A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
( SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN
SEVEN OCEANS OIL AND GAS LIMITED, WUSE 2, FCT
ABUJA

BY

COMFORT JOSEPH ABUTU

(ENG/17/CHE/00264)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO

DEDICATION
In life three sect of people matters most, first God almighty, second
parent and thirdly friends, I dedicate this report to God Almighty for his
unlimited grace, consistent love, immeasurablefaithfulness, and for
sparing my life throughout the period of my SIWES program, secondly
to my darling late parents Mr. & Mrs. Alfred Abutu for their spiritual
undiminished support and guidanceand my beloved friends who always
encourages me to be strong.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, my deepest acknowledgement goes to God Almighty, for his overwhelming
love upon my life throughout the scheme. He strengthens me not to give up, without his support
and miracles I would not have been alive let alone have a successful SIWES experience.

I also wish to acknowledge the university for giving me the opportunity to participate in the
students industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) and giving me the opportunity to work at
Seven Oceans Oil and Gas Limited.

My special thanks goto my effective lecturers (My HOD (Prof. Nurudeen Yusuf), My Exam
Officer (Dr A.A Rasheed), My Level Coordinator (Dr O.A Umar)) for inspiring me to be a better
person.

I want to say a very big thank you to my industrial based supervisorMr. Udoh Ukwong. for his
vital encouragement, support, and guidance in my learning process throughout training period at
here, and for giving me the opportunity to experience and undergo training in this company and
the technician in my unit and to the entire staff of the company.

Finally, to my institution-based supervisor for his advice and support, to my other friends and
colleague like Ubaidullahi Obadaki, Joshua Josiah, Josh2fuuny, Bello Kreb and Mofeduncan. I
say thank you all. Am highly grateful.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………. 1
Dedication………………………………………………………………………….2
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………...3
Table Of Contents……………………………………………………………….....4
List Of Figures……………………………………………………………………..5List Of
Table……………………………………………………………………….6

CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1. History Of SIWES
1.2. Aim And Objective Of SIWES
1.3. Logbook
1.4. Seven Oceans Oil and Gas Limited
1.4.1 History and scope of work
1.5. Safety Equipment and Precaution

CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Process Overview
2.3. Onshore
2.4. Main Process Sections
2.4.1.Wellheads
2.4.2Manifolds/Gathering
2.4.3 Separation
2.4.3.1Test separators and well test
2.4.3.2Production separators
2.4.4.Gas compression
2.4.5Metering, storage, and export
2.5.Reservoirand Wellheads
2.6.Early Production Facility
2.7.Valves
2.7.1. Check Valve
2.7.2. Gate Valve
2.7.3. Butterfly Valve

CHAPTER THREE:
MONITORING OF FLOW STATION OPERATIONS
3.1.Monitoring Wellhead Pressure
3.2. Oil Metering and Export
3.3. Sampling Analysis of Crude Oil
3.3.1 Method of performing BS&W analysis
3.3.2. Method of calculating API gravity of a sample
3.3.3 Method of correcting Observed API using National Standard Petroleum
Oil Tables
3.4. Crude Oil Skimming

CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIENCE GAINED AND CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
4.1. Experience Gained
4.2. Challenges Encountered

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusion
5.2. Recommendations

REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE. TITLE. PAGE

1.1 Personal Protective Equipment
2.1 Oil and Gas Production Overview
2.2 Typical Wellhead Schematic
2.3 Gravity Separator
2.4 Cross Section of a gravity separator
2.5Array of LP (Low Pressure), HP (High Pressure),
IP (Intermediate Pressure) and test separators
2.6. Check Valve
2.7 Gate Valve
2.8 Butterfly Valve
3.1 Restarted Wellhead
3.2 Metering at LACT unit
3.3Crude sample after centrifugal action
3.4aMethod of reading the hydrometer
3.4b Method of reading the hydrometer
3.5a Hydrometer inside crude oil
3.5b Reading temperature from the hydrometer
3.6 Crude Oil Skim pit
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 Units of Measurement
ABSTRACT
The Students Work Experience Scheme is a skill training programme designed to expose and
prepare students of tertiary institutions for the industrial work situation they are likely to
encounter after graduation.
The SIWES report gives details about all the work carried out and the relevant experience gained
at Seven Oceans Oil and Gas Limited, FCT Abuja. The three-month program involved majorly
gaining the theoretical knowledge concerned with the operations of a flow station, operating
principles of wellheads, manifolds, and gravity separators.
The second part of the training involves working at the production department of the OML 98
flow station at Port Harcourt were monitoring operations involving monitoring abnormal
wellhead pressure, restarting failed wellheads, monitoring gravity separators, carrying out crude
oil sampling, BS &W analysis, and API gravity calculations on said samples, crude oil metering
and export, oil skimming operations were carried out.
This report gives detailed information on all the areas afore mentioned and defines clearly the
experience gained throughout the course of the program, along with the challenges encountered
and various recommendations.
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. HISTORY OF SIWES

