Accounting and Finance

for Managers LESSON

8
CASH FLOW STATEMENT ANALYSIS

CONTENTS
8.0 Aims and Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Meaning & Motives of Cash Flow Statement
8.3 Utility of Cash Flow Statement
8.4 Steps in the Preparation of Cash Flow Statements
8.4.1 Preparation of Adjusted Profit and Loss Account
8.4.2 Comparison of Current Items to determine the Inflow of Cash or Outflow of Cash
8.4.3 Preparation of Cash Flow Statement
8.5 Let us Sum up
8.6 Lesson-end Activity
8.7 Keywords
8.8 Questions for Discussion
8.9 Suggested Readings

8.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

In this lesson we shall discuss about cash flow statement analysis. After going through
this lesson you will be able to:
(i) discuss meaning and motives of cash flow statement.
(ii) analyse utility of cash flow statement and steps in the preparation of cash flow
statements.

8.1 INTRODUCTION
Cash is considered one of the vital sources of the firm to meet day to day financial
commitments. The cash is considered to be as most important source of life blood of the
business. The day to day financial commitments are met out only out of the available
resources. The cash resources are availed through two different type of receipts viz.
sales, dividends, interests known as regular receipts and sale of assets, investments
known as irregular receipts of the business enterprise. To have smooth flow of business
enterprise, it should have ample cash resources for its operations. The availability of
cash resources is mainly depending on the cash inflows of the enterprises. The smoothness
in operations of the enterprise is obtained through an appropriate matching of cash inflows
and cash outflows.
To have smoothness in the operations of the enterprise, the firm should have an appropriate
volume of cash resources at speedier rate as well as more than the financial commitments
of the firm. This smoothness could be attained by way of an appropriate planning analysis
on the cash resources of the firm. The meaningful analysis is only possible through cash
flow statement analysis which facilitates the firm to identify the possible sources of cash
136 as well as the expenses and expenditures of the firm.
 Cash Flow Statement Analysis
8.2 MEANING & MOTIVES OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT
The cash flow statement is being prepared on the basis of an extracted information of
historical records of the enterprise. Cash flow statements can be prepared for a year, for
six months , for quarterly and even for monthly. The cash includes not only means that
cash in hand but also cash at bank.
Motives of preparing the cash flow statement:
l To identify the causes for the cash balance changes in between two different time
periods, with the help of corresponding two different balance sheets.
l To enlist the factors of influence on the reduction of cash balance as well as to
indicate the reasons though the profit is earned during the year and vice versa.

8.3 UTILITY OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Utility of cash flow statements are as follows:
l To identify the reasons for the reduction or increase in the cash balances irrespective
level of the profits earned by the firm.
l It facilitates the management to maintain an appropriate level of cash resources.
l It guides the management to take futuristic decisions on the prospective demands
and supply of cash resources through projected cash flows.
v How much cash resources are required?
v How much cash requirements could be internally settled?
v How much cash resources are to be raised through external sources?
v Which type of instruments are going to be floated for raising the required
resources?
l It helps the management to understand its capacity at the moment of borrowing for
any further capital budgeting decisions.
l It paves way for scientific cash management for the firm through maintenance of
an appropriate cash levels i-e optimum level cash of resources.
l It avoids in holding excessive or inadequate cash resources through proper planning
of cash resources.
l It moots control through identification of variations occurred in the cash expenses
and expenditures.
Cash flow statement vs Fund flow statement
Cash flow statement Fund flow statement
Cash inflow and outflow are only considered Increase or decrease in the working capital is
registered
Causes & changes of cash position Causes & changes of working capital position
Considers only most liquid assets pertaining to Considers in general i-e current assets ; the
cash resource ; which fosters only for very short duration of the liquidity of the current assets are
span of planning longer in gestation than the liquid assets ; which
paves way for long span of planning
Opening and closing balances of cash resources Increase or decrease of working capital is
are considered for the preparation considered but not the opening and closing
balance for preparation
The flow in the statement means real cash flow The flow in the statement need not be real cash
flow

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Accounting and Finance
for Managers 8.4 STEPS IN THE PREPARATION OF CASH FLOW
STATEMENTS

Prepare Non – current accounts to identify the flow cash

Cash Inflows Cash out flows

Sale of Assets or Investments, Raising Purchase of Assets or Investments, Redemption

of financial resources of financial resources

Balancing Figure

8.4.1 Preparation of Adjusted Profit and Loss Account

Adjusted Profit & Loss Account

Net profit method

Accounting Profit to be adjusted

To find out the cash Profit/Loss

Addition of Non cash & Non

Operating Expenses

Deduction of Non cash & Non

operating Incomes

Cash from operations or Cash lost in operations

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 Cash Flow Statement Analysis

