TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Libali-8, Bhaktapur, Nepal

A
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
ON
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
MULTISTOREY BUILDING
(As a partial fulfillment of BE in Civil Engineering)
(Course code: CE 755)

PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
Er. Chandra Kiran Kawan

PROJECT MEMBERS:
Rupesh Sapkota (KCE074BCE064)
Shrawan Tandukar (KCE074BCE077)
Suman Sunar (KCE074BCE086)
Sushrut Gautam (KCE074BCE089)
Yubraj Pudasaini (KCE074BCE096)

2022
 PREFACE

IOE, Tribhuvan University offers a four-year course on bachelor degree in Civil

Engineering and at the final semester student has to do a project work to implement
theoretical knowledge acquired during study into practical field. For that particular
course, we chose the project “Structural Analysis and Design of Multistorey
Building.”

This project aims to provide practical use of years learned theories and an
introduction towards the professional life as an Engineer. The project helped us grasp
a wider view of the civil engineering scope, struggles and achievement that comes
along with it.

The project also gave an open window insight into the procedures and steps that are
involved in conducting an engineering project. We expect this report will act as a
reference for future use.

This work also taught us the importance of team spirit and team work attitude. We
expect this behavioral intelligence we gained to be very valuable asset further in life.

It is a good experience to work in a full supportive environment under the guidance of

our project supervisor Er. Chandra Kiran Kawan. His expertise helped us grow our
knowledge of structural engineering. We believe that this valuable guidance and
support is profoundly appreciable and will always help us in future professional life.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Institute of Engineering for including the Final Year Project
as a part of our curriculum. Special thanks go to Department of Civil Engineering,
Khwopa College of Engineering for initiating and facilitating this Building Project
to further enhance our knowledge of structural analysis and design.

We would like to offer our special thanks to Principal Er. Sunil Duwal and Head of
Department, Er. Ramesh Bala for their support and motivation. We would like to
thanks our supervisor Er. Chandra Kiran Kawan for his extraordinary guidance
during the project duration. We are thankful to all the teaching staff for the
encouragement, support and their valuable guidance. We are thankful to the DCE for
providing us SAP2000 training, AutoCAD training which are crucial part for the
project. We are highly indebted to Er. Saunak Sharma for providing us architectural
drawings and helping us during the course of the project.

Acknowledgement would be incomplete without our family members and friends who
have been constant source of inspiration for the project. Our special thanks are
extended to all the people who have been involved in our project by any means.

PROJECT MEMBERS

Rupesh Sapkota KCE074BCE064

Shrawan Tandukar KCE074BCE077
Suman Sunar KCE074BCE086
Sushrut Gautam KCE074BCE089
Yubraj Pudasaini KCE074BCE096

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 ABSTRACT

Students of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering have to do a project work to

implement theoretical knowledge acquired during study in the practical field as per
the course of Institute of Engineering (IOE) during their final year.
We have chosen to undertake the project work on “Structural Analysis and Design
of Multistorey Building.” The main aim of the project is to structurally analyze and
design a multistoried building. The functional requirement and design criteria for the
building will be met as per the government guideline. The project incorporates all the
stages of structural analysis and design through determination of loading parameters,
preliminary design of the structural members, structural analysis and detailed design.
The report consists of different sections covering all the subject matter regarding the
topic of concern including the design procedure and work flow chart. The preliminary
sizing for the chosen building was done for the critical section. The sizing was done
for the estimation of possible size of structural members such as beam, column and
slab. The analysis and design of the main structural elements will be carried out in
detail.
The project commences within above mentioned criteria and the strength and
serviceability are checked as per the IS codes. ETABS 2018 is used for the analysis
and design of our building. Drawings are made using AutoCAD.

Keywords: multistorey, preliminary sizing, serviceability, strength, codes

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.....................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................II
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................III
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS......................................................V
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER 1.................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM...........................................................................................................2
1.3 OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................................................2
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..............................................................................................................2
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................................3
1.6 UNITS.........................................................................................................................................3
1.7 PROJECT BUILDING DESCRIPTION..............................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................5
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................5
2.2 DATA COLLECTION...................................................................................................................11
2.3 ESTIMATION OF LOADS............................................................................................................11
2.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN..............................................................................................................11
2.5 LOADING PATTERN...................................................................................................................12
2.6 DESIGN OF STRUCTURE MEMBERS...........................................................................................12
2.7 DETAILED DESIGN....................................................................................................................12
2.8 STEPS AND PROCEDURE...........................................................................................................12
2.9 FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY............................................................................................14
2.10 WORK SCHEDULE.....................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................5
3.1 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN..........................................................................................5
3.2 LOAD..........................................................................................................................................5
3.2.1 Dead Load.........................................................................................................................5
3.2.2 Lateral Load......................................................................................................................5
3.2.3 Live Load...........................................................................................................................6
3.2.4 Seismic Load......................................................................................................................6
3.2.5 Vertical Load Calculation.................................................................................................6
3.2.6 Slab Load Distribution......................................................................................................6
3.3. LOAD COMBINATION.......................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................8
4.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SLAB..................................................................................................8
4.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BEAM.................................................................................................9
4.2.1 For Primary Beam............................................................................................................9
4.2.2 For Secondary Beam......................................................................................................10
4.3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF COLUMN.........................................................................................10
CHAPTER 5...............................................................................................................13
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS..............................................................................13
5.1.1 Seismic Weight Calculation....................................................................................................13
5.1.2 Method of Analysis.................................................................................................................14
5.1.3 Selection of method of Analysis..............................................................................................14
5.2 SEISMIC WEIGHT CALCULATION....................................................................................................30
5.3 BASE SHEAR CALCULATION...........................................................................................................31
5.4 SEISMIC FORCE CALCULATION......................................................................................................32
5.5 IRREGULARITY CHECK...................................................................................................................32

