AE 214 Prelim Learning Module No. 2

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Non-metallic Materials (Wood and Fabric)
LEARNING
MODULE 02:
Non-Metallic
Materials
(Wood and Fabric)
Prepared by:
Engr. Franz Yves B. Eria
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY 2021
PhilSCA-InET
1|Page
CONTENTS
Title Ref. no Page
Wood I, II, III 6
Plastics I, II, III 13
Transparent Plastics I, II, III 17
Fabric I, II, III 17
Rubber I, II, III 20
Learning Module Activity - 23
TIME COMMITMENT FOR THIS MODULE

Reading Materials Time
Wood 45 minutes
Plastics 5 minutes
Transparent Plastics 35 minutes
Fabric 35 minutes
Rubber 30 minutes
Activities Time
Learning Module Activity 30 minutes
Video Materials Time
Lecture/Discussion 60 minutes
TOTAL 240 minutes
2|Page
FIGURES
Figure
References
No.
[Types of Wood]. (2018). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://fella.com.my/wp-
1 content/uploads/2018/09/WoodTimber-01-1024x752.jpg
[MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR LAMINATED GLUED WOOD]. (n.d.). Retrieved
2 September 10, 2020, from http://claesenander.se/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/LimträGlulam.jpg
[Manufacturing Plywood]. (2013). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
3 https://image.slidesharecdn.com/6706l2u214powerpoint1-160106103637/95/6706-
l2u214-powerpoint1-13-638.jpg?cb=1452076646
[Manufacturing Plywood]. (2013). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
4 https://image.slidesharecdn.com/6706l2u214powerpoint1-160106103637/95/6706-
l2u214-powerpoint1-14-638.jpg?cb=1452076646
Hardwood and Softwood [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
5 https://cdn.instructables.com/F1L/LAAQ/ILCHI90U/F1LLAAQILCHI90U.MEDIUM.jpg
S. (2019). Advantages and disadvantages of spruce wood [Digital image]. Retrieved
6 September 10, 2020, from https://www.savillefurniture.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/03/spruce-wood.jpg
Douglas Fir [Digital image]. (2009). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
7 https://www.wood-database.com/wp-content/uploads/douglas-fir-sealed.jpg
T. (n.d.). Noble Fir [Digital image]. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
8 https://www.wood-database.com/noble-fir/#identification
[Northern White Pine]. (2018). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
9 https://aeschmidtbilliards.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/northern-white-knotty-
pine_clipped_rev_1.png
Woodworld.com.au. (2015). Balsa Wood [Digital image]. Retrieved September 10,
10 2020, from https://www.woodworld.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Balsa-
Wood.jpg
Www.wood-database.com. (2010). Yellow Birch [Digital image]. Retrieved September
11 10, 2020, from https://www.wood-database.com/wp-content/uploads/yellow-birch-
sealed.jpg
Technologystudent.com. (n.d.). Wood Anatomy [Digital image]. Retrieved September
12 10, 2020, from https://technologystudent.com/joints/natwood1a.png
Infographicjournal.com. (2020). 7 Types of Plastic [Digital image]. Retrieved
13 September 10, 2020, from https://infographicjournal.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/7-types-plastic-toxicity-uses-feat.png
Www.chemistryworld.com. (n.d.). Cellulose Acetate [Digital image]. Retrieved
September 10, 2020, from
14 https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480x270//5/9/2/85592_cellulose-
acetate_shutterstock_94102891_300.jpg
[Acrylic Sheet]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://image.made-in-
15 china.com/2f0j00wNYaQMzKHjpR/3mm-Lucite-Materials-Transparent-Acrylic-Sheet-
PMMA-Plastic-Sheet.jpg
[Polyester resin]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
16 https://4.imimg.com/data4/IF/MT/MY-3129767/polyester-resin-500x500.jpg
[Vinyl ester resin]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
17 https://5.imimg.com/data5/AR/PG/MY-2532758/vinyl-ester-resins-250x250.jpg
[Phenolic resin]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
18 https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1KvMQCDtYBeNjy1Xdq6xXyVXah.jpg_350x350.jpg
[Epoxy resin]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://images-na.ssl-
19 images-amazon.com/images/I/717ZbYHUh1L._SL1500_.jpg
[Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
20 https://5.imimg.com/data5/AQ/DI/MY-1495753/polyimide-500x500.jpg
21 https://icon2.cleanpng.com/20180508/zxq/kisspng-jacket-polybenzimidazole-fiber-
3|Page
gore-tex-fire-depar-5af227e9a3e1b3.0411734215258193696713.jpg
[Bismaleimides resin]. (2010). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https://www.abrorganics.net/bismaleimide-
22 resin.htm&psig=AOvVaw3kk6-
a8BvrDmZ6A1KtsADz&ust=1599831932508000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAI
QjRxqFwoTCLiF7tTc3usCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAF
[Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://ars.els-
23 cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9781856174152500034-f2-08-9781856174152.jpg
24 https://imgs.inkfrog.com/pix/arbeza/binding-6_001.jpg
25 https://technologystudent.com/joints/fibreg1.png
26 https://ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1cdQBa8smBKNjSZFsq6yXSVXaV.jpg
C. (2009). [Digital image]. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
27 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar#/media/File:Aramid_fiber2.jpg
Jordan, B. (2010). [Digital image]. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
28 https://www.flickr.com/photos/x1brett/4751744641
Rehman, R. (2016). [Digital image]. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
29 https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rubber-160226230540/95/rubber-18-
638.jpg?cb=1519130863
638.jpg?cb=1519130863
638.jpg?cb=1519130863
638.jpg?cb=1519130863
T. (2014). [Digital image]. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/R2Ck9qlzJUEZ-
33 rXX3nEWlVItKuk_00F6jkynp4tIkqv6_xbT2KNVvHBMh4e3NriZmxp6cX8SVVMXAPTW
q1yc7a5DXHjE0A
[Digital image]. (2019). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
34 https://www.valdezlink.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/silicone-rubber-668x490.jpg
[Silastic silicone]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://image.made-in-
35 china.com/2f0j00MevtUnBcrwrI/Soft-Silicone-Rubber-Similar-to-Silastic-RTV-3487.jpg
REFERENCES
Reference No
.
Jeppesen. (2004). A & P Technician General Textbook. Jeppesen
I
Sanderson,2004.
AFS-600. (2008). Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook. Federal
Aviation Administration. Retrieved 9 8, 2020, from
II
http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_ha
ndbook/
U.S. Department of Transportation, F. A. (2012). Aviation Maintenance
Technician Handbook–Airframe. Retrieved 9 8, 2020 III
4|Page
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
CLO1. Discuss basic aircraft Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