Alternate method:
Decrease in current assets &
Increase in current liabilities
Net Profit
( +)

Increase in current assets &

Decrease in current liabilities

(-)

Sales Method

Cash Sales

Deduct Cash Purchases & Cash Operating Expenses

Cash from operations or Cash lost in operations

8.4.2 Comparison of Current items to determine the inflow of cash or outflow

of cash

Increase in current assets Outflow of cash

Decrease in current assets Inflow of cash

Decrease in current liabilities Outflow of cash

Increase in current liabilities

Inflow of cash

8.4.3 Preparation of cash flow statement

The cash flow statement can be prepared either in statement form or in accounting
format.
Inflow cash Outflow cash
Opening cash balance XXXX Redemption of preference shares XXXX
Cash from in operations XXXX Redemption fo debentures XXXX
Sale of assets XXXX Repayment of loans XXXX
Issue of shares XXXX Payment of dividends XXXX
Issue of debentures XXXX Payment of tax XXXX
Raising of loans XXXX Cash lost in operations XXXX
Collection from debentures XXXX
Refund of tax XXXX
XXXX XXXX

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Accounting and Finance
for Managers Check Your Progress

(1) Cash flow means

(a) Change in cash position
(b) Change in working capital position
(c) Change in current assets position
(d) Change in current liabilities position
(2) Adjusted profit and loss account is to determine
(a) Cash from operations
(b) Cash lost in operations
(c) Cash from operations or Cash lost in operations
(d) None of the above
(3) Comparison in between the current assets and current liabilities to determine
(a) Cash inflow
(b) Cash out flow
(c) Both (a) & (b)
(d) None of the above
(4) Non current accounts are prepared for the cash inflows and cash outflows
on the basis of which of the following relationship
(a) Non current asset account and Cash
(b) Non current liability account and Cash
(c) Both (a) & (b) only
(d) None of the above

Illustration 1
From the following balances you are required to calculate cash from operations:
Particulars December 31
1992 Rs 1993 Rs
Debtors 1,00,000 94,000
Bills receivable 20,000 25,000
Creditors 40,000 50,000
Bills payable 16,000 12,000
Outstanding expenses 2,000 2,400
Prepaid expenses 1,600 1,400
Accrued Income 1,200 1,500
Income received in advance 600 500
Profit made during the year - 2,60,000

According to net profit method , the cash from operation has to be found out
Cash from operations
= Net profit (+) Decrease in current assets (-) Increase in current assets
& &
Increase in current liabilities Decrease in current liabilities

The next step is to quantify the decrease in current assets and increase in current liabilities,
in order to add with the closing net profit of the given statements and then the added
volume should be deducted from the increase in current assets and decrease in current
liabilities.

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 Cash from operations Rs Rs Cash Flow Statement Analysis
Profit made during the year s
Add
Decrease in debtors 6,000
Increase in creditors 10,000
Outstanding expenses 400
Prepaid expenses 200
16,600
Less
Increase in Bills receivable 5,000
Decrease in Bills payable 4,000
Increase in accrued income 300
Income received in advance 100
9,4000
Cash from operations 2,67,200

Illustration 2
From the following profit and loss account you are required to compute cash from
operations
Profit and loss account for the year ending 31st Dec, 1983
Rs Rs
To salaries 10,000 By Gross profit 50,000
To Rent 2,000 By profit on sale of land 10,000
To Depreciation 4,000 By income tax refund 6,000
To loss on sale of plant 2,000
To Good will written off 8,000
To proposed dividend 10,000
To provision for taxation 10,000
To Net profit 20,000
66,000 66,000
Cash from operations Rs Rs
Net profit made during the year 20,000
Add:
Non cash expenses
Depreciation 4,000
Loss on sale of plant 2,000
Good will return off 8,000
Non operating expenses
Proposed dividend 10,000
Provision for taxation 10,000 34,000
Less
Non cash income
Profit on sale of land 10,000
Non operating income
Income tax refund 6,000 16,000
38,000

Illustration 3
The comparative balance sheets of M/s Ram Brothers for the two years were as follows
Liabilities Mar,31 Assets Mar,31
1984 1985 1984 1985
Capital 3,00,000 3,50,000 Land &Building 2,20,000 3,00,000
Loan from Bank 3,20,000 2,00,000 Machinery 4,00,000 2,80,000
Creditors 1,80,000 2,00,000 Stock 1,00,000 90.000
Bills payable 1,00,000 80,000 Debtors 1,40,000 1,60,000
Loan from SBI 50,000 Cash 40,000 50,000
9,00,000 8,80,000 9,00,000 8,80,000