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CHAPTER 6...............................................................................................................33
6.1 SALIENT FEATURE OF ETABS........................................................................................................33
6.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY ETABS.........................................................................34
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................36
RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................................37
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................38
Abbreviations...............................................................................................................39

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Symbol Meaning

Ag Gross Area of Concrete

Ah Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

Asc Area of Steel in Compression

Ast Area of Steel in tension

b Width of section

d Effective Depth of section

d′ Effective Cover of section

D Overall Depth of section

e Structure Eccentricity

fck Characteristics Strength of Concrete

fy Characteristics Strength of Steel

Vb Horizontal Base Shear

Ah Design horizontal seismic coefficient

W Seismic weight of building

Z Zone Factor

I Importance Factor

R Response Reduction Factor

Sa/g Average Response Acceleration Coefficient

T Fundamental natural period

Qi Horizontal Lateral Load acting at any ith floor

Wi Lumped weight of ith floor

hi Height of ith floor above the base

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Flow chart of methodology........................................................................14

Figure:2.2: Gantt Chart of Work Schedule....................................................................5
Figure 5.1: Spectral for Equivalent Static Method.......................................................15
Figure 6.1: 3D Model of Structure...............................................................................35

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Project Building Description.........................................................................4

Table 4.1: Time Line of Work.....................................................................................15
Table 5.1: Seismic Weight Calculation........................................................................30
Table 5.2: Base Shear Calculation...............................................................................31
Table 5.3: Seismic Force Calculation..........................................................................32
Table 5.4: Irregularity Check.......................................................................................33

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 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Background
The project work on Structural Analysis and Design of Multistorey Building, is
undertaken by us for the partial fulfillment of BE in Civil Engineering program.
The Final Year Project (FYP) course prepares students for engineering practice. It
is an important piece of work that requires the synthesis of the knowledge and
skills acquired in earlier course work, some creativity, and original thinking.

Since Nepal is located in active seismic belt, earthquake zone V, it is prone to

earthquakes. Thus, proper analysis and safe design of structures therefore carries
great importance. Structural Analysis deals with analyzing the internal force in the
members of the structures. Structural design deals with sizing various members of
the structures to resist the internal force to which they are subjected in the course
of their life cycle. The Indian code of practice should be thoroughly implemented
for proper analysis, design and detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability
and strength.

The design of the building is based on the detailed plans of a proposed RCC
building provided by the project supervisor. The design includes the design of
following components.

 Foundation
 Basement Wall
 Beam
 Column
 Slab
 Staircase
 Lift
 Lateral load resisting systems
1.2 Statement of problem

With the development of cities like Kathmandu in Nepal, there is high possibility
of land crisis in the future due to increasing population. This will create
difficulties for the population to thrive in the area. As an engineer, it will be
challenging for us to minimize it. This can be solved by the construction of high-
rise multistoried building for commercial and residential purposes. Also, Nepal
lies in active seismic zone, so proper analysis and design of building fulfilling all
criteria of Structural codes provided by the government is needed for economic
construction of building.

1.3 Objective

The objectives of the project are listed below.

i. Design a multi-storied building for residential purpose, taking different
load combinations into consideration.
ii. Learn the concept of lateral and vertical loading on the building.
iii. Learn the function of software for analysis as well as codes for vertical and
lateral loading.
iv. Identification of structural arrangement of the plan.
v. Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
vi. Design of various structural components.
vii. Structural detailing of members and the system.

1.4 Scope of the project

This project work provides us the information about how to analyze and design
the multistoried building. It includes:
i. Study architectural drawing and fixing structural system of the building to
carry all the live load, dead load and lateral load.
ii. Calculation of loads including lateral loads.
iii. Preliminary design of structural elements.
iv. Identification of loads and load cases.
v. Calculation of Shear force, bending moment to determine size of building
component.

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 vi. To be familiar with structural analysis software i.e., ETABS for different
load cases.
vii. Review of analysis output for design of different components.
viii. Design of beam, columns, slab and foundation by limit state method by
following different structural codes.
ix. Final detailing of individual members and preparations of drawing to be
applicable in fields.

1.5 Limitation of the project

Due to various constrictions prevailing in the course of the project work, the study
is limited in following notable aspects:
i. The work includes every possible architectural difficulty. Every possible
effort is made for a real work scenario.
ii. LSM is used for design purpose which has its own limitations.
iii. Early feasibility of the project i.e., soil type is assumed to be done.

1.6 Units

SI units are used in this report. Dimensions should be taken in mm, if not
mentioned in the figure and drawings.

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1.7 Project Building Description
Table 1.1: Project Building Description
Building Type Multistorey Building
Structural System RCC Framed Structure
Purpose of Building Apartment
Plinth Area 554.447 m2
Foundation Type Mat Foundation
Location Kathmandu
Structurer Type Special Moment Resisting Frame
No. of Storey Basement + GF + 9 Floor + 1 Roof
Floor Height 3.2004m
Total Height 35.2044m
Seismic Zone V
Soil Type Medium
Soil Bearing Capacity 150kN/m2
i. Main Walls – 230 mm
Width of Wall
ii. Partition Walls – 130 mm
i. Dead Load
Types of loads ii. Live Load
iii. Seismic load
Primary Beam: 700mm x 400mm
Size of Beam
Secondary Beam: 400mm x 250mm
Size of Columns 700mm × 700mm
Depth of Slab 150 mm
Type of Slab Two Way
Type of Staircase Turning Staircase
Grade of Concrete M20 and M25
Grade of Steel Fe 500
Analysis Tools ETABS 2018
Method of Analysis Limit State Design
Design Criteria As per IS codes

4
 CHAPTER 2

Methodology of Work
2.1Literature Review

Structural design is the methodological investigation of the stability, strength and

rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to
produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its
service life. Safe design of structures can be achieved by applying the proper
knowledge of structural mechanics and past experience. Use of codes also keeps
the designer to the safe side in case the structure fails within its service life. For
design of multistorey building certain reference and criteria are taken from the
literatures discussed below.