construction according to functions
and types of its parts. MLO1. Differentiate different types of Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
CLO2. Categorize metallic and non- wood according to its characteristics.
metallic materials through their MLO2. Outline applications of wood
properties and application to the in aircraft construction and repair TLO4. Classify non-metallic
aircraft structure. based on manufacturer guidelines materials according to their
CLO3. Distinguish standard aircraft and AC 43.13-1B. properties.
hardware, tools, and substitutes MLO3. Classify types of fabric TLO5. Apply non-metallic
based on their utilization in aircraft covering, fiberglass and plastics materials to aircraft construction
construction and repair. according to their properties. and repair based on manufacturer
CLO4. Discuss concepts, MLO4. Outline applications and guidelines and AC 43.13-1B
processes, and innovations used in processes related to fabric covering, - Acceptable Methods, Techniques,
composites and advanced materials forming fiberglass and and Practices – Aircraft Inspection
through construction and application and Repair
in aircraft structures. plastics based on manufacturer
guidelines and AC 43.13-1B.
CLO5. Explain the processes,
testing, repair, and inspection of
aircraft materials based on
manufacturer and regulatory
requirements.
CLO6. Demonstrate processes and
safety measures in aircraft
construction and repair based on
manufacturer and regulatory
requirements.
5|Page
LECTURE CONTENTS
WOOD
During World War 1 (WW1) and the early 1930s, wood was the chosen material for
aircraft construction. Since making a wooden aircraft deals with a great mastery of
woodworking, a small number of aircrafts today are now made from wood apart from
home-built aircrafts and aircrafts for restoration.
• Types of Wood
o Solid Wood (see Figure 1)
▪ It is made from one solid log cut by quarter sawing for the
reduced chance of warpage. Most commonly use in aircraft wing
spars.
Figure 1. Solid Wood
o Laminated Wood (see Figure 2)

