuals
ACTOR LEVEL - the smallest unit of analysis in a
social network is an individual in their social
setting

SUBSE LEVEL - may focus on distance and

reachability , cliques , cohesive subgroups , or
other group actions or behavior.

2. MESO – This level of analysis begins with a

population size that falls between micro- and
macro – levels. Examples of meso-level are:

ORGANIZATIONS- group of people that has

distributive tasks for a collective goal.

SCALE FREE NETWORKS – a network whose

degree, distribution follows a power law at
least asymptomatically.
3. MACRO – generally traces the outcomes of
interactions , such as economic or other
resource transfer interactions over a large
population.

MESO LEVEL

Medium System:

-Neighborhoods

-Schools

-Local Organizations

-Communities

-Groups of People

GROUPS AND
COMMUNITIES

MACRO LEVEL

Large System:

-healthcare system

-Policy

-Law/ Legal System

-Political System

-International Association

SYSTEMIC ISSUES

MICRO LEVEL
Contained System:

-Individuals

-Families

-Relationships
INTRA- AND INTERPERSONAL

MODULE 2
CULTURAL ,SOCIAL , AND
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

Lesson 1: KINSHIP , .MARRIAGE , and the

HOUSEHOLD

Call it a clan , call it a network , call it a tribe ,

call it a family: Whatever you call it ,
whoever you are , you need one.
- Jane Howard

KINSHIP

In ANTHROPOLOGY , kinship is the web of social

relationships that form an important part of the
lives
of most humans in most societies , although
exact meanings even within this discipline are
often debated.

KINSHIP BY BLOOD

There are three main types of affiliation with

kin:

UNILINEAL DESCENT - describes that a person is

affiliated with a group of kin through descent
links of
one sex only ( either males or females). Its
either patrilineal /matrilineal.

Patrilineal Descent – affiliates an individual with

kin of both sexes related to him or her through
men only.

Matrilineal Descent- affiliates an individual with

kin of both sexes related to him or her through
women
only.

AMBILINEAL DESCENT - is a system containing

both unilineal descent groups example both
patrilineal
and matrilineal groups in which one belongs to
one’s father’s and mother’s descent group.
BILATERAL DESCENT - means two sided which
refers to the fact that one’s relatives on both
mother’s
and father’s sides are equal in importance .

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE

MARRIAGE – is a socially approved sexual and

economic union , usually between a man and a
woman .

There are a lot of types of marriages present.

1. MONOGAMY – it is a form of marriage in

which one man marries one woman.

2. POLYGAMY – it involves plural marriage .

polygyny – it is a form of marriage in which one

marriage more than woman at a given time.
polyandry – it is the marriage of one woman
with more than one man.

3. POLYAMOROUS OR GROUP MARRIAGE – it

means the marriage of two or more women
with
two or more men.

SELECTING a MARRIAGE PARTNER

Will you marry someone there are rules that

the male and female must consider.

Endogamy – it is rule of marriage in which the

life-partners are to be selected within the
group.

Exogamy – it is a rule of marriage in which an

individual has to marry outside his own group.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL

A RITUAL KINSHIP is a privileged social

relationship established by ritual , such as that
of
godparents or fraternal orders. A very famous
ritual kinship is the compadrazgo use to refer to
the
institutional relationship between compadres.
COMPADRES are relationship between the
parents
and godparents of a child. For women
COMADRE is the term being used.

POLITICS OF KINSHIP

The family could also be part of political affairs.

Political dynasty is a very popular term to use
is in power.

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

Types of families and their forms are based on

various parameters.

NUCLEAR FAMILY

EXTENDED FAMILY

RECONSTITUTED FAMILY

SINGLE PARENT FAMILY

Types of Family by Residence – based on the

nature of household residence:

PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE
MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE

FAMILY OF BILOCAL RESIDENCE

LESSON 2: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

ORGANIZATIONS

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

A political organization is any entity that is

involved in the political process. Political
organizations are
engaged in political activities aimed at
achieving clearly defined political goals , which
improve the political
system that benefits the interests of their
members.
Most societies can be classified into four
principal types of political organizations.

BANDS – are societies that were composed of

fairly small and nomadic groups of people.

TRIBES – a distinct people, dependent on their

land for their livelihood , who are largely self-
sufficient,
and not integrated into the national society.