 L.G. Kalurkar: The design and analysis of multistoried G+5 building

using composite structure at earthquake zone-3:
A three-dimensional modeling and analysis are carried out with the help of
ETABS software. Equivalent Static Method of analysis and response spectrum
are used for the analysis of both composite and RCC structures. The results are
compared and found that composite structure is more economical.

 Ibrahim et.al. (April 2019): Design and Analysis of Residential (G+4):

After analyzing the G+4 story residential building structure, conducted that the
structure is rate in loading like dead load, live load, wind load and seismic
loads. Member dimensions (Beam, column, slab) are assigned by calculating
the load type and its quantity applied on it. Auto CAD gives detailed
information at the structure members length, height, depth, size and numbers,
etc. STADD Pro. has a capability to calculate the program contains number of
parameters which are designed as per IS 456: 2000. Beams were designed for
flexure, shear and tension and it gives the detail number, position and spacing
brief.

5
 Mr. K. Prabin Kumar, et.al (2018): A Study on Design of Multi-Storey
Residential Building:
They used STADD Pro. Which reduced lot of time in design, gives accuracy
for analysis and designing all structure member and calculate quantity of
reinforcement needed for concrete section. Various structure action is
considered as members such as axial, flexure, shear and tension. Pillar are
delineated for axial forces and biaxial ends at the ends. The building was
planned as per IS: 456- 2000.

Following codes were reviewed.

I. Nepal National Building Code
Nepal National Building Code was prepared during 1993 as part of a
bigger project to mitigate the effect of earthquakes on the building of
Nepal. It deals primarily with matters relating to the strength of buildings.
However, there are some chapters on site considerations and safety during
construction and fire hazards. This code aims to bring uniformity to the
building construction by providing some bye-laws and mandatory rules.
To compensate for this unavailability, the code frequently refers to Indian
Standard codes.
The four different levels of sophistication of design and construction that
are being addressed in this National Building Code are as follows.
i. International state-of-art
ii. Professionally engineered structures
iii. Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb
iv. Remote rural buildings where control is impractical.
This project belongs to the second part of NBC i.e., Professionally
Engineered Structures. As the National Building Code defines the use of
international codes which meets the requirements stated in NBC, different
Indian Standard codes are used for the design and analysis purpose.

II. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to
Indian Standard code since National Building Codes of Nepal do not
provide sufficient information and refers frequently to the Indian standard

6
 codes. Indian Standard codes used in the analysis and design of this
building are described below:

1. IS:875- 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003)- Code of Practice for Design Loads

(Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures:
A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these
functions are the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy,
structural safety, fire safety; and compliance with hygienic, sanitation,
ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent
upon the minimum requirements prescribed for each of the above
functions. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of
the building are being covered in this code by way of laying down
minimum designed load which have to be assumed for dead loads,
imposed load, snow load and other external loads, the structure is required
to bear. Strict conformity to loading standard recommended in this code
claims to ensure the safety of the buildings and thereby reduced the
hazards to life and property caused by unsafe structures as well as
eliminates the wastage caused by the assumption of unnecessary heavy
loading. This code is divided into five different parts for five different
kinds of loadings. The different parts of the code are:

Part 1: Dead Loads- Unit Weight of Building Materials and Stored

Materials: This part deals with the dead load to be assumed in the design
of the building. These loads are given in the form of unit weight of
materials. The unit weight of the materials that are likely to be stored in
the building are also given in the code for the purpose of the load
calculation due to stored materials. This code covers the unit weight or
mass of the materials and parts and components in the building that apply
to the determination of the dead load in the design of building. Table 1 of
this code covers unit weight of the building materials and Table 2 of the
code covers the unit weight of the building parts or the components.

Part 2: Imposed Loads- Imposed load is the load assumed to be produced

by the intended use or occupancy of a building including the weight of

7
 moveable partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, loads due to impact
and vibrations and dust loads (Excluding wind, seismic, snow, load due to
temperature change, creep, shrinkage, differential settlements etc.) This
part of the code deals with imposed load of the building produced by the
intended occupancy or use. Minimum imposed load that should be taken
into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of the buildings are
given in the code but it does not cover the incidental to construction and
special cases of vibration, such as moving machinery, heavy acceleration
from cranes hoist etc.

2. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of

Structures (General Provision and Building):
This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures
and earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are
applicable to buildings; elevated structures; industrial and stack like
structures; bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams; embankment and
retaining structures and other structures. Temporary supporting structures
like scaffoldings etc. need not be considered for the seismic loads. It is
concerned with the methods of determining seismic loads and the effects
of various irregularities in a building can have upon its seismic response.
This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to
earthquake resistant design in building and other structures.

3. IS 13920: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Ductile Detailing of Reinforced

Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Force- Code of Practice:
This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of
monolithic reinforced concrete buildings so as to give them adequate
toughness and ductility to resist sever earthquake shock without collapse.
The provision for the reinforced concrete construction given in the code
are specifically to the monolithic reinforced concrete construction. For
precast and prestressed concrete members, its use is limited only if they
can provide the same level of ductility as that of monolithic reinforced
concrete construction during or after earthquake. The code includes the

8
 detailing rules for flexural members, column and frame member subjected
to bending and axial loads and shear walls.

4. IS 456: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005) Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code

of Practice:
This Indian Standard code of practice deals with the general structural use
of plain and reinforced concrete based on Limit State Design Method.
According to the code, plain concrete structures referred to those structures
where reinforcement if provided is ignored for determination of the
strength of the structure. This code does not cover special requirements for
the structures like bridges, chimneys, hydraulic structures, earthquake
resistance buildings etc. but allows the use of separate code for those
structures in conjunction with this code.