▪ It is made by gluing together two (2) to three (3) pieces of wood
with the same grain direction. Most used also in aircraft wing
spars and interchangeable with solid wood if it has the same
quality.
Figure 2. Laminated Wood
6|Page
o Plywood (see Figure 3&4)

▪ It is made from three (3) or more thin sheets of wood board
glued and pressed together so that its grain would be at an
angle to the successive layer.
Figure 3. Plywood
Figure 4. Plywood
7|Page
• Species of Wood
Figure 5. Hardwood vs. Softwood
Wood can be classified into two species: Hard Wood and Soft Wood.
o Spruce
▪ Most used in aircraft construction
▪ Free from defects
▪ Hight Strength-to-Weight ration
▪ Hight Quality Wood
Figure 6. Spruce Wood
8|Page
o Douglas Fir
▪ Strength is far better than of spruce
▪ Heavier
▪ Difficult to work than spruce with the tendency of splitting
Figure 7. Douglas Fir Wood
o Noble Fir
▪ Lighter than Spruce
▪ Equal or superior to Spruce in all properties
▪ Lower hardness and shock resistance to Spruce
Figure 8. Noble Fir Wood
o Northern White Pine

▪ Excellent working and gluing characteristics
▪ Strength is inferior to Spruce
Figure 9. Northern White Pine
9|Page
o Balsa
▪ Exceptionally light weight
▪ Lacks structural strength
▪ Used as a core material for panels for sandwich-type requiring
light weight and rigidity
Figure 10. Balsa Wood
o Mahogany (see Figure 1)

▪ Heavier than Spruce
▪ Stronger than Spruce
▪ Most used in face sheet production of plywood in aircraft skins
o Birch
▪ Heavy hardwood
▪ Good shock-resistance properties
▪ Recommended for face plies of plywood used in reinforcement
plates on wing spars and in propeller made from wood.
Figure 11. Birch Wood
10 | P a g e
• Quality of Wood
Figure 12. Wood Anatomy
o Grain Deviation
▪ Whatever species of wood used for aircraft construction; its
grain orientation should always be straight. A limit of variation
1:15 is permitted, indicating that the grain must not have an
angle of more than an inch per 15 inches.
o Knots
▪ Knots are the part where the tree branch sprouted from the
trunk. There are different types of shapes of knots depending on
the cut from the wood e.g. round, oval, or spiked.
▪ Hard knots are allowed up to 3/8 inch of its dimension but with
some restrictions.
▪ Small pin-knots will only be allowed if it does not cause any
grain imperfections to the wood.
o Pitch Pockets
▪ It is a type of wood imperfection caused by small holes in the
annual rings of a tree. Woods with pitch pockets are only
allowed to be used if they are 14 inches apart and with a volume
of 11/2-inches x 1/8-inch x 1/8-inch deep.
o Compression Wood
▪ NEVER a good wood for aircraft construction and repair.
▪ Wood taken from a tilted tree as it grows that lead to its wood
having a denser and weaker wood structure than a normal
grown tree.
o Compression Failure
▪ Should not be mistaken for compression wood
▪ Usually can be identified by its irregular and thread-like line on
the grains
▪ Also, NEVER a good wood for aircraft construction and repair.
o Checks, Shakes, and Splits
▪ A check is a crack running through or across the annual grain
11 | P a g e
▪ A shake is a crack or separation in which it can be seen from a

detached two annual rings along its boundaries
o Stains and Decay
▪ Stains are caused by a decay on the wood usually appearing as
streaks in the grains.
▪ An evidence of a decay is the stain that uniformly discolored the
annual rings.
▪ Decay on woods varies in color from red to white stains.
▪ Decay on woods no matter what its stage will lessen the
toughness of the wood until it gets brittle with little to no strength
at all.
▪ Decay on wood is caused by fungi growing in damp woods that
eats its fiber.
▪ Decay can be minimized by properly drying the wood up to 20%
and the application of wood varnishes for the wood to be
protected from the elements.
12 | P a g e
PLASTICS
Plastics is an important component in aircraft construction. Its application to aircraft
construction ranges from a thermoset plastic reinforced fiberglass to thermoplastic
material for windows.
Figure 13. Types of Plastic