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Accounting and Finance Additional Information
for Managers
i. Net profit for the year 1985 amounted to Rs. 1,20,000
ii. During the year a machine costing Rs.50,000 ( accumulated depreciation Rs. 20,000)
was sold for Rs. 26,000. The provision for depreciation against machinery as on 31
Mar, 1984 was Rs.1,00,000 and 31st Mar, 1985 Rs.1,70,000
You are required to prepare a cash flow statement
First step is to prepare non current accounts
Non current account includes both non current liability and asset
First start with non current liability
Dr Capital A/c Cr
Rs Rs
To Drawings. Balancing Fig. 70,000 By Balance B/d (Opening) 3,00,000
To Balance c/d(Closing ) 3,50,000 By Net profit 1,20,000
4,20,000 4,20,000
The next step is to find out the depreciation provided during the year, which affects non
current asset account of the firm is Machinery account.
Before discussing the accounting transactions, the journal entry for provision for
depreciation should be known.
Provision for depreciation Account
Dr Cr
Rs Rs
To Machinery 20,000 By Balance B/d 1,00,000
To Balance C/d 1,70,000 By Adjusted profit and loss 90,000
account ( Depreciation provided
during the year)
1,90,000 1,90,000

Cash sale of the machinery amounted Rs.26,000

What happens during the cash sale of a machinery ?
Debit what comes in - Cash resources are coming in
Credit what goes out- Machinery is going out of the firm
While selling the machinery, it is most important to identify the worth of the sale transaction
of the machinery ?
Original cost of the Asset Rs.50,000
Accumulated Depreciation Rs.20,000
Rs.30,000
Sale price Rs.26,000
Loss on sale of the assets Rs.4,000

Once the loss of the transaction is found out, the amount of the loss should be appropriately
recorded
Machinery Account
Dr Cr
Rs Rs
To Balance B/d (Opening) 5,00,000 By cash sale 26,000
By Profit and loss a/c Loss 4,000
Balancing Fig
By Depreciation Provision 20,000
By Balance c/d(Closing ) 4,50,000
2,80,000+1,70,000
5,00,000 5,00,000

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Dr Land and Building Cr Cash Flow Statement Analysis
Rs Rs
To Balance B/d(Opening) 2,20,000
To Purchase 80,000 By Balance c/d(Closing ) 3,00,000
3,00,000 3,00,000
The next step is to prepare adjusted profit and loss account
Dr Adjusted profit and loss account Cr
To Machinery A/c(Loss on sale ) Rs. By Balance B/d Rs.
4,000
To Depreciation provided during 90,000 By cash from operations 2,14,000
the year
To Balance c/d 1,20,000
2,14,000 2,14,000

The next most important step is to compare the current assets

Increase in creditors -Rs.20,000 - cash inflow
Loan from SBI -Rs 50,000 -cash inflow
Decrease in stock -Rs.10,000 - cash inflow
Loan repaid -Rs.1,20,000 -cash outflow
Decrease in Bill payable -Rs.20,000 - cash outflow
Cash flow statement
Inflow Rs Out flow Rs
Opening cash balance 40,000 Loan repaid 1,20,000
Creditors 20,000 Bills payable 20,000
Loan from SBI 50,000 Debtors 20,000
Stock 10,000 Land and buildings purchased 80,000
Machinery cash sale 26,000 Drawings 70,000
Cash from operations 2,14,000 Closing cash balance 50,000
3,60,000 3,60,000
Illustration 4
Data ltd, supplies you the following balance on 31st Mar 1995 and 1996
Liabilities 1995 1996 Assets 1995 1996
Share capital 1,40,000 1,48,000 Bank balance 18,000 15,600
Bonds 24,000 12.000 Accounts 29,800 35,400
Receivable
Accounts payable 20,720 23,680 Inventories 98,400 85,400
Provision for debts 1,400 1,600 Land 40,000 60,000
Reserves and 20,080 21,120 Good will 20,000 10,000
Surpluses
2,06,200 2,06,400 2,06,200 2,06,400