5. IS 2950 (Part I): 1981 (Reaffirmed 1998) Code of practice for design
and construction of Raft Foundations:
Raft foundation is a substructure supporting an arrangement of columns or
walls in a row or rows and transmitting the loads to the soil by means of a
continuous slab with or without depressions or openings. Such types of
foundations are found useful where soil has low bearing capacity. This
standard covers the design of raft foundation based on conventional
method (for rigid foundation) and simplified methods (flexible foundation)
for residential and industrial buildings, store-houses, silos, storage tanks,
etc., which have mainly vertical and evenly distributed loads.

6. Indian Standard Special Publications (SP):

a. SP 16:
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978: This handbook
explains the use of formulae mentioned in IS 456 and provides several
design charts and interaction diagrams for flexure, deflection control
criteria, axial compression, compression with bending and tension with
bending for rectangular cross-sections (for circular section in case of
compression member) which can greatly expedite the design process if

9
 done manually. This design aid is particularly useful for the
preliminary design.

b. SP 22:
Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering (IS
1893: 1975 and IS 4326: 1976): The theoretical background behind
many of the code provisions have been elaborated herein. Additionally,
many worked out examples explaining the use of equations and charts
in the code can also be found in this handbook.

c. SP 24:
Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain
and Reinforced Concrete IS 456: 1978 SP 16 is meant to aid the
calculation process, while SP 24 is meant to aid the conceptual
understanding of the IS 456 code. It contains clause by clause
explanation of the original code. The logic and justification behind the
various equations and assumptions in the code are well explained here.

d. SP 34:
Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing: The compilation
of provisions and guidelines regarding reinforcement detailing
scattered throughout IS codes 456, 13920 can be found in this
handbook.

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2.2 Data collection
The data for the preliminary design is taken according to the deflection criterion
specified by the code. Generally, for beam, preliminary design can be done
according to deflection criteria. And for slab, preliminary design is done
according to minimum section criteria (min. section should not be less than
100mm) and slab thickness should be equal to (effective length/32) for steel,
whichever is maximum. Preliminary design of column is done considering an
interior column. The rectangular section is generally preferred in the building
structure. The bearing capacity of the soil assumed. The following data are used
for this project work:
Concrete grade: M25
Steel grade: Fe 500
Live loads: as per code (IS 875: 1987 Part I)
Dead loads: as per code (IS 875:1987 Part II)
Bearing capacity of soil: 150kN/m2

2.3Estimation of Loads
According to IS 456:2000, the total loads that acts on the support beams for two-
way slabs may be assumed as the load within the respective area of the slab
bounded by the intersection of 45º line from the corners with the median line of
the panel parallel to the long side. Thus, obtained trapezoidal as well as triangular
loading is converted into equivalent UDL as described in respective section. The
loading from cantilever slab part is converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing
total load by length of the beam.

2.4 Preliminary design

Preliminary design of the beam and slab is done by considering depth of beam as
per the control of vertical deflection criteria as stated by IS 456-2000. The
preliminary design of column is done by considering the factored axial load on the
column as stated in IS 456:2000 Clause 39.3. Normally the preliminary size will
be decided considering following points:
i. Slab: The thickness of the slab is decided on the basis of span/d ratio assuming
appropriate modification factor.

11
ii. Beam: The effective depth is generally taken as 1/12 to 1/15 of the span. The
width is taken ½ to 2/3 of overall depth of the beam.
iii.Column: Preliminary size of column is finalized by approximately calculating
axial load and moments.

2.5Loading pattern
The loading is applied to the slab which then is transferred from slab to beam,
obtained by drawing 45° offset lines from each corner. The total load (Dead load
and Live load) on staircase is distributed on the beam considering the staircase as
slab and the load is converted to UDL. The load thus obtained is extended
throughout the length. The load on slab is taken as per the requirement stated in
IS875:1987(Part I and II).

2.6Design of Structure Members

The model of the building is designed using ETABS. The calculated load is
assigned to the model designed. The output of data from ETABS is taken and the
design of structural members using output of ETABS data, IS Code and Excel
Programming is done.

2.7Detailed Design
Detailed design is done for all members with references from IS 456:2000, SP 16,
and IS 13920:1993.

2.8Steps and Procedure

The analysis and design of the building in this project is carried out following the
below listed methods:
i. ETABS was used for the analysis and design of the building which uses
Finite Element Method.
ii. The provided architectural drawing of the apartment building was studied,
analyzed and required modifications was made as per guidance of
supervisor.
iii. Estimation and idealization of loads was done based on the IS codes.

12
iv. Preliminary design was done after the estimation of probable loads to
determine the approximate shape and size of structural members.
v. All the calculations for the design are based on IS:456-2000, IS 875,
IS:13920-2016. Besides these codes design aids Indian Standard Special
Publications (SP 16, SP 22, SP 24, and SP 34) along with textbooks by
AK Jain, SN Sinha etc. are referred.
vi. The final outcomes of the analysis and design is structural drawing
including detail ductile detailing of the reinforcement bars based on
IS:13920-2016 and other related Indian Standard codes.
vii. After the complete analysis and design, required modifications for the
provided architectural drawing including size of structural members,
partition walls etc. was done and all the drawing are printed in appropriate
format for inclusion with the final report.