CHIEFDOM ORGANIZATION – is a form of

hierarchical political organization in
nonindustrial
societies usually based on kinship , and in which
formal leadership[ is monopolized by legitimate
senior
members of select families or “Houses”. The
CHIEF is present to lead the chiefdom.
4. STATE ORGANIZATION – a state is an
autonomous political unit , encompassing many
communities
within its territory and having a centralized
government with power to collect taxes , draft
men to work or war
, and decree and enforce laws.

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

Authority is a person or organization having

power or control in a particular , typically
political or
administrative , sphere. Having authority means
the power or right to give orders , make
decisions ,and
enforce obedience.
According to MAX WEBER there are three types
of legitimate rule ( authorities );

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY – derives from long –

established customs , habits and social
structures. The legitimacy of the authority
comes from tradition .

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY – the charisma of

individual or the leader plays an important
role .
Charismatic authority is the authority which is
derived when the leader claims that his
authority is
derived from a “higher power” or “
inspiration” , that is superior to both the
validity of traditional and
rational legal authority.
RATIONAL AUTHORITY - it is that form of
authority which depends for its legitimacy on
formal
rules and established laws of the state , which
are usually written down and are often very
complex.

FORMS OF LEGITIMIZING GOVERNMENT

Three different aspects of which a government

can derive legitimacy from:

Output legitimacy – the effectivesness of policy

outcomes for people.

Input legitimacy – the responsiveness to citizen

concerns as a result of participation by the
people
Who analyzes legitimacy –the governance
processes that happen between input and
output.

Below are the examples on how legitimate

governments are received or accepted by its
people:

DEMOCRACY – the elected government abides

by democratic principles and legally
accountable to its people.

COMMUNISM – derived from having won in

civil war , and a revolution.

CONSTITUTIONALISM – the government are

legitimate because they abide by the law
codified in the political
constitution.
MONARCHY - establishes the political
legitimacy of the rule of the monarch ( KING
and QUEEN )

LESSON 3
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION

Power is not a man .

Wealth does not center in the person of the

wealthy .

Celebrity is not inherent in any personality.

To celebrated , to be wealthy , to have power

requires access to major institutions.

- C. WRIGHT MILLS
Institutions are basically durable systems of
established and embedded social rules that
create
a structure for social interactions ( Hodgson ,
2001 ).

Economic Institutions are the formal and

informal rules that organize the economic flow
and
activity of a society ( Kelly , 2012 ).

RECIPROCITY

Amongst individuals is important in somewhat

shaping our
society. All of us are driven to provide a
contribution to better
our communities.
The relation or policy in commercial dealings
between
countries by which corresponding advantages
or privileges
are granted by each country to the citizens of
the other.

PRINCIPLES OF RECIPROCITY

1. Offer Something First

2. Make Customers Feel Special

3. Help The Customer Outside Of Your Store

4. Make It Memorable

5. Keep The Relationship Going

RECIPROCITY
TRANSFER AND
REDISTRIBUTION

Also known as “government transfer” or

“transfer payment” , Transfer are payments
that are made without good or service being
received in return

( Bishop , 2012 ).

Redistribution is the process of transferring

income and wealth – be it in the form of
money , physical property , and the – like
from one individual to other individuals.

MARKET
TRANSACTIONS
basically the system of exchange
in a market . Also called as
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS ,
buyers and sellers exchange with
one another items of value like
information , goods , services and
money.

MARKET AND STATE

The MARKET is basically seen a system of

private ownership and enterprise that acts
based on their own private and self – interest.

The STATE is viewed as the governing body

of the society –it is the POLITICAL world
(the “Polis” ) of the society. The main goals of
the Polis or Government are created based on
the communal need of the society.

LESSON 4
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

Modern society , the political body , the legal

and judiciary system , the state of
governance , capitalism and the very fabric of
the society itself , including our
religions and so-called morals and values , are
institutions steeped in traditions of
absolute and total violence.

- BRYANT McGILL

World politics has evolved into involving state

and non-state
actors who interact with one another and with
international
organization
( KECK, SIKKINK , 1998 ).
Non-state institutions , also known as Non-state
Actors, are
people/or organizations that participate in
international affairs and
relations but are not affiliated with any state or
nation .

There are many different kinds of organizations

and groups that are considered a part of the
international arena as well.

BANKS AND CORPORATION

One of the important systems that is needed
for a society to run is an organization or
institution that provides
for said

society’s finances.

