EEX 107.03 Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
EVALUATING APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s employees.
Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third
parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission
of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Electrical For additional information on this subject, contact

File Reference: EEX-107.03 PEDD Coordinator on 874-6556
Engineering Encyclopedia Electrical Equipment Testing
Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests
MODULE COMPONENT PAGE
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 5
AC AND DC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TEST SETS ........................................................... 6
Operational Principle ............................................................................................ 6
Constructions........................................................................................................ 8
EVALUATING AC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS ........................................................ 12
AC Applied-Potential Tests: Applications and Methods ...................................... 12
Applications ............................................................................................. 12
Basic Methods ......................................................................................... 13
Evaluation Factors.............................................................................................. 15
Close Clearance ...................................................................................... 15
Time......................................................................................................... 16
Charging Current ..................................................................................... 16
Avalanche Breakdown ............................................................................. 16
EVALUATING DC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS........................................................ 17
DC Applied-Potential Tests: Applications and Basic Methods ........................... 17
Applications ............................................................................................. 17
Basic Methods ......................................................................................... 18
Incipient Breakdown Detection Factor ................................................................ 21
Dielectric Absorption Factor................................................................................ 23
EVALUATIng INSULATING FLUID DIELECTRIC TESTS ............................................ 24
Insulating Fluid Dielectric Tests: Applications and Methods .............................. 24
Applications ............................................................................................. 24
Methods ................................................................................................... 24
Effects of Water Contamination .......................................................................... 26
Effects of Temperature ....................................................................................... 27
WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE AN AC APPLIED-
POTENTIAL TEST ........................................................................................................ 28
Work Aid 1A: Non-Mandatory Test Form P-008, Medium-Voltage Circuit
Breakers (Handout 8).................................................................... 28
Work Aid 1B: Non-Mandatory Test Form P-014, Metal-Enclosed Bus Duct
(Handout 9) ................................................................................... 28
Work Aid 1C: Manufacturer’s Literature.............................................................. 28
Work Aid 1D Applicable Procedural Steps.......................................................... 30
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards i

WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE A DC APPLIED-

POTENTIAL TEST ........................................................................................................ 32
Work Aid 2A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-011, Generators - Diesel Electric
(Handout 2) ................................................................................... 32
Work Aid 2B: Non-Mandatory Test Form P-004, Cables - Medium Voltage
(Handout 10) ................................................................................. 32
Work Aid 2C: Manufacturer’s Literature.............................................................. 33
Work Aid 2D: Westinghouse Electric Corp. Leakage-Voltage Test Calculation
Form 31780 (Handout 11)............................................................. 33
Work Aid 2E: Associated Research Inc. Form #5-25.1, Cable Test Graph Paper
(Handout 12) ................................................................................. 33
Work Aid 2F: Applicable Procedural Steps ......................................................... 34
WORK AID 3: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE AN INSULATING FLUID
DIELECTRIC TEST....................................................................................................... 41
Work Aid 3A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-025, Transformers -- Oil-Filled
(Handout 13) ................................................................................. 41
Work Aid 3B: Applicable Procedural Steps......................................................... 41
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 43
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards ii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of an Applied-Potential Test Set....................................... 7

Figure 2. High-Voltage Transformer Circuits of AC and DC Test Sets ............................ 9
Figure 3. Control Panel of a DC Applied-Potential Test Set .......................................... 11
Figure 4. Connection Diagrams for AC Applied-Potential Tests .................................... 14
Figure 5. Connection Diagram for a DC Applied-Potential Test .................................... 18
Figure 6. Connection Diagram for DC Applied-Potential Tests that Use the Guard
Terminal ..................................................................................................... 19
Figure 7. Graphical Data from a Step-Voltage Test ...................................................... 22
Figure 8. Plot of Microampere Current vs. Time for a Dielectric Absorption Test......... 23
Figure 9. Plot of Breakdown Voltage Versus Water Content......................................... 26
Figure 10. Data Plot from a Step-Voltage Test of Undamaged Insulation ..................... 38
Figure 11. Data Plot from a Step-Voltage Test of Defective Insulation ......................... 39
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards iii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Table of Recommended Applied-Potential Voltages ....................................... 28

Table 2. Excerpt from a Manufacturer’s Instructional Literature .................................... 29
Table 3. Table of Recommended Applied-Potential Voltages ....................................... 33
Table 4. Table of Dielectric Absorption Ratios .............................................................. 35
Table 5. Table of Test Voltages for XLPE or EPR Cables............................................. 36
Table 6. Table of Minimum Values of Dielectric Breakdown ......................................... 41
Table 7. Table of Minimum Values of Dielectric Breakdown ......................................... 42
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards iv

INTRODUCTION
The subject of this Module is the evaluation of applied-potential
tests. Applied-potential tests are also called high-potential tests,
hi-pot tests, or high-voltage withstand tests. Applied-potential
tests include AC applied-potential tests, DC applied-potential
tests, and insulating fluid dielectric tests. As background
information, the operational principles and constructions of AC
and DC applied-potential test sets are explained. The
applications and basic methods of applied-potential tests are
also explained. To gain practical experience, the Participant will
perform three Exercises to evaluate the test data taken from
three applied-potential tests.
Applied-potential tests are performed for one or both of two
purposes:
• As a proof test in which significantly more than normal
voltage is applied to an insulation system or an insulation
component for a brief period of time in order to discover any
gross defect.
• To obtain measurements of insulation current that can be
analyzed to evaluate the general condition of an insulation
system or an insulation component.
Proof tests are performed using AC applied-potential test sets
and DC applied-potential test sets. Measurements of insulation
current are made using DC test sets.
Measuring insulation current with a DC applied-potential test
has the same basic purpose as performing an insulation-
resistance test or an insulation power-factor test. DC applied-
potential tests can, however, be conducted at significantly
greater voltages than insulation-resistance or insulation power-
factor tests.
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5

AC AND DC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TEST SETS
Operational Principle
An applied-potential test set receives a 120 or 240-volt AC
input, and it produces an adjustable high-voltage output.
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the circuits of a typical
applied-potential test set.
• AC input is connected and disconnected by the input power
switch.
• The variable autotransformer produces a zero to 120-volt
output. This autotransformer is the basic component of the
raise-voltage control shown in Figure 3.
• The circuit breaker CB remains closed throughout a test.
The primary function of this circuit breaker is to trip open if a
fault develops in the insulation system of the equipment
under test.
• Contactor K1 connects and disconnects the high-voltage
transformer under control of the HV-OFF pushbutton, the
HV-ON pushbutton, the remote interlock device, the zero-
start ZS microswitch, and the OL overload relay. A second
test set operator (person) is required to activate the electrical
contact of the remote interlock device. The ZS microswitch is
closed whenever the autotransformer is set at zero-output
adjustment. Relay OL will cause the K1 contactor to open if
an overload current is detected.
• The high-voltage transformer generates the output voltage.
The magnitude of this output voltage is indicated by the
kilovoltmeter VM.
• Divider resistors R1 and R2 reduce the output voltage to a
level that is safe for a panel meter.
• The milliammeter A indicates the magnitude of current
returning from the equipment under test.
• Built-in spark gaps protect the kilovoltmeter and the
milliammeter from damage that might be caused by a
transient overvoltage.