Additional information
i. Dividends amounting to Rs 7,000 were paid during the year 1996
ii. Land was purchased for Rs. 20,000
iii. Rs.10,000 were written off on good will during the year
iv. Bonds of Rs.12,000 were paid during the course of the year
v. You are required to prepare a cash flow statement
The first step is to prepare non current accounts
The first step is to prepare non current assets and liabilities account
As far as non current asset account - Land account has to be prepared
Dr Land Cr
Rs Rs
To Balance B/d(Opening) 40,000
To Purchase (Given) 20,000 By Balance c/d(Closing ) 60,000
60,000 60,000 143
Accounting and Finance The non current liability account to be prepared
for Managers
The first non current liability account got affected is Share capital account
Dr Share capital account Cr
Rs Rs
By Balance B/d(Opening ) 1,40,000
To Balance c/d (Closing ) 1,48,000 By cash Balancing figure 8,000
1,48,000 1,48,000
The next non current liability account is that Bonds account
Dr Bond account Cr
Rs Rs
To cash redemption (Given) 12,000 By Balance B/d(Opening ) 24,000
To Balance c/d(Closing ) 12,000
24,000 24,000
The next step is to prepare the Adjusted profit and loss account
Dr Adjusted profit and loss account Cr
To provision for doubtful 200 By Balance B/d 20,080
debts
To Good will written off 10,000 By cash from operations 18,240
To dividends paid 7000
To Balance c/d 21,120
38,320 38,320

The next most important step is to compare the current assets during the two years
Increase in Accounts payable - Rs. 2,960 - Cash inflow
Decrease in Inventories -Rs. 7,000 - Cash inflow
Increase in Bank Balance - Rs. 2,400 -Cash outflow
Increase in accounts receivable -Rs. 5,600 - Cash outflow
The next step is to draft the Cash flow statement
Cash flow statement
Inflow Rs Out flow Rs
Opening cash balance 18,000 Increase in Bills receivable 5,600
Issue of shares 8,000 Purchases of land 20,000
Increase in Bills payable 2,960 Dividends paid 7,000
Decrease in stock 13,000 Bonds repaid 12,000
Cash from operations 18,240 Closing cash balance 15,600

60,200 60,200

Check Your Progress

(1) Cash flow statement analysis is an analysis of short span of analysis due to
(a) Current assets position is only considered
(b) Super quick assets position only considered
(c) Working capital position is considered
(d) None of the above
(2) How cash flows are denominated in terms of both current assets and current
liabilities?
(a) Increase in current assets & Decrease in current liabilities
(b) Decrease in current assets & Increase in current liabilities
(c) Increase in current assets & Increase in current liabilities
144
Contd...
 (d) Both (a) & (b) Cash Flow Statement Analysis

(3) Cash position at the opening and closing comprises of

(a) Cash in hand
(b) Cash at bank
(c) Both cash in hand and at bank
(d) None of the above
(4) Cash flow analysis superior than the fund flow analysis due to
(a) Shorter span of cash resources are considered
(b) Real cash flows only taken into consideration
(c) Opening & closing cash balances are only considered
(d) (a), (b) & (c)
(5) Sale of the Plant & Machinery falls under the category of
(a) Non current asset sale- cash in flow
(b) Current asset sale - cash out flow
(c) Non current asset sale -cash out flow
(d) None of the above

8.5 LET US SUM UP

The cash resources are availed through two different type of receipts viz sales, dividends,
interests known as regular receipts and sale of assets , investments known as irregular
receipts of the business enterprise. Cash flow statements can be prepared for a year, for
six months , for quarterly and even for monthly The cash includes not only means that
cash in hand but also cash at bank.

8.6 LESSON-END ACTIVITY

Parle Food Products experiences a considerable seasonal variation in its business. The
high point in the year’s activity comes in November, the low point in July. During which
month would you expect the company’s ratio to be higher? If the company was choosing
a fiscal year for accounting purposes, what advice would you give?

8.7 KEYWORDS
Cash
Cash Flow Statement
Fund Flow Statement

8.8 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Define cash flow.
2. Highlight the steps involved in the process of Cash flow statement analysis.
3. Draw the proforma of the Adjusted profit and loss account.
4. Illustrate the impact of the changes taken place on the current assets and current
liabilities to the tune of cash flows determination of the firm.
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Accounting and Finance 5. Briefly explain the objectives of preparing the cash flow statement.
for Managers
6. Explain the various utilities of the cash flow statement analysis.
7. Illustrate the various differences in between the cash flow and fund flow statements
analysis.

8.9 SUGGESTED READINGS

R.L. Gupta and Radhaswamy, "Advanced Accountancy".
V.K. Goyal, "Financial Accounting", Excel Books, New Delhi.
Khan and Jain, "Management Accounting".
S.N. Maheswari, "Management Accounting".
S. Bhat, "Financial Management", Excel Books, New Delhi.
Prasanna Chandra, "Financial Management - Theory and Practice", Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi (1994).
I.M. Pandey, "Financial Management", Vikas Publishing, New Delhi.
Nitin Balwani, "Accounting & Finance for Managers", Excel Books, New Delhi.

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