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2.9Flow Chart of Methodology

Collecting Architectural Drawing

Preliminary Design of the Structural Elements: Beam, Column and

Slab

Manual Calculation of Loads

Modeling of Frame Structure on ETABS

Assign the Actual Load and Analyze the Structure

Abstract the Results from ETABS and Design the Members

Make the Detailing According to Design Values

End of the Project

Figure 2.1: Flow chart of methodology

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2.10 Work Schedule

The first phase of the project includes the theoretical study of RCC design,
documents related to seismic design and codes, architectural corrections needed in
the drawing and preliminary design of the structure is completed during the 7 th
semester.
The second phase of the project will be comprised of the following tasks:
Idealization of Structure, Load Assessment, Modeling and Analysis of Structure,
Design of Structure, Drawing and Detailing.
Table 4.1: Time Line of Work
Task Start Date Duration End Date
Group Formation April 18, 2021 2 April 20, 2021
Group Interaction April 20, 2021 5 April 25, 2021
Project Selection April 22, 2021 3 April 25, 2021
Project Title and Objective April 24, 2021 1 April 25, 2021
Confirmation
Pre-proposal preparation April 25, 2021 3 April 28, 2021
Literature Review April 28, 2021 12 May 10, 2021
Completion of Proposal May 1, 2021 1 May 2, 2021
Interaction with Supervisor May 10, 2021 2 May 12, 2021
Codes and Old Report Review May 12, 2021 4 May 16, 2021
Drawing received May 15, 2021 1 May 16, 2021
Preliminary Design Work May 16, 2021 10 May 26, 2021
Load Calculation June 5, 2021 35 July 10, 2021
Base Shear Calculation July 10, 2021 11 July 21, 2021
Modeling in ETABS August 2, 2021 13 August 15, 2021
Analysis in ETABS August 16, 2021

15
Figure:2.2: Gantt Chart of Work Schedule

5
 CHAPTER 3

Structural System and Loading

3.1 Structural Arrangement Plan
The planning of the building has been done as per available land area, shape,
space according to building bylaws and requirement of Office building. The
positioning of columns, staircases, lifts, restrooms etc. are appropriately done and
accordingly beam arrangements is carried out so that the whole building will be
aesthetically, functionally and economically feasible. Structural grids are analyzed
for different load combinations. Grids behaving structurally like are represented
by a single analysis. The aim of design is the achievements of an acceptable
probability that structures being design will perform satisfactorily during their
intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the
loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate
durability.

3.2 Load
3.2.1 Dead Load

Dead load is the self-weight of the structural members. The Dead load comprises
the loads due to the materials used in the construction and parts or components in
a building. It consists of the loads due to structural elements like beam, column,
wall slab, staircase, finishes applied in the building and some permanent structures
like water tanks etc. Dead Load is calculated according to IS 875:1987 (Part I).

3.2.2 Lateral Load

Lateral load acting in the building are earthquake load and wind load. But in case
of Kathmandu valley, wind is not severe. Thus, only earthquake load analysis is
carried out. Wind Load is used in place where there is only heavy wind. During
design only one of seismic or wind load is considered since the probability of
occurring of both at same time is low.

5
3.2.3 Live Load

Live load also known as imposed is the load on structures includes the weight of
stored solid materials and liquids and the load imposed by vehicles and moving
equipment’s. The magnitude of live load depends upon the type of occupancy of
the building. These are to be chosen from codes as IS 875:1987 (Part II) for
various occupancies. The live load distribution varies with the time. Hence, each
member is designed for the worst combination for dead and live loads.

3.2.4 Seismic Load

Earthquake or Seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location,

lateral stiffness and mass. Its effect should be considered along both axis of
building taken only one at a time. Seismic Load is calculated according to IS 1893
(Part I):2002. During an earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas
acceleration is imparted by the ground disturbance. In order to have minimum
force, the mass of the building should be as low as possible. The inertia force is
resisted by the building and the resisting force at the center of rigidity at each
floor of the building. There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in
the building.
i. Seismic coefficient method or Static method
ii. Response Spectrum Analysis

3.2.5 Vertical Load Calculation

Loads on beams due to slab are calculated according to clause 24.5 of IS

456:2000. Loads on columns are calculated by adding reactions in the beam in
both directions (transverse and longitudinal), and self-weights of column.
Factored loads are obtained by multiplying the loads by load factor 1.5.

3.2.6 Slab Load Distribution

Triangular load UDL= qLx/3

Trapezoidal load UDL = qLx / 6(3-m2)
Where, q= intensity of load

6
Lx=Short span length
Ly=Long span length
m= (Lx/Ly) = Short span/ Long Span
The load of the slab is assumed to be formed in the triangular and trapezoidal
form forming at an angle 45º. Such triangular and trapezoidal loads are converted
into uniformly distributed loads using above formulae.

3.3. Load Combination

Different load cases and load combinations are considered to obtain the most
critical element stress in the structure in the course of analysis. There are all
together four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned
as below:
i) Dead Load (DL)
ii) Live Load (LL)
iii) Earthquake load in X- direction (EQx)
iv) Earthquake load in Y- direction (EQy)
Following Load Combinations are adopted as per IS 1893:2002 (Part I) Cl.6.3.1.2:
i. 1.5 (DL + LL)
ii. 1.5 (DL + EQx)
iii. 1.5 (DL - EQx)
iv. 1.5 (DL + EQy)
v. 1.5 (DL - EQy)
vi. 1.2 (DL + LL + EQx)
vii. 1.2 (DL + LL - EQx)
viii. 1.2 (DL + LL + EQy)
ix. 1.2 (DL + LL – EQy)
x. 0.9DL + 1.5EQx
xi. 0.9DL - 1.5EQx
xii. 0.9DL + 1.5EQy
xiii. 0.9DL - 1.5EQy
The characteristics load considered in the design of foundation is Dead Load plus
Live Load. To find out the stress at the various points of the foundation, depth of
footing and reinforcement at most critical factored loads are taken into account.

7
 CHAPTER 4

Preliminary Design
It is necessary to know the approximate section of the structure for the detail
analysis. The section should be provided initially while analyzing in almost all
software. Only Dead load and Live load are considered during the preliminary
design. Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the
structural members before analysis of structure.