High-Voltage Transformer
Assembly
H.V. Cable H.V. Output
CW CB K1 Terminal
Input
R1
Power Variable
Switch Auto Transformer
R2

Spark
K1 Gap
VM
H.V. H.V.
Off On
OL
ZS K1 OL
K1 Spark
Remote CB = Circuit Breaker A Gap
Interlock K1 = Output Contactor
Device OL = Overload and Insulation Fault Detector
ZS = Zero-Start Interlock Switch
Return
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of an Applied-Potential Test Set

R1 = High-Voltage Divider Resistor
R2 = Low-Voltage Divider Resistor
= Test Set Chassis Connection
Electrical Equipment Testing
7
Constructions
Applied-potential test sets have two basic construction types:
• AC applied-potential test sets.
• DC applied-potential test sets.
The differences in construction between AC and DC test sets
are in their high-voltage transformer circuits. Figure 2a shows
the high-voltage circuit of an AC test set. Figure 2b shows the
high-voltage circuit of a DC test set. A DC test set has four
additional components:
• A high-voltage rectifier that changes the AC output of the
high-voltage transformer into a DC output.
• A discharge solenoid whose main contact dissipates a
capacitive charge a brief time after the output contactor
opens.
• An extra return-current terminal called the guard terminal.
Any current flowing into the guard terminal will not be sensed
in the microammeter.
• An output filter capacitor that changes the half-wave output
of the rectifier into a ripple-free direct voltage.
Note: Some DC applied-potential test sets do not have an
output filter capacitor. In these test sets, the distributed
capacitance of the insulation system under test smoothes the
wave form. The advantage of this arrangement is that less
energy is discharged into an insulation system after an
insulation breakdown occurs.

H.V. H.V.
K1
K1 D
Q R1
R1

R2 R2
K1
K1 C*
VM VM
OL OL
D = Discharge Solenoid
C = Output Filter Capacitor *
Guard
Q = High-Voltage Rectifier
A
A Ground (Chassis)
Return Link
Return
(a) (b)
Figure 2. High-Voltage Transformer Circuits of AC and DC Test Sets

* Note: Some DC test sets do not contain this capictor.
9
Applied-potential test sets range in physical size from that of a

portable suitcase that weighs several kilograms to that of a
substation type transformer that weighs 20 tons. Output voltage
ratings range from 750 volts to more than 1,000,000 volts. DC
applied-potential test sets are generally smaller, lighter, and less
expensive than AC test sets of equivalent output voltage ratings.
Figure 3 is a front view of the control panel of a DC applied-
potential test set. The kilovoltmeter, kilovoltmeter range switch,
microammeter, microammeter range switch, AC power switch,
high-voltage control devices, zero-start raise-voltage control,
and interlock socket are typical for all types of applied-potential
test sets. The exception is that an AC test set has a
milliammeter rather than a microammeter.
The functions of the control panel components are:
• Kilovoltmeter - displays the voltage of the test set’s output.
• Kilovoltmeter range switch - allows the selection of a
kilovoltmeter range that will display the most accurate
reading of the test set’s output voltage.
• Microammeter (or milliammeter) - indicates the magnitude of
the return terminal current.
• Microammeter range switch - allows the selection of an
ammeter range that will display the most accurate reading of
the test set’s return terminal current.
• AC power switch - disconnects and connects input voltage.
• High-voltage control devices - These devices are usually an
“ON” pushbutton and an “OFF” pushbutton, but, in some
models, they consist of a single “ON-OFF” toggle switch.
The high-voltage control devices open and close the test
set’s output contactor and discharge solenoid.
• Zero-start raise-voltage control - provides continuous range
control of the level of output voltage, and it assures that all
tests will start at minimum (near zero) output voltage level.
• Interlock socket - serves as a receptacle for the remote
interlock device.

Interlock
and Auxiliary Microammeter
Kilovoltmeter Power Socket
Intlk &
Aux Power 2 3
40 60 1 4
20 Return
20 30 5
10 10 0 dc
0
15
80
5 dc 4 Ground uA

kV 20 0
Guard
HV
Fuse
Raise Voltage
Voltage Range Current Range
Med 40 50 60 X10 X100
Low High
30 70 X1 X1K
20 80
AC Power High Voltage
Zero 10 90
On 5A Start On Off
0 100
DC Insulation Tester Hipotronics Model H880 PL
Figure 3. Control Panel of a DC Applied-Potential Test Set

Raise
Voltage
Control
11
EVALUATING AC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS

AC applied-potential tests are applied, performed, and
evaluated differently than DC applied-potential tests. This
section explains applications, methods, and evaluation factors
for AC applied-potential tests.
AC Applied-Potential Tests: Applications and Methods

Applications
AC applied-potential tests are conducted as proof tests. A proof

test is the application of more than rated voltage for a brief
period of time for the purpose of discovering a gross defect. An
AC proof test is used in preference to a DC proof test whenever
an AC test set is available. This preference exists because the
application of AC voltage distributes electric stress in an
insulation system in the same way that stress is distributed in
normal operation.
Armature Winding Insulation of Rotating Machinery is always proof-
tested at the factory. For machines assembled in place, proof
testing is performed after all winding components are installed.
Large rotating machines are typically proof-tested during
commissioning. Proof testing is sometimes conducted when
there is a suspicion of physical damage. The generally accepted
standard for testing of rotating machinery is the National
Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA) publication MG-1.
Power Transformers are always proof-tested at the factory. Proof
testing is sometimes conducted if lightening damage or
mechanical damage is suspected in winding components or
bushings. The generally accepted standard for testing of
transformers is ANSI/IEEE publication C-57.
Switchgear -- The bus insulation system and other insulation
components of switchgear are proof-tested at the factory. Bus
insulation is typically proof-tested during commissioning. Proof
testing is performed routinely as part of a maintenance testing
program. The generally accepted standard for testing of
switchgear is ANSI/IEEE publication C-37.
Lightening Arresters - are proof-tested when damage to their
crystal valve, their insulation, or their series gap is suspected.
Lightening arrester manufacturers recommend the method for
testing.