The students SIWES program is a skill-acquisition program designed for 300 level and 400 level
students of most tertiary institutions as a complementary program to the theoretical education
and laboratory practices engaged in by students in tertiary institutions, which by industrial
standard are inadequate to serve the practical needs of the industries. The practices are idealistic
and therefore necessitate that the student be exposed to actual life practice, which is a far
departure from academic institutional class and laboratory practice.
The official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Nigeria made it clear that, the Supreme Military
Council then headed by General Yakubu Gowon in the year 1972 promulgated decree No.47 to
indigenize the Nigeria Economic Sector. On the 31st of March 1974, the decree came into effect
with its core aim of reducing the dominance of foreigners in the Nigeria economy.
The indigenization decree established many bodies which were charged with different
responsibilities to make the nations dream a reality. Among them include:
i. Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
ii. Center for Management Development (CMD)
iii. Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON)
The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) was charged with the responsibility of training low and
middle level manpower for sustainable industrialization.
However, when the Federal Government observed that the training of students who are still in
school will be easier and cheaper, and that such training will make them more competent to
assume any responsibility to their related field of study, a scheme known as Students Industrial
Work Experience Scheme was established under ITF. This body was mandated to liaise with all
the relevant agencies like National Universities Commission (NUC), National Board of
Technical Education (NBTE) to ensure proper training of undergraduate students. The Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established in 1974 since the interception of
SIWES, it has been a partial fulfillment of the academic program.
SIWES is devised by National University Commission (NUC) as a skill training program that
will bridge the long gap that demarcates theory from practical in science and technology and
other related courses in Nigeria Universities.

1.2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The course is aimed at:

>Building the students ability to work with equipment they do not have
access to in school.

>Providing an opportunity for students to apply the theoretical knowledge

acquired in the classroom to a real practical work situation.

>Preparing the student against the real challenge they would encounter in
their field of specialization after graduation.

>The industries/organizations get involved in training the manpower they

need; thereby preparing the trainee for employment opportunity after
graduation.

Participation in the Industrial Training is a well-known educational strategy. Classroom studies

are integrated with learning through hands-on work experiences in a field related to the students’
academic major and career goals. Successful internships foster an experimental learning process
that not only promotes career preparation but provides opportunities for learners to develop skills
necessary to become leaders in their chosen professions.
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of certificates in
specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the country, in accordance with the
education policy of government.

Operators: The ITF; the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of labor and
the institutions.

Funding: The Federal Government of Nigeria

Beneficiaries: Undergraduate students of the following: Agriculture, Engineering, Technology,

environmental, science, education, medical science and pure and applied sciences.

1.3. Logbook

This is the booklet for recording daily and weekly activities by the students, the industrial based
supervisor is required to endorse the logbook every week as well as the institutional supervisor is
to sign the logbook during supervision. The training logbook clearly states the training
objectives. It emphasizes and shows one’spersonal observations and interest in the training, one’s
capability on problem solving and the ability to comment and suggestions for improvement in a
constructive and professional manner.
1.4. SEVEN OCEANS OIL AND GAS LIMITED COMPANY
Seven Oceans Oil and Gas is indigenous Exploration and Production Company with investments
and operating interests in the Nigerian Oil and Gas industry. The Company is governed by a
board of directors with proven integrity and driven by a dynamic management team with broad
knowledge and experience in the oil and gas industry.
Seven Oceans Group is an integrated and diversified conglomerate with a core business focus of
providing world class services and products across a wide array of market including Agriculture,
Oil and Gas, Construction, Real Estates, Information and Communication Technologies,
Logistics& Security, Automobile & Aviation and Auction & Trading.