4.1 Preliminary design of slab

Slab ID: CD-34

Longer clear span (Ly) = 25’3” = 7696.2mm

Shorter clear span (Lx) = 16’9” = 5105.4mm

Ratio of longer to shorter span (Ly/Lx) = 7696.2/5105.4 = 1.507 < 2

So, two-way slab is to be designed.

From IS 456:2000, clause 23.2.1, for effective depth of the slab,

L/d ≤ 

where,  = 26 for continuous slab

 = 1 (span less than 10m)

 = 1.2 (Assuming the tensile steel percentage 0.33%)

 = 1 (for rectangular section)

Then,

Lx/d ≤ 

or, d ≥ 5105.4 / (26x1x1.2x1)

∴ d ≥ 163.64mm > 150mm

So, we need to provide a secondary beam since d > 150mm.

Dividing longest span into two parts.

8
Here, lx’ = Ly/2 = 7696.2/2 = 3848.1mm

Ratio of longer to shorter span = 5105.4/3848.1 = 1.327 < 2

So, two-way slab is to be designed.

Then,

lx’/d ≤ 

or, d ≥ 3848.1 / (26x1x1.2x1)

∴ d ≥ 123.34mm ≤ 150mm (Ok)

Adopt d = 125mm and provide effective cover (d’) of 25mm.

Overall thickness of slab = 125 + 25 = 150mm

Thus, the depth of slab is taken as 150mm.

4.2 Preliminary design of beam

4.2.1 For Primary Beam

Beam ID: CD-3

Span of longest beam (L) = 25’3” = 7696.2mm

From IS 456:2000, clause 23.2.1, for effective depth of beam,

L/d ≤ 

where,  = 26 for continuous beam

 = 1 (span less than 10m)

 = 1.2 (Assuming the tensile steel percentage 0.33%)

 = 1 (for no flanged beams)

Then,

L/d ≤ 

or, d ≥ 7696.2 / (26x1x1.2x1)

9
 ∴ d ≥ 246.67mm

Also,

d = L/15 to L/12

d = 7696.2/12 = 641.35mm

Providing effective cover (d’) of 50mm, provide overall depth of beam (D) =
700mm

And, width of beam (b) = 0.5D to 0.667D

= 0.5x700 to 0.667x700

= 350 to 467 mm

Adopt b = 400mm

Thus, the size of primary beam is taken as 700mm x 400mm.

4.2.2 For Secondary Beam

Span of secondary beam (L) = 16’9” = 5105.4mm

d = L/15 to L/12

d = 5105.4/15 = 340.36mm

Providing effective cover of 50mm, provide overall depth of beam (D) = 400mm

And, width of beam (b) = 0.5D to 0.667D

= 0.5x400 to 0.667x400

= 200 to 267 mm

Adopt b = 250mm

Thus, the size of secondary beam is taken as 400mm x 250mm.

4.3 Preliminary design of column

Column ID: C3

Length of column (L) = 3.2m

10
From Table 28 of Is 456:2000,

Effective length of column (leff) = 0.65L = 0.65 x 3.2 = 2.08m

Area influenced by column = 369.1875 ft2 = 34.30 m2

Size of primary beam = 700mm x 400mm

Size of secondary beam = 400mm x 250mm

Size of slab = 150mm

Considering M25 grade of concrete and Fe500 grade of steel.

Thickness of wall: 230mm for main wall and 130mm for partition wall.

Now,
From IS 875: Part I and Part II
Imposed Load = 4 kN/m²
Unit weight of RCC = 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of Brick masonry wall = 19.2 kN/m3
Unit weight of Partition wall = 1.5 kN/m²
Unit weight of Floor finish = 0.5 kN/m2

Dead Load Calculation

1. Self-weight of slab = 25 x 0.15 x 34.30 = 128.625 kN

2. Self-weight of partition wall = 1.5 x 34.30 = 51.45 kN

3. Self-weight of floor finish = 0.5 x 34.30 = 17.15 kN

4. Self-weight of beam = 25 x (0.7-0.15) x 0.4 x (5.0292 + 6.8199) + 25 x

{(0.4 - 0.15) x 0.25 x 5.0292 x 2} = 80.886 kN

5. Wall Load (Assuming 30% opening) = 19.2 x (3.2 – 0.7) x {(3.429 +

1.3843) x 0.13 + (2.7305 + 0.7 x 2.9083) x 0.23} = 82.655 kN

6. Self-weight of column = 25 x (3.2 – 0.7) x A g x 10-6 kN = 6.25x10-5 Ag

is area of column in mm2.

Total Dead load = 11 x (128.625 + 80.886 + 6.25x10 -5 Ag) + 10 x (51.45 +

17.15 + 82.655) = (3817.171 + 6.875x10-4 Ag) kN

= (3817.171 x 103 + 0.6875 Ag) N

11
Live Load Calculation

From Cl. 3.2.1 of IS 875: Part II

Total Imposed Load = 4 x 34.30 x (1 + 0.9 + 0.8 + 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6
+ 0.6 + 0.6 +0.5) = 1029 kN = 1029 x 103 N

Total Load (P) = (3817.171 x 103 + 0.6875 Ag) + (1029 x 103)

= (4846.171 x 103 + 0.6875 Ag) N

For Design Load, adopting 1.5 FOS and add 30% for earthquake
consideration.

Design Load (Pu) = 1.5 x 1.3 x P

= 1.95 x (4846.171 x 103 + 0.6875 Ag)

= (9450.0335 x 103 + 1.3406 Ag) N

Assuming axially loaded short column, From Cl. 39.3 of IS 456:2000.