Circuit Breakers - Circuit breakers are proof-tested at the factory.

Circuit breakers are also proof-tested as part of a maintenance
testing program.
Basic Methods
The following paragraphs explain the basic methods of making

connections (hookups) for AC tests and conducting AC tests.
Hookups -- The following rules are used when making
connections for an AC applied-potential test:
• The high-voltage terminal of the test set is connected to all
terminals of the circuit that is to be tested.
• All terminals of circuits that are not to be tested are
connected to the frame or enclosure of the equipment.
• The return terminal of the test set is connected to the frame
of the equipment. Note: For most AC test sets, the return
terminal is internally connected to the chassis of the test set.
• If the equipment to be tested has a bonding connection to
the building grounding system, the chassis of the test set is
connected to this same bonding circuit. This temporary
connection is made even if the test set’s power cord has a
ground-return conductor.
Figure 4 shows two connection diagrams for an insulation test of
an AC machine. If the test set is connected as in Figure 4a, the
test will stress both phase-to-phase and phase-to-frame
insulation components. If the test set is connected as in
Figure 4b, the test will stress phase-to-frame insulation only. An
AC machine is shown in Figure 4, but these connection
diagrams represent methods used to test any electrical
apparatus.

Power Cord
with Ground-
Return Conductor T1 T4
H.V. T2 T5
Terminal
T3 T6
Spark-Gap
Temporary
Voltmeter
Jumpers
Bonding
Return Terminal
Test Set Connection
Chassis
Connection
(a)
T1 T4
T2 T5
T3 T6
Spark-Gap
Voltmeter
Return Terminal
(b)
Figure 4. Connection Diagrams for AC Applied-Potential Tests

Proof Testing -- Before testing is performed, a final value of test
voltage and a period of time that this voltage will be applied are
determined. The final value and period will depend on the type
of equipment to be tested, its nominal voltage rating, its basic
impulse level rating, its years in service, and the circumstance
of the test (factory, startup, maintenance, or troubleshooting).
The non-mandatory test forms of the Saudi Aramco Project
Acceptance Committee suggest voltage levels and periods for
various categories of equipment. These suggestions are based
on various manufacturer’s recommendations and industry
standards.

A spark-gap voltmeter is connected to the terminals of the test

set. A check on the spark-gap voltmeter is done before
connections are made between the test set and the equipment.
The gap is set at a distance that will flash over at a voltage 10%
greater than the pre-determined final voltage. The output
voltage of the test set is raised to this 110% level to verify that
the calibration of the sphere-gap voltmeter agrees with the
calibration of the test set’s kilovoltmeter. The sphere-gap
voltmeter remains connected during the insulation system test.
Because the sphere-gap voltmeter is sensitive to the peak value
of the test set’s output voltage, it will flash over if the voltage
wave form is distorted.
After all connections are made between the test set and
equipment, the test set output voltage is raised from minimum to
the final value. The output voltage remains at this level for a pre-
determined period of time, usually one minute. After this time
period is expired, output voltage is lowered to the minimum
level.
It is not the purpose of an applied-potential test to cause
insulation to break down; however, some possibility of a
breakdown does exist. Before applied-potential testing is
conducted, all interested parties are made aware of the
possibility that an insulation failure might necessitate a repair
before equipment can be placed into service.
Evaluation Factors
The basic evaluation criterion of an AC applied-potential test is
the ability of the insulation system to successfully withstand the
pre-determined voltage for the pre-determined period of time.
The following factors relate to the evaluation of an AC applied-
potential test.
Close Clearance
A breakdown that occurs before the applied voltage has

reached its final value is an indication of flashover. Flashover is
the formation of a conductive path through air or any other
insulating fluid. Flashover is usually the result of a too-close
clearance between conductors or insulation failure..

Time
An insulation system that is reasonably expected to withstand a

200% overvoltage for one-minute might not be able to withstand
the same 200% voltage for ten minutes. For this reason, some
troubleshooting tests are conducted by raising the applied
voltage to the pre-determined final value, and then immediately
reducing the level.
The effects of overpotential testing are accumulative. Too much
testing can actually lead to early insulation failure. For this
reason, periodic overpotential testing is confined to a strict
schedule.
Charging Current
The magnitude of current indicated on the milliammeter of an

AC test set is not used as an indication of insulation integrity.
The indicated current is almost entirely capacitive charging
current. Capacitive charging current does not change
significantly when insulation has a defect.
The reason for reading the milliampere current is to judge
whether the test set is overloaded. If an insulation system draws
too much current during a test, the test set’s overload relay or its
built-in circuit breaker might trip and automatically terminate the
test. These actions can be incorrectly interpreted as an
indication of an insulation breakdown.
Avalanche Breakdown
An insulation failure that occurs during the one minute period

that the final voltage is applied indicates avalanche breakdown
of insulation material. Avalanche breakdown is a cumulative
formation of ions within a mass of insulation that consequently
produces a conductive path through the insulation. The failure of
insulation due to avalanche breakdown during an applied
potential test indicates that the insulation is physically damaged
or that the insulation is severely contaminated.

EVALUATING DC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS
DC Applied-Potential Tests: Applications and Basic Methods

Applications
DC applied-potential tests are conducted as proof tests to

measure leakage currents, as step-voltage tests, and to
determine the dielectric absorption ratios of insulation systems.
DC tests do have some restrictions in their applications. DC
proof tests are not appropriate for insulation systems that are
not symmetrical in geometry or for insulation systems that are
compound insulation systems. For this reason, proof tests of
transformers and switchgear components are conducted
through the use of AC applied-potential test sets.
Cable -- Power cable is proof-tested with DC applied potential at
the factory, before installation at the construction site, and after
installation. Standardized methods and test voltage levels are
established by the cable manufacturers and the AEIC
publications CS5 and CS6. Power cable is periodically proof-
tested as part of a maintenance testing program.
Windings of Rotating Machinery -- are usually proof-tested at the
factory with AC voltage. Manufacturing standards such as
NEMA MG-1 also list values of DC voltage that can be applied
as equivalent tests. DC applied-potential tests are performed
during commissioning and maintenance inspections.
Special Qualifications for Transformers and Circuit Breakers --
Because transformers and switchgear have compound
insulation systems, DC voltage is not applied to transformers
and switchgear for proof testing. If care is taken to limit the
magnitude of voltage, DC applied-potential tests are used to
measure leakage current.