Transparent Plastic
Plastics or resins can be classified to 2 different classification according to their
reaction to heat:
• Thermoplastics
o Thermoplastics when applied with can be mold to its desired shape
and by cooling it down will help it maintain its shape.
o Thermoplastics can also be reheated and reshaped multiple times
without changing its chemical composition.
o There are two types of thermoplastics used in aircraft windshield and
side windows:
▪ Cellulose acetate
• Transparent
• Light weight
• Tendency to shrink
• Tendency to turn its Figure 14.
Cellulose film
transparent appearance to
slightly yellow shade
▪ Acrylic
• Also known as Lucite,
Plexiglass, or Perspex
• Stiffer that cellulose
• Clear transparent appearance Figure 15.
Acrylic Sheet
13 | P a g e
• Thermoset
o Thermosetting plastic when applied with heat can also be molded and
shaped but when cooled down, it cannot be reheated to be reshaped
as it is fully cured (by heat or catalyst).
o Can also be used as an adhesive and bonding agent
o Can be combined and poured into different kind of materials
▪ Polyester Resin
• Low-cost
• Fast treating
• Common handling
techniques for Fiber-
reinforced polyester:
o Autoclaving
o Pultrusion
o Filament winding Figure 16. Polyester resin (powder form)
o Press (vacuum bag)
molding
o Wet layup
o Injection molding
o Metal molding
▪ Vinyl Ester Resin

• All properties and
characteristics are the same as
Polyester resin
• Higher corrosion resistance
than polyester resin
• Higher mechanical properties
than polyester resin
Figure 17. Vinyl ester resin (powder form)
▪ Phenolic Resin
• Also known as Phenol-
formaldehyde resin
• Shows low smoke and
flammability characteristics
• Used in interior components
Figure 18. Phenolic Resin
14 | P a g e
▪ Epoxy
• Have different variety of viscosity from liquid to solid
• Used as structural adhesives
and for prepreg materials
• High strength and modulus
• Low volatility
• Exceptional adhesion
• Low shrinkage
• Exceptional chemical resistance
• Ease of use
• Brittle
• Reduced mechanical properties Figure 19. Epoxy Resin
when subjected to moisture
• Usually longer to process than polyester resin
• Common handling techniques:
o Autoclaving
o Pultrusion
o Filament winding
o Press (vacuum bag) molding
o Resin transfer molding
▪ Polyimides
• Mostly used in high-
temperature settings e.g.:
o Airframe structure
o Hot engine
o Circuit boards
• Excellent high thermal
resistance
• Oxidative stability
• Low amount of thermal Figure 20. Polyimide Resin powder
expansion
• Have high-temperature curing
▪ Polybenzimidazoles (PBI)
• Best used in environments where
dangerously high heat-resistant
resin is needed.
• Available in the form of fiber and
adhesive
Figure 21. Polybenzimidazole-made