Pu = 0.4×fck×Ac + 0.67×fy×Asc

Let us provide 4% of steel,

Asc = 4% of Ag

Then, Ac = Ag – Asc = Ag – 0.04Ag

∴ Ac = 0.96Ag

Now,

9450.0335x 103 + 1.3406 Ag = 0.4×25×0.96×Ag + 0.67×500×0.04×Ag

∴ Ag = 436301.7212 mm2

Providing Square Column,

Cross sectional width of column (B) = (444454.14)1/2 = 660.53mm

Adopt b = 700mm

Check for short column:

From Cl.25.1.2 of IS 456:2000

leff/b = 2080/700 = 2.971 < 12 (Ok)

12
Thus, the size of column is taken as 700mm x 700mm.

13
 CHAPTER 5

Load Calculation & Assessment of Lateral Loads

5.1 Introduction to Lateral Load Analysis

Lateral load on the building frames is caused primarily by wind load and Seismic
load. Earthquake shocks produced horizontal sway, which results in the inertia
force acting horizontally on the structure. The wind load and earthquake load are
assumed not to act simultaneously at a time since it is highly unlikely for both
heavy wind and earthquake to occur simultaneously, only the lateral load due to
the Earthquake shocks is dealt here. It was found by extensive observation that
these horizontal forces rather than induced by the simultaneous vertical motion of
the ground, are chiefly responsible for the structural Earthquake damages. For this
reason, building codes in the localities with higher Earthquake incidence required
that structural design. To resist corresponding horizontal forces, these horizontal
forces have been computed using Seismic Coefficient Method following IS
1893(part I):2002. The horizontal forces due to earthquake shocks are determined
and the next step was to find the design forces in the member due to these lateral
forces. The exact analysis of such forces requires very lengthy computation. In the
most of the cases, however, such accurate determination is neither required nor
justified.

5.1.1 Seismic Weight Calculation

Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed load.
While computing the seismic load, weight of each floor, the weights of columns
and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below
the storey. The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic
weights of all the floors. . It has been calculated according to IS:1893(Part I) :
2016.
The lump mass of each component is calculated as follows:

14
Beam:
The volume of the whole beam in a storey is calculated and the load is calculated
by multiplying it with the unit weight i.e., 25 kN/m3.

Column:
The volume of the whole no. of columns is calculated and the load is calculated by
multiplying it with unit weight i.e., 25 kN/m3.
Wall:
The UDL of the wall is calculated. And UDL is multiplied with the perimeter of
the wall area and load is calculated. Opening was subtracted.
Preliminary data:
• Seismic Zone: V
• Size of Column: 700mm x 700mm
• Depth of Slab: 150mm
• Size of main beam and secondary beam: 700mm x 400mm, 400mm x 250mm
• Floor Height: 3.2004m

5.1.2 Method of Analysis

There are basically two methods to determine the earthquake force in the building.
a) Seismic coefficient method (Static method)
b) Response spectrum (Modal analysis / Spectral acceleration / Dynamic) Method

5.1.3 Selection of method of Analysis

The analysis of horizontal load is done by Seismic Coefficient Method

(Referring IS 1893- 2016) since height of our building is less than 40m and it is
more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.
The seismic coefficient method basically consists of calculation of horizontal
seismic base shear. The horizontal seismic base shear is given by,
Vb= Ah x W
Where, Vb= Horizontal Base Shear
Ah= Design horizontal seismic coefficient
W= Seismic weight of building

15
Again,

Where, Z=Zone Factor

I= Importance Factor
R=Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g=Average Response Acceleration Coefficient; depends upon Time period (T)
T= Fundamental natural period
T = 0.09h /√d

16
 Figure 5.1: Spectral for Equivalent Static Method

After determining the Horizontal base shear, the distribution of lateral load on
different floors is determined as follows:

Where, Qi = Horizontal Lateral Load acting at any ith floor

Wi = Lumped weight of ith floor
hi = Ht. of each floor above the base
Vb = Base shear

17
5.2 Seismic Weight Calculation
Table 5.1: Seismic Weight Calculation

Slab + Floor Finish Partition

Wall Lift DL + (50%
Wall Beam Column Staircase Total DL
Floor Load Wall or 25%)LL
(25% OR load (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
Dead FF Live (kN) (kN) (kN)
50%)LL (kN)
                         
G+1 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1057.336 1131.395 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7068.650 7406.799
G+2 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+3 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+4 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+5 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+6 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+7 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+8 2220.394 296.053 1168.969 338.149 1490.956 1599.203 214.765 1176.1 896.818 75.788 7970.078 8308.227
G+9 2194.748 292.633 1608.461 661.494 1307.048 1290.010 214.765 1176.1 784.098 37.894 7297.298 7958.792
Top Level 1415.851 188.780     633.170 490.409 107.382 748.707 298.939   3883.238 3883.238
Total (Σ)                       77406.416

30
5.3 Base Shear Calculation
Table 5.2: Base Shear Calculation

SN Reference Parameters Values Remarks

Dx 15.1638
1 Base Dimension(m)
Dy 31.9786
2 Height of Building (m) h 32.004
IS456:2000 (Cl.6.4.2.1) Zone V
3 Zone Factor Z 0.36
(Table 3)
4 IS1893 (Cl.7.2.3) Importance Factor I 1.2 Residential Building
5 IS1893 (Cl.7.2.7) Response Reduction Factor R 5 RC SMRF
Tax 0.739678077 T = 0.09h /√d
6 IS1893 (Cl.7.6.2) Time Period(s)
Tay 0.509350865
X-direction 1.838637701 (Sa/g) = 1.36/T for
Average Response Acceleration
7 IS1893 (Cl.6.4.2) 0.55<T<4
Coefficient (Sa/g) Y-direction 2.5
Ahx 0.079429149
8 IS1893 (Cl.6.4.2) Design Seismic Coefficient Ah = (Z/2)(I/R)(Sa/g)
Ahy 0.108
X-direction 6423.4040 V=Ah×W
9 IS1893 (Cl.7.2.1) Base Shear(kN)
Y-direction 8733.9175