Basic Methods
The following paragraphs explain the basic methods for making

connections (hookups) for DC tests and for conducting DC
tests.
Hookups -- The methods for making connections for a DC
applied-potential test are the same as for making connections
for an AC applied-potential test except for the method of
connecting the test set’s return terminal. Figure 5 is a
connection diagram for testing the core and sheath insulation of
a shielded power cable. In this connection, the test set’s guard
terminal is not used. Note: All circuits not under test are
grounded.
Cable Connection
Compartment High-Voltage
of Switchgear Bus Bars
H.V. Output Cable Temporary

Jumpers
Shield
Conductors
Guard Shielded Power Cables

Ground Ground Bus Permanent
Return Connection
to Ground
Movable
Link
Figure 5. Connection Diagram for a DC Applied-Potential Test

Figure 6 is a connection diagram for testing one of the three

unshielded cables that are installed in the same conduit.
Because the guard terminal is connected to the two cables that
are not under test, the test set’s microammeter will only indicate
current that flows between the cable’s core conductor and
ground.
Guard Unshielded Power Cable

Ground
Return
Figure 6. Connection Diagram for DC Applied-Potential Tests that Use the Guard
Terminal
Proof Tests -- The method for conducting a DC proof test is
sometimes the same as the method for conducting an AC proof
test. The more usual method of conducting a DC test is a step-
voltage test. A step-voltage test provides some warning of an
incipient insulation failure. Note: A more detailed description of
the method of a step-voltage test is given later in this
Information Sheet.
Measurement of Leakage Current -- A measurement of leakage
current is usually made at a level of voltage less than the level
of a proof test. The method of measuring leakage current is to
first choose a level of voltage that will be applied, typically equal
to or greater than the insulation system’s rated voltage but less
than the proof test level. The test set is connected, and the pre-
determined voltage is applied for sixty seconds. At the end of
this time period, the microammeter is read, and the value of
microamperes is recorded.

A measurement of leakage current can produce the same

information as an insulation resistance test. The relationship
between applied kilovolts, insulation current, and insulation
resistance is:
• kV × 1000 = MΩ × µA
• where kV is the kilovolts applied, MW is the insulation
resistance in megohms, and mA is the microampere current
flowing in the test circuit.
Example A: An insulation system whose leakage current is 35 microamperes when 10
kilovolts DC is applied has an insulation resistance of 285 megohms.
kV × 1000
• MΩ =
µA
(10 ) × 1000
• MΩ = = 285MΩ
35
A leakage current test has an advantage over an insulation
resistance test in the fact that it can be conducted at a greater
voltage level than a megohmmeter insulation resistance test. By
using a greater voltage, a greater number of paths for leakage
current are established. As a consequence, there is a better
chance of discovering a hidden weakness in an insulation
system.
Step-Voltage Tests -- A step-voltage test is one type of proof test.
The method of conducting a step-voltage test is to apply DC
voltage to an insulation system in equal steps of increasing
voltage. Voltage steps are applied for brief periods of equal
time, usually sixty seconds. At the end of each period, the
magnitude of microamp current is read, and it is then plotted on
a current-versus-time graph. The last incremental voltage is a
pre-determined final voltage.
The method of conducting a
Dielectric Absorption Ratio Test --
dielectric absorption test is to apply a constant level of direct
voltage, and to read microampere current at specific intervals
over a 10-minute period. This test is usually applied on large
rotating machines such as turbine generators. The level of
voltage is typically specified by the equipment manufacturer.
The specified voltage is usually equal to or slightly less than the
machine’s AC voltage rating.

Incipient Breakdown Detection Factor

The advantage of a step-voltage test is that the person
conducting the test is usually able to judge whether an
avalanche breakdown is developing in the insulation system. If
there are signs that insulation is beginning to break down, the
test can be stopped before the final voltage is applied.
Figure 7 is a graph of voltage and microampere current versus
time for a step-voltage test. Each time that the voltage is raised
to a higher level, a relatively large displacement and absorption
current flows. During each one-minute period, the magnitude of
these currents decays exponentially. The test set operator
analyzes the magnitude of total current at the end of each one-
minute period. If the change in end-of-period current is out of
proportion with respect to the change in applied voltage, the test
set operator will decide to end the test.
At the end of the last period, the test set disconnects the source
of voltage. The insulation system discharges through its leakage
paths until activation of the test set’s discharge solenoid causes
a rapid dissipation of the remaining stored energy.

Plot of Current
Current (mA)
Voltage (kV)
Plot of Current
= Data points read from
Microammeter at end of
each one-minute period
Leakage
35 140 and
Displacement Absorption
and Absorption Final
30 120 Currents
Currents Voltage
25 100
20 80
15 60
10 40
5 20
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Discharge
Time (minutes) Solenoid Activated
Figure 7. Graphical Data from a Step-Voltage Test

Dielectric Absorption Factor

A dielectric absorption test produces information that is similar
to the information produced by a polarization index test. The
advantages of a dielectric absorption test are:
• A dielectric absorption test can be conducted at a greater
voltage than a polarization index test.
• A dielectric absorption test incorporates a calculation that
eliminates the conduction (leakage) component of total
current.
Figure 8 is a plot of microampere current versus time for a
typical dielectric absorption ratio test. The plot represents total
current, which is a summation of the displacement current, the
absorption current, and the conduction current. Work Aid 2
gives the procedural steps for evaluating a dielectric absorption
test.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Microamperes
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
2
.25 .50 .75 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
Figure 8. Plot of Microampere Current vs. Time

for a Dielectric Absorption Test

EVALUATING INSULATING FLUID DIELECTRIC TESTS

There are many types of insulating fluids. All types of insulating
fluid loose their ability to insulate if they become contaminated.
Dielectric testing is the principle means of detecting
contamination.
Note: Dielectric testing is not used alone in the evaluation of insulating fluids. Other
inspections and tests include the interfacial tension test, the measurement of
moisture content, the pour-point test, the color test, the neutralization number test,
and dissolved gas analysis. Explanations of these tests are beyond the scope of this
Course.
Insulating Fluid Dielectric Tests: Applications and Methods