jacket
15 | P a g e
▪ Bismaleimides (BMI)
• Higher temperature and toughness
characteristic than epoxy resin
• Used in airplane engines and high-
temperature components
• Common handling techniques is
similar to epoxy resin:
o Autoclave
o Injection molding
o Resin transfer molding
o Sheet molded compound
(SMC) Figure 22. Bismaleimides powder
16 | P a g e
FABRICS
Aircraft covered in fabrics have been the early stage in aviation history. One example
of a famous fabric-covered aircraft is the Wright Flyer, due to its lightweight
characteristics have been used for decades in aircraft design and building.
In the early times, finely woven organic fabrics like cotton and linen have been the
initial choice for covering airframes. Nowadays, the standard and mostly used for
aircraft covering is Polyester fabric while cotton and linen have been ceased in
production due to its low resistance to environmental effects.
Figure 24. Fabric Terms
Figure 23. Types of fabric weaving
Fabric Terminologies
• Warp—the direction along the length of fabric
• Fill or weave—the direction across the width of the fabric.
• Count—the number of threads per inch in warp or
• filling.
• Ply—the number of yarns making up a thread.
• Bias—a cut, fold, or seam made diagonally to the warp or fill threads.
• Pinked edge—an edge which has been cut by machine or special pinking
shears in a continuous series of Vs to prevent raveling.
• Selvage edge—the edge of cloth, tape, or webbing woven to prevent
raveling.
• Greige—condition of polyester fabric upon completion of the production
process before being heat shrunk.
17 | P a g e
• Cross coat—brushing or spraying where the second coat is applied 90° to

the direction the first coat was applied. The two coats together make a single
cross coat.
Fabric Covering Processes

• Blanket Method
o In this method, fabrics are attached to the airframe by trimming multiple
flat sections and using adhesives to stick to the airframe.
• Envelope Method
o This method uses precut and pre-sewn envelope fabrics made-to-fit the
airframe where it is needed to be placed. Through the help of patterns,
fabrics can be cut and sewn to the exact size where it needed to be slid
into position and will be fastened to the airframe by adhesives.
Reinforcing Materials
Fibers used for reinforcing thermoset resin to produce high strength materials.
4 Types of fibers
1. Glass Fiber – can be in the form of woven cloth (higher cost) or loosen
mat(cheaper). Provide the resin material matrix with enhanced strength and
durability.
Figure 25. Fiberglass

2. Ceramic Fiber – a type of glass fiber designed to be used in high-temperature
components. It is however more expensive and heavier in weight of glass
fiber.
Figure 26. Ceramic Fiber
18 | P a g e
3. Kevlar Fiber – frequently used type of fiber where high impact resistance is
needed. Identifiable by its soft yellow color in the form of woven cloth.
Figure 27. Kevlar fiber

4. Graphite Fibers – obtained from Rayon fibers where the cellulose is heated
and stretched to change the molecular structure of the fiber into an extremely
lightweight, strong, and tough material.
Figure 28. Graphite Fiber /

Carbon Fiber
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
19 | P a g e
RUBBER
Rubber is used to stop the entry of foreign materials like dirt, water, or air, and to
stop a seepage of fluids, gasses, or air. Rubber is also a vibration absorbent, noise
deadening, and impact load safeguard.
2 Types of Rubber
1. Natural Rubber – has better ease of processing and properties including
tensile strength, tear strength, elasticity, flexibility, and accumulate heat
buildup than of synthetic rubber. However, the problem of the general-
purpose rubber is that the decline in its physical properties when subjected to
fluids especially solvents in an aircraft causes faster deterioration than of
synthetic rubber.
2. Synthetic Rubber – is available in different composition that gives it different
properties depending on where it will be used.
a. Butyl
i. Superior resistance to gas
saturation
ii. High resistance to
deterioration
iii. Low water absorption
iv. Good temperature
resistance
v. Lower physical properties
than Natural rubber
vi. Best used for phosphate
ester hydraulic fluid (also
known as Skydrol), silicone Figure 29. Samples of butyl rubber
fluids, ketones, acetones,
and gases.
b. Buna-S
i. Have the same physical
and processing
characteristic to natural
rubber
ii. Water resistant
iii. Good resistance to heat in
the absence of harsh
flexing
iv. Poor resistance to oil,
gasoline, solvents, and
concentric acids
v. Better substitute to natural
rubber Figure 30. Sample of Buna-S rubber
20 | P a g e
c. Buna-N
i. Also known as nitrile
rubber
ii. Exceptional resistance to
hydrocarbons and
solvents
iii. Low resistance to
solvents at low
temperature
iv. Good resistance to
abrasion
v. Used in automotive and
aviation industry to handle Figure 31. Sample of Buna-N rubber
oil and gasoline hoses,
seals, tank lining, and for
gaskets.
d. Neoprene
i. Superior oil resistance
ii. Good to use with
nonaromatic gasoline
but bad with aromatic
gasoline
iii. Have similarity to
natural rubber in the
appearance and texture
iv. Tougher than natural
rubber
v. Tear and abrasive
resistance are less than Figure 32. Sample of Neoprene rubber
of natural rubber
vi. Exceptional resistance
to the elements
e. Thiokol
i. Also known as
polysulfide rubber
ii. Best resistance to
deterioration
iii. Worst physical
characteristics
iv. Have similarity in
usage as Buna-N
Figure 33. Liquid polysulfide polymer
21 | P a g e
f. Silicone
i. Best to use where flexibility is needed in high and low
temperatures
ii. Good resistance to oils but adversely reactive to aromatic and
nonaromatic gasoline
Figure 34. Silicone Rubber