The most basic form and sign of a society’s

financial status

is the status of its BANK. There are many roles

of a bank

but the most basic role it has is the regulation

of the flow

of the money ( BEATTIE , 2013 ).

Another form of financing in the society is

through the
CORPORATIONS it has. A corporation is known
as a body of

people acting as a single entity. Corporation are

usually

Set up to create profit to and provide return for

its shareholders.

Throughout the recent century , multinational

corporations have grown

and developed in a large scale ( KOSKAL ,

2006 ).

COOPERATIVES AND TRADE UNIONS

A cooperative (coops/co-ops ) are associations

owned by people who voluntarily
cooperate with each other under the influence
of their social , economic and cultural
benefits.

Cooperative were created mainly for humans to

organize a mutual benefit for each
other , in modern day , cooperatives are viewed
as a “ profit-sharing” and “surplus
sharing” between workers and owners of the
cooperative ( GATES , 1998 ).

Trade Unions , also known as Labor Unions , are

organizations composed of workers
and laborers who band together to

protect the integrity of their trade , improve

safety
standards of their work , and achieve higher
pay.

Simply , a Trade Union’s goal is to improve the

working

conditions of a country’s labor force ( WEBB,

1920 ).

TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS

Transnational Advocacy Groups’ movements

and main goal is to challenge how the
international playing
field is being run . There a shot to change how
international policies and practices are made.

Transnational advocacy network includes actors

working together internationally on an issue
( KECK AND
SIKKINK, 1998 ).

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES

Described to be independent organizations that

aim to implement strategic ways of developing
territories and
societies. Usually molded by public or private
institutions , Development Agencies are
organizations that simply
wish to improve the current of a certain
standpoint of a certain society.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

A typical organization promotes , enhances ,

and ensures its

members through advocacies and state actions.

Two types of International Organization

INGOs – INTERNATIONAL NONGOVERNMENTAL

ORGANIZATION’S

IGOs - INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION’S

LESSON 5
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Education is the most powerful weapon you
can use to change the
world.
- NELSON
MANDELA

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY

Education is an essential part of the
development of any country and society as this
is the primary way of
enlightening an individual with each facet of
life. Since the qualities of an individual citizen is
also affected
by their education , AMAN SHARMA ( 2015 )
states that education plays a complementary
role for overall
individual , social , and national development.

PRODUCTIVE CITICENRY

According to ORI ICHILOV ( 1981 ) , a good

citizen is someone who is deserving of the
State’s
protection and love because of their behavior
within the State , someone who would –
without a doubt –
serve their society with the best of their
abilities.

PRIMARY EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT

As stated in YOUTH FOR HUMAN RIGHTS,

“educations

shall be directed to the full development of the

human

Personality and to the strengthening of respect

for

Human rights and fundamental freedoms .

LESSON 6
RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM
True religion is real living; living with all one’s
soul with all one’ goodness and righteousness.
-ALBERT EINSTEIN

All societies have a belief system that can be

grouped into the
term religion. Religion is the set of attitudes ,
beliefs , and
practices pertaining to supernatural power ,
whether they are
gods , spirits ,ghost , demons which are
supernatural beings.

MONOTHEISM – generally it means a

religion with one God. It is a belief with one
personal and transcendent God.

Types of monotheism , they are:

Deism
Henotheism

Monism

Pantheism

Substance monotheism

Trinitarian monotheism

ANIMISM

It is a belief system of some

indigenous tribal peoples especially
prior to the development of organized
religion . Animism encompasses the
belief that there is no separation
between the spiritual and physical
world , and souls or spirit exist , not
only in humans , but also in some other
animals , plants , rocks , geographic
features.

POLYTHEISM

Refers to the worship of or belief in

multiple gods usually assembled
into a pantheon of gods and
goddesses , along with their own
religions and rituals.

Divided into two:

- SOFT POLYTHEISM

- HARD POLYTHEISM

LESSON 7
HEALTH

When wealth is lost , nothing is lost; when

health is lost, something is lost; when character
is
lost , all is lost.

-BILLY GRAHAM

HEALTH – is the state of complete physical ,

mental , and social well-being

DEFINING HEALTH AND

ITS DOMAIN

This proposed will cover the

following health domains:

PHYSICAL HEALTH
PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

EMOTIONAL HEALTH

SOCIAL HEALTH

SPIRITUAL HEALTH