Applications
Insulating fluid dielectric tests are performed periodically on

power transformers, power circuit breakers, electromagnets,
and load-interrupt switches. The equipment that are most
sensitive to contamination are transformers and circuit breakers.
Power Transformers -- are sampled and tested on a periodic
basis, typically once a year. Large power transformers (30 MVA-
rated and larger) are sampled as often as once a month.
are sampled once a year or more often if
Power Circuit Breakers --
maintenance history indicates a need.
Methods
The method of drawing a sample is the same for transformers

as for circuit breakers. There are two test methods: ASTM D877
and ASTM D1816. The ASTM D877 method is the standard
method for Saudi Aramco.
Sampling -- A power transformer or a power circuit breaker is
equipped with at least one sampling faucet or one filling and
sampling valve. Except for askarel-filled transformers, the valve
is located on the side of the transformer tank and close to the
bottom of the tank. The method of sampling begins by opening
the faucet or valve to flush approximately one liter of fluid.
Without interrupting the stream of fluid, a one-liter glass bottle is
filled from the stream. To realize an accurate test evaluation, it
is important that the sample bottle be clean and dry and that it
has a tight stopper.

ASTM D877 -- Insulating fluid dielectric breakdown voltage is

tested through the use of a portable applied-potential test set
and its built-in test cell. The test cell used in the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D877 method has two
round-disk electrodes of 1.00 inch diameter and a separation of
0.100 ±0.001 inch. The cell is filled with a sample of insulating
fluid, and a 60 Hz sine-wave voltage is applied to the cell’s
electrodes. The voltage is initially zero, and it rises at a constant
rate of 3000 volts per second until the sample breaks down
under dielectric stress. Five breakdowns are made on one filling
of the test cell. The average of these 15 breakdown voltages is
reported as the dielectric breakdown value of the sample. If the
mean breakdown values are not within a span of 3 kV, the test
is declared invalid, and another test is conducted. Work Aid 3
contains procedures for evaluating a D877 test.
ASTM D1816 (VDE) -- The ASTM D1816 method, which is also
known as the VDE method, is an alternate method of testing
insulating fluid breakdown voltage. The method is the same as
the ASTM D877 method except that the electrodes of the test
cell are spherical and have a separation of either 0.040 inch (1.0
mm) or 0.080 inch (2.0 mm). The oil is continuously circulated in
the cell, and the voltage is raised at a rate of 500 volts-per-
second. Because Saudi Aramco has adapted the ASTM D877
method as a standard method of testing insulating fluid, the
procedure for evaluating a D1816 test is not explained in this
Module.

Effects of Water Contamination

Figure 9 has two breakdown voltage-versus-water content plots.
Other types of insulating fluids have similar relationships to
water contamination. Although other types of contamination
adversely affect dielectric strength, the major reason for
conducting insulating fluid dielectric tests is to detect the
presence of water.
60
VDE
Saturation Value, New Oil, 25o C

50
ASTM
40
Breakdown Voltage, kV, RMS
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Water Content, Parts Per Million
Figure 9. Plot of Breakdown Voltage Versus Water Content

Effects of Temperature
The result of an insulating fluid dielectric test is affected by the
temperature of the fluid. Dielectric breakdown voltage is lower
when the insulating fluid temperature is higher. A sample of
dielectric fluid should be allowed to stabilize at a temperature of
20°C before it is tested.

WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE AN AC APPLIED-

POTENTIAL TEST
Work Aid 1A: Non-Mandatory Test Form P-008, Medium-Voltage

Circuit Breakers (Handout 8)
For the contents of Test Report Form P-008, refer to Handout 8.
Work Aid 1B: Non-Mandatory Test Form P-014, Metal-Enclosed Bus

Duct (Handout 9)
Work Aid 1C: Manufacturer’s Literature

Representative examples of applicable excerpts and tables from
manufacturer’s literature are reproduced on the following pages.
Table 1. Table of Recommended Applied-Potential Voltages
New Machine Final Recommended Maximum

Factory Test Voltage Maintenance
(Vm) Overpotential Voltage
Test Value
AC AC DC
DC Rotating Machines (Armature and 2 X Rated Armature 2/3 VM 1.14 VM
Fields), Motors, and Generators Voltage + 1000
Generator or Motor-Type Exciters, 150 Volt 1500 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
Rating and Under
Generator or Motor-Type Exciters, ≤ to 350 10 X Rated Armature 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
Volt Rating Voltage
Generator or Motor-Type Exciters, > to 350 2800 Volts + 2 X 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
Volt Rating Excitation Voltage
Pilot Exciters 4 X Rated Armature 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
Voltage + 1000
Synchronous Motors and Generators 2 X Rated Voltage + 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
(Stator) 1000
Rotors, 250 Volts and Under 2500 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
Rotors, Above 250 Volts 10 X Rated Voltage 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
but not > 5 kV
Induction Motors (Stator) 2 X Rated Voltage + 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
1000
Wound Rotors, Non-plugging or Non- 2 X maximum ring 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
reversing Duty voltage + 1000
Wound Rotors, Plugging, or Reversing Duty 4 X maximum ring 2/3 Vm 1.14 Vm
voltage + 1000

Table 2. Excerpt from a Manufacturer’s Instructional Literature

6.4 VACUUM INTERRUPTER INTEGRITY TEST
Vacuum interrupters used in Type VCP-W circuit breakers are highly
reliable interrupting elements. Satisfactory performance of these devices is
dependent upon the integrity of the vacuum in the interrupter and the internal
dielectric strength. Both of these parameters can be readily checked by a
one minute ac high potential test. (See Table 6.1 for appropriate test
voltage.).
With the breaker open and securely resting either on the extension rails or
the floor, connect all top primary studs (bars) together and to the high
potential machine lead. Connect all bottom studs together and ground them
along with the breaker frame. Start the machine at zero potential, increase to
appropriate test voltage and maintain for one minute. Successful withstand
indicates that all interrupters have satisfactory vacuum level. If there is a
breakdown, the defective interrupter or interrupters should be identified by an
individual test and replaced before placing the breaker in service.
TABLE 6.1
Breaker Rated Vacuum Interrupter Integrity Test Voltage
Maximum Voltage ac 60 Hz dc
Up to and including 27 kV 40 kV
17.5 kV
24 kV and 27 kV 45 kV 45 kV
After the high potential is removed, discharge any electrical charge that
may be retained, particularly from the center shield of the vacuum
interrupters. To avoid any ambiguity in the ac high potential test due to
leakage or displacement (capacitive) current, the test unit should have
sufficient volt-ampere capacity. It is recommended that the equipment be
capable of delivering 25 milliamperes for one minute.
6.7 INSULATION INTEGRITY CHECK
PRIMARY CIRCUIT:
The integrity of primary circuit insulation may be checked by the AC high
potential test. The test voltage depends upon the maximum rated voltage of
the breaker. For breakers rated 4.76 kV, 8.25 kV, 15 kV and 27 kV, the test
voltages are 15 kV, 27 kV, 27 kV and 45 kV, 60 Hz respectively. Conduct the
test as follows:
Close the breaker. Connect the high potential lead of the test machine to
one of the poles of the breaker. Connect the remaining poles and breaker
frame to ground. Start the machine with output potential at zero and increase
to test voltage. Maintain the voltage for one minute. Repeat for the remaining
poles. Successful withstand indicates satisfactory insulation strength of the
primary circuit.