g. Silastic
i. One of the best kind of silicones
ii. Good for insulating electrical and electronic components
Figure 35. Silastic rubber
22 | P a g e
LEARNING MODULE ACTIVITY

Search for an aircraft where its airframe is made from wood and skin made of fabric.
Create a table showing the greatest achievements of its creation/production and the
possible problems it encountered during its lifetime as an aircraft.
Aircraft Name
INSERT IMAGE OF AIRCRAFT HERE
ACHIEVEMENTS PROBLEMS/ISSUES
As an institution of higher learning, students are expected to display highest degree of honesty and professionalism in their class work,
requirements, and activities; thus, in no case that cheating—or any form of it, may it be plagiarism, copying other students' works, and
fabrication of materials—shall be tolerated. The Philippine State College of Aeronautics assumes as a simple and minimal preferred of
habits in academic matters that students be truthful and that they publish for deposit solely the merchandise of their personal efforts.
23 | P a g e
ASSESSMENT
➢ In accomplishing the activities in this learning module. Create a document
following the format below:
o Font/Size: Tahoma/12
o Paper Size: Short-8.5x11in
o Save as PDF
(Placed at the top of the document or before Honesty Clause)

MODULE NO. AND TITLE:
NAME:
YEAR & SECTION:
DATE ACCOMPLISHED:
➢ Learning Module Activity Rubric

Criteria Exceptional Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Poor
4 3 2 1
Partially
Completion Fully completed
completed
Barely Completed
Accuracy Few errors Some errors Many Errors Did not

complete
Followed Followed all Followed some Did not followed
Instructions instructions instructions instructions
( Total Points /12) x 100 = Modular Activity Grade
24 | P a g e

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TIME COMMITMENT FOR THIS MODULE

[Bismaleimides resin]. (2010). Retrieved September 10, 2020, from

CLO1. Discuss basic aircraft Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

Figure 1. Solid Wood

o Laminated Wood (see Figure 2)

Figure 2. Laminated Wood

o Plywood (see Figure 3&4)

Figure 5. Hardwood vs. Softwood

Figure 6. Spruce Wood

Figure 7. Douglas Fir Wood

Figure 8. Noble Fir Wood

o Northern White Pine

Figure 9. Northern White Pine

Figure 10. Balsa Wood

o Mahogany (see Figure 1)

Figure 11. Birch Wood

Figure 12. Wood Anatomy

▪ A shake is a crack or separation in which it can be seen from a

Figure 13. Types of Plastic

▪ Vinyl Ester Resin

Figure 18. Phenolic Resin

Figure 21. Polybenzimidazole-made

Figure 24. Fabric Terms

Figure 23. Types of fabric weaving

• Cross coat—brushing or spraying where the second coat is applied 90° to

Fabric Covering Processes

Figure 25. Fiberglass

Figure 26. Ceramic Fiber

Figure 27. Kevlar fiber

Figure 28. Graphite Fiber /

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

Figure 33. Liquid polysulfide polymer

Figure 34. Silicone Rubber

Figure 35. Silastic rubber

LEARNING MODULE ACTIVITY

INSERT IMAGE OF AIRCRAFT HERE

(Placed at the top of the document or before Honesty Clause)

➢ Learning Module Activity Rubric

Accuracy Few errors Some errors Many Errors Did not

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