1.4.1 History and Scope of Work

Seven Oceans Oil and Gas Limited was incorporated in 2009 is committed to provide affordable
and sustainable energy solutions required to advance inclusive economic growth, shared
prosperity and sustainable development.
Seven Oceans is registered under all applicable laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria with
Corporate Affairs Commission [CAC]. Registration Number: RC.797290 andTax Identification
Number [TIN]: 185244010001.
Seven Oceans mandate and aspiration are implemented under four [4] broad sectors of the
energy value chain covering upstream activities [refining and petrochemicals]; Downstream
activities [trading and retail of refined petroleum products and natural gas] as well as logistics
and services activities [Vessel operation and management, Energy Infrastructure Security,
Electricity Generation and General Contracting, Consultancy an Advisory]
1.5. SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND PRECAUTION
Seven Oceans Oil and Gas Limited is very concerned when it comes to safety in and out site. On
the work site, safety is even a more serious business than the job itself. To ensure safety of
workers, environment and equipment, certain rules were put in place.
Some of these rules include:
i. Do not walk under a suspended load.
ii. Verify isolation before work begins and use the specified life protecting equipment
iii. Obtain authorization before entering a confined space
iv. Wear your seat belt.
v. Do not smoke outside designated smoking areas
vi. Follow prescribed journey management plan
vii. Conduct gas tests when required
viii. No alcohol or drugs while working or driving.
ix. Protect yourself against a fall when working at height
Aside the above, the company also has a strong PPE policy (Figure 1.1). The company’s
“NO ENTRY” policy holds for all workers on site.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Oil has been used for lighting purposes for many thousands of years. In areas where oil is found
in shallow reservoirs, seeps of crude oil or gas may naturally develop, and some oil could simply
be collected from seepage or tar ponds.
But it was not until 1859 that Edwin Drake drilled the first successful oil well, with the sole
purpose of finding oil. The Drake Well was located in the middle of quiet farm country in north-
westernPennsylvania and began the international search for an industrial use of petroleum.
Soon, oil had replaced most other fuels for motorized transport. The automobile industry
developed at the end of the 19thcentury, and quickly adopted oil as fuel. Gasoline engines were
essential for designing successful aircrafts. Ships driven by oil could move up to twice as fast as
their coal powered counterparts, a vital military advantage. Gas was burned off and buried in the
ground.
Despite attempts at gas transportation as far back as 1821, it was not until after the World War II
that wedding techniques, pipe rolling, and metallurgical advances allowed for the construction of
reliable long-distance pipelines. Resulting in a natural gas industry boom. At the same time the
petrochemical industry with its new plastic material quickly increased production, even now gas
production is gaining market share as LNG provides an economical way of transporting the gas
from even the remote sites.
With Oil prices of 82 dollars a barrel or more, even more difficult to access sources have become
economically viable. Such sources include tar sands in Venezuela and Canada as well as oil
shales. Synthetic diesel (syndiesel) from natural gas and biological sources (biodiesel, ethanol)
has also become commercially viable. These sources may eventually more than triple the
potential reserves of hydrocarbon fuels. (Harvard,2009).

2.2 Process Overview

The following illustration (Figure 2.1) gives a simplified overview of the typical oil and gas
production process.
At the left side, we find the well heads. They feed into production and test manifolds. In a
distributed production system, this would be called the gathering system. The remainder of the
diagram is the actual process, often called The Gas Oil Separation Plant (GOSP). While there are
oil or gas only installations, more often the well stream will consist of a full range of
hydrocarbons from gas (methane, butane, propane etc.), condensates (medium density
hydrocarbons) to crude oil. With this well flow we will also get a variety of unwanted
components such as water, carbon dioxide, salts, Sulphur, and sand. The purpose of this GOSP is
to process the well flow into clean marketable products: oil, natural gas, or condensates. Also
included are a number ofutility systems, not part of the actual process, but providing energy,
water, air or some other utility to the plant. (Harvard, 2009).

2.3 Onshore