Work Aid 1D Applicable Procedural Steps
1. Verify from test report data that the insulation system has the minimum insulation
resistance required for conducting an applied-potential test. The minimum
insulation resistance in megohms is required to be greater than the nominal
voltage rating of the equipment in kilovolts but not less than 1 megohm.
2. Verify from test report data that the correct voltage was applied for the correct
period of time according to the equipment manufacturer’s instructional literature,
or the recommendations of the test forms of the Saudi Aramco Project
Acceptance Committee.
Refer to
Table 1 (Work Aid 1C) and Table 2 (Work Aid 1C) as representative examples of
applicable manufacturer’s instructional literature.
If there is no specific recommendation from the manufacturer, the applied voltage

should be according to the recommendation of the Project Acceptance
Committee Form P-000. Form P-000 recommends the application of a voltage
equal to 0.85(2xVrated + 1000 V) for one minute where Vrated is the rated line-to-
line voltage of the equipment. The recommendations of Form P-000 are based
on ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.
3. Determine from test report data whether the insulation successfully withstood the
applied voltage without breakdown. If the insulation broke down during the test,
bypass the procedure described in step 4.
4. If the insulation successfully withstood the recommended voltage applied for the
recommended time, the evaluation of the test ends at this step.
5. Determine from test report data the magnitude of insulation current read from the
test set’s milliammeter before the test set’s overload relay terminated the test.
6. Calculate the intermittent duty current rating of the test set:
VArated
• mA rated =
kVrated

• Where mArated is the intermittent duty current rating of the

test set in milliamperes, VArated is the test set’s volt-ampere
rating, and kVrated is the maximum voltage rating of the test
set.
7. Compare the reading of the test set’s milliammeter to the test set’s intermittent
duty current rating. If the milliammeter reading is equal to or greater than this
current rating, the test was terminated by the action of the test set’s overload
relay and not by a failure in the insulation system under test. In this case, the test
is not valid.
8. If the insulation broke down during the period of time that final test voltage was
being applied, the most likely cause is an avalanche breakdown of solid
insulation material. Avalanche breakdown indicates deteriorated or damaged
insulation. Note: Identifying the cause of an avalanche breakdown usually
requires physical inspection of insulation components. The physical location of
the breakdown is sometimes identified by re-applying the test voltage, watching,
and listening for the electrical discharge.
9. If the insulation broke down at less than the recommended voltage, the most
likely cause is a flashover in air. A flashover indicates one of several problems:
the presence of a foreign object within the insulation system, improperly installed
insulation material, damaged insulation, a missing insulation component, a
conductor component that has shifted, or a single spot where insulation is wet or
dirty.

WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE A DC APPLIED-

POTENTIAL TEST
This Work Aid contains procedures for evaluating two types of
DC applied-potential tests: dielectric absorption tests and step-
voltage tests. In some circumstances, these tests are conducted
individually. For example, cable insulation is typically tested
using only a step-voltage test. In other circumstances, the two
tests are combined. For example, a combined test is performed
on the winding insulation of a large rotating machine. In a
combined test, the dielectric absorption test is the initial step of
the step-voltage test.
Work Aid 2A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-011, Generators - Diesel

Electric (Handout 2)
Work Aid 2B: Non-Mandatory Test Form P-004, Cables - Medium

Voltage (Handout 10)
For the contents of Test Report Form P-004, refer to Handout
10.

Work Aid 2C: Manufacturer’s Literature

A representative example of a table from manufacturer’s
literature is reproduced on the following page.
Table 3. Table of Recommended Applied-Potential Voltages
New Machine Final Recommended
Factory Test Voltage Maintenance
(Vm) Overpotential Voltage
Test Value
AC AC
DC Rotating Machines (Armature and 2 X Rated Armature 2/3 VM 1.065 VM

Fields), Motors, and Generators Voltage + 1000
Utility-Type Exciters, 150 Volt Rating and 1500 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
Under
Utility-Type Exciters, 150 to 350 Volt Rating 10 X Rated Armature 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
Voltage
Utility-Type Exciters, 150 to 350 Volt Rating 3500 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
Pilot Exciters 4 X Rated Armature 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
Voltage + 1000
Synchronous Motors and Generators 2 X Rated Voltage + 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
(Stator) 1000
Rotors, 250 Volts and Under 2500 2/3 Vm 500
Rotors, Above 250 Volts 10 X Rated Voltage 2/3 Vm 1000
Induction Motors (Stator) 2 X Rated Voltage + 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
1000
Wound Rotors, Non-plugging or Non- 2 X maximum ring 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
reversing Duty voltage + 1000
Wound Rotors, Plugging, or Reversing Duty 4 X maximum ring 2/3 Vm 1.065 Vm
voltage + 1000
Work Aid 2D: Westinghouse Electric Corp. Leakage-Voltage Test

Calculation Form 31780 (Handout 11)
For the contents of Form 31780, refer to Handout 11.
Work Aid 2E: Associated Research Inc. Form #5-25.1, Cable Test
Graph Paper (Handout 12)
For the contents of Form #5-25.1, refer to Handout 12.

