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Hypothesis - Testing General Math

This lesson discusses comparing the sample mean to the population mean using a t-test when the sample size is small (less than 30) and the population standard deviation is unknown. It provides the formula for the t-test, explains how to find the critical value from t-distribution tables, and provides two examples comparing sample means to hypothesized population means. The lesson concludes with exercises asking students to identify critical values and make decisions about null hypotheses based on given information.

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Ha KDOG
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231 views

Hypothesis - Testing General Math

This lesson discusses comparing the sample mean to the population mean using a t-test when the sample size is small (less than 30) and the population standard deviation is unknown. It provides the formula for the t-test, explains how to find the critical value from t-distribution tables, and provides two examples comparing sample means to hypothesized population means. The lesson concludes with exercises asking students to identify critical values and make decisions about null hypotheses based on given information.

Uploaded by

Ha KDOG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 3

Comparing the Sample Mean


Test of Hypothesis and the Population Mean
in a Small Sample Size
Using t-test in Comparing
Means

• When the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard
deviation is unknown , we use the following formula to compare
the sample mean and the population mean.

t
x   n
where:
x  mean of the sample
s   mean of the population
n  size of the sample
s  standard deviation of the sample
Determining the Critical Value of t
• Found in the table for t-distribution at a specified level of
significance, type of test, and degree of freedom.
• The degree of freedom (𝑑𝑓) is the number of values that
are free to vary. In general, the number of degrees of
freedom is 𝑛 − 1.
Example 1

• The director of a secretarial school believes that its


graduates can type more than 75 words per minute.
A random sample of 12 graduates has been found to
have an average of 77.2 words per minute with a
standard deviation of 7.9 words per minute in a
typing test. Using a 0.05 level of significance, test
the claim of the director.
Example 1 (Solution)
Example 1 (Solution)

1.796
Determining the Critical Value
Example 1 (Solution)

• Step 3: Compute the test value.

Given: Substituting values in the formula:


x  77.2
t
x   n

77.2  75  12
 0.96
  75 s 7.9
n  12
s  7.9
Example 1 (Solution)

Step 4: Decision: Since the computed or test value


does not fall within the rejection region, we
accept the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Conclusion: There is no significant difference
between the sample mean and population
mean. Thus, the claim of the director of the
secretarial school that their graduates can
type more than 75 words per minute is
incorrect.
Example 2

• It is hypothesized that the cost of making a movie is


Php 24.6 million. This year, a random sample of 15
movies has shown an average production cost of
Php 28.3 million with a standard deviation of Php 9.5
million. At 0.01 level of significance, is the
hypothesized cost true?
Example 2 (Solution)
Example 2 (Solution)

2.977
Example 2 (Solution)

• Step 3: Compute the test value.

Given: Substituting values in the formula:


x  28.3
t
x   n

28.3  24.6 15
 1.51
  24.6 s 9.5
n  15
s  9.5
Example 2 (Solution)

Step 4: Decision: Since the computed or test value


does not fall within the rejection region, we
accept the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Conclusion: There is no significant difference
between the sample mean and population
mean. Thus, the hypothesized cost of
making a movie is true.
Exercises:
Find the critical value/s of t.
Type of Critical
Rejection region
test value/s of t

10 0.05 right-tailed

18 0.10 two-tailed

6 0.01 left-tailed
Exercises:
Make a decision whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

Critical value/s; Rejection Test


Hypothesis Given Decision
region Value
Exercises:

1. An anthropologist believes that the diameter of the skull of a


primitive man is more than 7 inches. After many years of search,
6 skulls of this type are found. The mean diameter of these is
found to be 6.8 inches with a standard deviation of 1.2 inches.
Can it be concluded that the anthropologist is correct at the 0.05
level of significance?
Exercises:

2. The average amount of rainfall during the summer months is


11.52 inches. A researcher in PAG-ASA selects a random
sample of 10 provinces and finds that the average amount of
rainfall last year was 7.42 inches with a standard deviation of 1.3
inches. At 0.01 level of significance, can it be concluded that the
mean rainfall last year was below 11.52 inches?
Exercises:

3. Perpetrators of a crime who have been given the maximum


sentence of 10 years are believed by a fiscal to have been
sentenced to no more than 7 years on the average. A random
sample of 20 of these crime offenders reveals a mean sentence
of 7.6 years with a standard deviation of 2.4 years. Is the fiscal
correct in his suspicions at 0.05 level of significance?
END OF LESSON 3
• Sources:
– Albert, J. R. G. (2008).Basic Statistics for the Tertiary Level (ed. Roberto Padua,
Welfredo Patungan, Nelia Marquez), published by Rex Bookstore.
– Takahashi, S. (2009). The Manga Guide to Statistics. Trend-Pro Co. Ltd.
– Workbooks in Statistics 1: 11th Edition, Institute of Statistics, UP Los Banos,
College Laguna 4031
– Handbook of Statistics 1 (1st and 2nd Edition), Authored by the Faculty of the
Institute of Statistics, UP Los Baños, College Laguna 4031
– “Candy Judging” Lesson Plan by Susan Haller, St. Cloud State University in
STatistics Education Web (STEW) Online Journal of K-12 Statistics Lesson
Plans. http://www.amstat.org/education/stew/pdfs/CandyJudging.pdf
– https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistical-studies/statistical-
questions/v/statistical-questions
– https://www.illustrativemathematics.org/content-standards/tasks/703
– https://www.reference.com/math/importance-statistics-66787baffae65125#
– http://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/importance-of-statistics-in-
different-fields.html

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