31
5.4 Seismic Force Calculation
Table 5.3: Seismic Force Calculation

Seismic Weight
Floor Height (m) Wi×hi2 Wi×hi2/Σ(Wi×hi2) Qxi (kN) Qyi(kN)
(kN)
Top 3883.238096 32.004 3977429.981 0.14240 914.703 1243.724
G+9 7958.791688 28.804 6602990.615 0.23640 1518.512 2064.724
G+8 8308.226788 25.603 5446240.812 0.19499 1252.490 1703.014
G+7 8308.226788 22.403 4169778.122 0.14929 958.938 1303.870
G+6 8308.226788 19.202 3063510.457 0.10968 704.526 957.945
G+5 8308.226788 16.002 2127437.817 0.07617 489.254 665.240
G+4 8308.226788 12.802 1361560.203 0.04875 313.123 425.753
G+3 8308.226788 9.601 765877.614 0.02742 176.131 239.486
G+2 8308.226788 6.401 340390.051 0.01219 78.281 106.438
G+1 7406.798788 3.200 75864.582 0.00272 17.447 23.722
Total (Σ)   27931080.256   6423.404 8733.918

32
5.5 Irregularity Check
Table 5.4: Irregularity Check
References S.N. Calculations Results
IS 1893:2016 1 Plan Irregularity
Table 5 Fig 3b Projection length in X-direction
A=0m
Projection length in Y-direction
A=0m
Building dimension parallel to A, Regular
In X-Direction , L=18.0399m
In Y-Direction ,L=32.6786m
In X-Direction, A/L= 0 <0.15
In Y-Direction A/L= 0<0.15
IS 1893:2016 2 Vertical Irregularity
Table 6 Fig 4C Projection length at top, L1 =
19.8374m
Irregular
Projection length at
bottom,L2=32.6786m
L2>1.25L1
IS 1893:2016 3 Mass Irregularity
Table 6 Fig 4b Seismic wt. at Floor level
First Floor (F1)=7527.499KN Regular
Second Floor (F2)=8428.927KN
1.5F1>F2
IS 1893:2016 4 Stiffness Irregularity
Table 6 Fig 4a Ground Floor (K0)=14589626.938
Regular
First Floor (K1)=1273958.758
K0>K1

33
 CHAPTER 6

Structural Analysis

6.1 Salient feature of ETABS

ETABS represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of CSI series
of computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the
analysis, and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this
single interface. Graphical displays of the results, including real-time display of
time-history displacements are easily produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements, out of which the three-
dimensional frame element was used in this analysis. The frame element uses a
general, three-dimensional, beam-column formulation which includes the effects
of biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation and biaxial shear deformations.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include:
 Three-dimensional frames
 Three-dimensional trusses
 Planar frames
 Planar grillages
 Planar trusses
A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element
has its own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and
for interpreting output.
Each frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple concentrated loads
and multiple distributed loads. End offsets are available to account for the finite
size of beam and column intersections. End releases are also available to model
different fixity conditions at the ends of the element. Element internal forces are
produced at the ends of each element and at a user-specified number of equally-
spaced output stations along the length of the element.
Loading options allow for gravity, thermal and pre-stress conditions in addition to
the usual nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic

34
loading can be in the form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying
loads and base accelerations.

6.2 Structural analysis and design by ETABS

For Structural modeling of the building, ETABS has been used. The general
procedure of using ETABS is as follows:
 Defining Grid
 Defining materials
 Defining section properties
 Creating Elements
 Defining joint restraints
 Defining load patterns, load cases
 Defining loads
 Defining Load combination
 Running the analysis
 Verify output
 Trial design
 Check member forces
 Re-design if required

35
Figure 6.1: 3D Model of Structure

36
 CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of proposed project is purely academic oriented, but we have made
every effort to make it applicable for real construction. The design of the
multistoried building is done aiming safety and serviceability criteria. After
completion of the project, we believe we can individually design similar types of
structure and structural elements and would gain in-depth knowledge about the
design of RCC buildings. We hope that this project meets the expectations of our
respected supervisor and rest of our teachers to meet the requirement of Final
Year Project. We believe this report will also serve as a guidance and reference
for our contemporaries and juniors to understand the basic behavior of the
structures and also the principles and methodology required for the design of such
type of structures.

37
 RECOMMENDATIONS

i. Wind load is to be considered if it is subjected to wind load higher than

seismic load.
ii. The construction of water tanks is to be considered.
iii. Construction of ramps in parking is to be considered.

38
 REFERENCES

Books
1. Jain, A.K., Reinforced Concrete (Limit State Design), Nem Chand and Bros,
5th edition, 1990
2. Sinha, S.N., Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata McGraw- Hill, 2nd Edition,
1996
3. Chopra, A.K., Dynamics of Structures, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, 2008

Codes
1. Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice – IS 456:2000
2. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure – IS 1893 (Part I):2000
3. Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures – IS 875 (Part II):1987

Journals
1. Waghmare, P.B., Pajgade, P.S. and Kanhe, N.M., Response spectrum analysis
of a shear frame structure by using MATLAB, Int. Journal of Applied Sciences
and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2012, www.ijaser.com

39
 ABBREVIATIONS

DCE: Department of Civil Engineering

IOE: Institute of Engineering

TU: Tribhuvan University

FYP: Final Year Project

CAD: Computer Aided Design

HOD: Head of Department

RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete

IS: Indian Standard

SP: Special Publications

NBC: National Building Code

LSM: Limit State Method

Cl.: Clause

EQ: Earthquake

DL: Dead Load

LL: Live Load

UDL: Uniformly Distributed Loa

40