Work Aid 2F: Applicable Procedural Steps

1. Verify from test report data that the insulation system has the minimum insulation
resistance required for conducting an applied-potential test. The minimum
insulation resistance in megohms is required to be greater than the nominal
voltage rating of the equipment in kilovolts but not less than 1 megohm.
2. If no dielectric absorption test was performed, go to step 13. If a dielectric
absorption test was performed, verify from the data of the test report that the
voltage applied for the dielectric absorption test was correct. Because a dielectric
absorption test is not a proof test, the voltage applied is less than or
approximately equal to the nominal rated voltage of the insulation system. If the
dielectric absorption test is the first step of a step-voltage test, the voltage is
chosen to be approximately 30% of the final voltage. Note: The choice of a
voltage level to apply during a dielectric absorption test in not governed by strict
rules. Typically, an easy to remember number is chosen. For example, the
winding insulation of a 2300 AC volt rated motor might be tested at 2000 volts
DC.
3. Verify that the test report contains sufficient data to permit an accurate
determination of absorption ratio. There should be voltage and current readings
taken at 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds, 1.0 minute, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 minutes after the initial application of voltage.
4. Plot these current-versus-time data points onto a two-cycle log-log grid paper.
Work Aid 2D is a grid paper designed for the plotting of the data of a dielectric
absorption test.
5. Draw a smooth “best fit” curve through the data points.
6. Read the values of microamperes at 1.0, 3.16, and 10.0 minutes from the curve.
7. Calculate factor A:
A = (i1.0 × i10.0 )− (i3.16 )
2
•
8. Calculate factor B:
• B = (i1.0 + i10.0 )− (2 × i3.16 )
9. Calculate the absorption current at one minute.
A
• ia1.0 = (i1.0) -  
 B
10. Calculate the absorption current at ten minutes:
A
• ia10.0 = (i10.0) -  
B

11. Calculate the absorption ratio:
ia10.
• Absorption Ratio =
ia10.0
12. Evaluate the absorption ratio. If this dielectric absorption test is combined with a
step-voltage test, the dielectric absorption ratio is expected to be 2.0 or greater. If
the dielectric absorption ratio is less than 2.0, the test is terminated without
continuing the step-voltage test. If the dielectric absorption test is conducted
alone, the values of Table 4 are used to evaluate the result:
Table 4. Table of Dielectric Absorption Ratios

Dielectric Absorption Indications
Ratio
1.0 to 1.5 Insulation Damaged,
Should Not Be Returned
to Service
1.5 to 2.0 Insulation Deteriorated,
Other Tests and
Physical Inspections
Needed
2.0 or Greater Suitable for Continued
Service
The dielectric absorption ratio can also be evaluated by comparing it with

absorption ratio measurements of the past. A declining trend in dielectric
absorption ratio indicates mechanical or thermal deterioration of insulation.
13. If the test data represents a step voltage test, verify that the correct final voltage
was applied according to the equipment manufacturer’s instructional literature, or
the recommendations of the test report forms of the Saudi Aramco Project
Acceptance Committee.
Table 3 (Work Aid 2C) is a representative example of a recommendation from
manufacturer’s instructional literature. The recommendations of this work aid
should be used when evaluating tests performed on rotating machinery
manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Other manufacturers
publish recommendations that might have different values but that have the
same general form.

The recommendations of Test Report Form P-004 should be used when

evaluating tests performed on medium-voltage cables. Table 5 is a table of
values from Test Report Form P-004 (Work Aid 2B). The voltages given on the
table are percentages of the final test voltage applied at the factory. The 80%
voltage is used after cable installation and before first energization. The 65%
voltage is used during the manufacturer’s warranty period and after the cable has
been placed in service. The 40% voltage is used on cables that have been in
service more than 5 years. A 75% voltage (not listed on the table) can be used at
any time during installation.
Note: This Project Acceptance Committee table is based on the information from two
different AEIC manufacturing standards: number CS5 for cross-link polyethylene
insulated shielded power cables and number CS6 for ethylene propylene rubber
insulated shielded power cables. There are important qualifications that relate to the
information in this table. The test voltages given for 5 kV and 15 kV cables are for
133% insulation level cables only. The test voltages given for 35 kV cables are for
100% insulation level cables only. If the cable tested was a different insulation level,
the CS5 or CS6 standard should be consulted to determine the correct final test
voltage.
Table 5. Table of Test Voltages for XLPE or EPR Cables
Test Voltages for XLPE or EPR Cables
Rated Voltage Insulation 80% Test 65% Test 40% Test
Thickness Voltage Voltage Voltage
5 kV AC 115 mils 36 kV DC 29 kV DC 18 kV DC
If there is no specific recommendation from the manufacturer, or a specific

Project Acceptance Committee test report form, apply a final-step voltage
according to the general recommendation of the Project Acceptance Committee
Form P-000. Form P-000 recommends the application of a voltage equal to
1.7[0.85(2xVrated + 1000 V)] where Vrated is the rated line-to-line voltage of the
equipment.
14. Verify that an appropriate number of steps was used at appropriate levels of
voltage. The minimum number of voltage steps is four. For all equipment except
power cable, the initial step should be approximately 30% of the final voltage. All
subsequent steps are equal voltage.
15. If power cable insulation was tested, verify that each voltage step is
approximately equal to the nominal AC voltage rating of the cable.
16. Verify that the number of steps was chosen so that voltage levels are easy to
read from a kilovoltmeter. For example, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 kV are
easier to read than 2.25, 3.36, 4.88, 6.18, and 7.5 kV.
17. Verify that the correct period of time was chosen for each step. Saudi Aramco
practice is to apply each voltage step for sixty seconds (one minute) unless a
specific recommendation for a different period is given in the equipment
manufacturer’s instructional literature.

When cable insulation is tested, the last step of voltage is maintained for a
maximum of 15 minutes on EPR cable. The last step of voltage is maintained for
a maximum of 15 minutes on XLPE cable.
18. Plot insulation current versus time on a linear grid. The test set operator makes a
similar plot during the test, and checks whether each new point is on a straight
line with all of the other previously plotted points. A nearly straight-line
relationship is expected for insulation that has no defects. Figure 10 is an
example of a data plot of a step-voltage test for a rotating machine insulation that
has no defects. Figure 11 is an example of a data plot of a step-voltage test for
insulation that developed a corona discharge when higher voltage steps were
applied during testing.
19. Verify any justification given for terminating the test before reaching final voltage.
In the time interval between plotting data points, the test set operator makes an
observation of the exponential decay of insulation current (refer to Figure 7 in the
Information Sheet). If the operator observes at any time that insulation current is
increasing during a period when voltage is constant, he will terminate the test.
Note: Although this exponential decay of current is not represented in the data of
the test report form, the operator will make a written comment when rising current
is the reason for ending the test.
If the operator’s decision to terminate the test is judged to be appropriate, the
insulation components of the equipment will require other electrical tests or
physical inspections to determine the reason for disproportionate insulation
current. Other electrical tests might include an insulation power-factor test,
dielectric loss test, capacitance measurement, partial-discharge test, or insulation
resistance test.

21
48
20
45
19
42
18
39
DC Test Voltage, kV
Minutes (I vs. Time)
17
36
16
33
15
30
14
27
13
24
12
21
11
18
10
15
60
45
30
15
Microamps
Figure 10. Data Plot from a Step-Voltage Test of Undamaged Insulation

21
48
20
45
19
42
18
39
DC Test Voltage, kV
Minutes (I vs. Time)
17
36
16
33
15
30
14
27
13
24
12
21
11
18
10
15
60
45
30
15
Microamps
Figure 11. Data Plot from a Step-Voltage Test of Defective Insulation

If the operator’s decision to terminate the test is judged to be not appropriate, the
step-voltage test should be repeated. Note: The decision to re-apply
overpotential voltage to an insulation system having a suspected weakness is
highly subjective. This decision is made only after consultation with all interested
parties. Factors that affect this decision are the risk of returning equipment to
service without resolving an ambiguous test result, the consequences of an
unexpected failure, and the expense involved in replacing or repairing the
insulation components that are suspicious.
20. If the insulation did not break down during the step-voltage test, the evaluation of
the test ends at this step.
21. If the insulation broke down during the step-voltage test, the most likely cause is
an avalanche breakdown of solid insulation material. Avalanche breakdown
indicates deteriorated insulation or damaged insulation. Note: Identifying the
cause of an avalanche breakdown usually requires physical inspection of
insulation components. The physical location of the breakdown is sometimes
identified by re-applying test voltage, watching, and listening for the electrical
discharge.

WORK AID 3: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE AN INSULATING

FLUID DIELECTRIC TEST
Dielectric tests are performed on all types of insulating fluids.
Almost all liquid-immersed transformers and oil circuit breakers
used by Saudi Aramco are filled with oil. This procedure relates
specifically to the evaluation of dielectric tests of oil.
Work Aid 3A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-025, Transformers -- Oil-

Filled (Handout 13)
For the contents of Test Report P-025, refer to Handout 13.
Work Aid 3B: Applicable Procedural Steps

The Evaluation criteria used in this procedure are based on
ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.
1. Determine from test report data the dielectric breakdown voltage of the sample of
insulating fluid.
2. If the dielectric breakdown voltage is less than 15 kV, a recommendation should
be made to draw another sample and conduct another test. If the test result is
less than 15 kV, the test evaluation ends with this step. Note: An unusually low
value of breakdown voltage is usually the result of a contaminated sample bottle
or a contaminated test cell.
3. If the oil sample was drawn from a storage container whose oil is intended for
installation into a power transformer or circuit breaker, the minimum acceptable
dielectric breakdown voltage is 30 kV tested by the D877 method.
4. If the sample was drawn from oil processing equipment during the filling of a
power transformer, the minimum acceptable dielectric breakdown voltage is 35
kV tested by the D877 method.
5. If the sample was drawn from the main tank of a power transformer after filling and
before initial energization, the minimum dielectric breakdown voltage is listed in the
table in Table 6.
Table 6. Table of Minimum Values of Dielectric Breakdown

Voltage Class of High-Voltage Winding Minimum Breakdown
Voltage (D877 Method)
115 kV or greater 35 kV
less than 115 kV 30 kV

6. If the oil sample was drawn from the main or auxiliary tank of a new transformer
that was delivered full of oil and that is 34.5 kV class or less, the minimum
acceptable dielectric breakdown voltage is 30 kV (D877 method).
7. If the oil sample was drawn from the main tank of a new transformer that was
delivered full of oil and that is 34.5 kV class or greater, the minimum acceptable
dielectric breakdown voltage is 30 kV (D877 method).
8. If the oil sample was drawn from the main or auxiliary tank of an in-service
transformer for a maintenance test, evaluate the minimum acceptable value
according to the table in
9. Table 7.
Table 7. Table of Minimum Values of Dielectric Breakdown

Dielectric Breakdown Condition
Voltage, D877 Method
30 kV or greater Good
26 to 29 kV Usable
less than 26 kV Poor

GLOSSARY
AEIC Association of Edison Illuminating Companies.

ANSI American National Standards Institute
Askarel A synthetic fire-proof insulating fluid that contains the
chemical polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).
Avalanche Breakdown Avalanche breakdown is a cumulative formation of
ions within a mass of insulation that consequently
produces a conductive path through the insulation.
EPR Ethylene propylene rubber. This acronym is used to
describe a particular insulation material used in
medium-voltage and high-voltage power cables.
Exciter A small DC generator or solid-state DC power supply
that is the source of current for the field winding of an
electric power generator.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association
Proof Test A test in which significantly more than normal voltage
is applied to an insulation system for a brief period of
time to determine whether insulation will break down
under stress.
VDE Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (Association of
German Electrical Engineers). This acronym is
commonly associated with the ASTM D-1816
method for insulating fluid dielectric tests.
XLPE Cross-Linked Polyethylene. This acronym is used to
describe a particular insulation material used in
medium-voltage and high-voltage power cables.

EEX 107.03 Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EEX 107.03 Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EEX 107.03 Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

EVALUATING APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS

Chapter : Electrical For additional information on this subject, contact

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

MODULE COMPONENT PAGE

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards i

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE A DC APPLIED-

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards ii

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of an Applied-Potential Test Set....................................... 7

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards iii

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Table 1. Table of Recommended Applied-Potential Voltages ....................................... 28

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards iv

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

AC AND DC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TEST SETS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 6

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of an Applied-Potential Test Set

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 8

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 2. High-Voltage Transformer Circuits of AC and DC Test Sets

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Applied-potential test sets range in physical size from that of a

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 10

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

DC Insulation Tester Hipotronics Model H880 PL

Figure 3. Control Panel of a DC Applied-Potential Test Set

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

EVALUATING AC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS

AC Applied-Potential Tests: Applications and Methods

AC applied-potential tests are conducted as proof tests. A proof

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 12

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Circuit Breakers - Circuit breakers are proof-tested at the factory.

The following paragraphs explain the basic methods of making

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 13

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

Figure 4. Connection Diagrams for AC Applied-Potential Tests

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 14

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

A spark-gap voltmeter is connected to the terminals of the test

A breakdown that occurs before the applied voltage has

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 15

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

An insulation system that is reasonably expected to withstand a

The magnitude of current indicated on the milliammeter of an

An insulation failure that occurs during the one minute period

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 16

Evaluating Applied-Potential Tests

EVALUATING DC APPLIED-POTENTIAL TESTS

DC Applied-Potential Tests: Applications and Basic Methods