KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-V

Z-TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Introduction:

Z-transform is used to convert discrete time domain into a complex frequency domain. It is a
generalized form of Fourier transform. It is widely used in engineering as follows:

• Digital Signal Processing

• Control Theory
• Analysis of digital filters
• To find the frequency response
• Automatic controls in telecommunications.

Definition of Z-transform:

Let {𝑓(𝑛)} be a sequence defined for all positive integer n , then the Z-transform of 𝑓(𝑛) is
defined as

𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
where z is an arbitrary complex number.

This is called one sided Z- transform.

If {𝑓(𝑛)} is defined for 𝑛 = 0, ±1 , ±2 , …. then 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞

𝑛=−∞ 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
is called two sided

Z- transform.

Z-transform for Discrete values of t:

If {𝑓(𝑛)} is defined for discrete values of t ,where 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇 , 𝑛 = 0,1 ,2 , … ∞. T being the

sampling period ,then the Z-transform of 𝑓(𝑡) is defined as

𝑍[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛𝑇)𝑧
−𝑛

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
PART-B

1.Find the Z-transform of the sequences 𝒇(𝒏) = (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐) and 𝒈(𝒏) = 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏).

Solution:

𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑍[ (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)]

= 𝑍[𝑧 2 + 3𝑛 + 2 ]

= 𝑍[𝑧 2 ] + 𝑍 [3𝑛 ] + 𝑍 [2]

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= ((𝑧−1)3 ) + 3 ((𝑧−1)2 ) + 2 ((𝑧−1))

2𝑧 3
= ((𝑧−1)3 )

𝑍[𝑔(𝑛)] = 𝑍[ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)]

= 𝑍[𝑧 2 − 𝑛 ]
𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧
=( )− ( )
(𝑧−1)3 (𝑧−1)2

2𝑧
= ((𝑧−1)3 )

2.Find the Z-transform of 𝒂𝒏 and 𝒏𝒂𝒏.

Solution:

(𝑖) 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑧

𝑎 𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑧 )

𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑧
= 1 + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ = ((𝑧−𝑎))

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
(𝑖𝑖)𝑍[𝑛𝑎𝑛 ] = −𝑧 [𝑎𝑛 ] = −𝑧 [ ]
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−𝑎)

(𝑧−𝑎)(1)−𝑧(1) 𝑎𝑧
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−𝑎)2
] = ((𝑧−𝑎)2 )

3.Find the Z-transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽.

Solution:

Let 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ), then

𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (cosn 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 )

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Taking Z-transforms on both sides
𝑛
∴ 𝑍[(cosn 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 ) ] = 𝑍[(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) ]

𝑧
= [(𝑧−(cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)]

𝑧((𝑧−cos 𝜃)+𝑖 sin 𝜃)

= [((𝑧−cos 𝜃)−𝑖 sin 𝜃)((𝑧−cos 𝜃)+𝑖 sin 𝜃)]

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)+𝑖𝑧 sin 𝜃

= {(𝑧2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+(cos 𝜃)2 +(sin 𝜃))2 )}

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃) 𝑧 sin 𝜃
= ((𝑧2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1)) + 𝑖 ((𝑧2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1))

Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides ,

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍[cos 𝑛𝜃] = ((𝑧2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1)) and

𝑧 sin 𝜃
𝑍[sin 𝑛𝜃] = ( )
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1)

4.Find the Z-transform of 𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽.

Solution:

Let 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ), then

𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (𝑎𝑛 cosn 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 )

Taking Z-transforms on both sides

𝑛
∴ 𝑍[(𝑎𝑛 cosn 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ) ] = 𝑍[(𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) ]

𝑧
= [(𝑧−(𝑎 cos 𝜃+𝑖 𝑎 sin 𝜃)]

𝑧((𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)+𝑖𝑎 sin 𝜃)

= [((𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)−𝑖 𝑎 sin 𝜃)((𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)+𝑖𝑎 sin 𝜃)]

𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)+𝑖𝑎𝑧 sin 𝜃

={ }
(𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+(𝑎 cos 𝜃)2 +(a sin 𝜃))2 )

𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃) 𝑎𝑧 sin 𝜃

= ( )+ 𝑖( )
(𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎 2 ) (𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎 2 )

Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides ,

𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃) 𝑎𝑧 sin 𝜃
𝑍[cos 𝑛𝜃] = ((𝑧2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎2 )) and𝑍[sin 𝑛𝜃] = ((𝑧2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎2 ))

S&H (Mathematics) Page 169

 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(𝟐𝒏+𝟑)
5.Find the Z-transform of ((𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐))

Solution:

Using partial fraction method ,

(2n+3) A B
(n+1)(n+2)
= (n+1) + (n+2) ⟶(1)

∴ (2𝑛 + 3) = 𝐴(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑛 + 1)

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = −1 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = −2 ,

1 = 𝐴 ; −1 = −𝐵

∴ 𝐴 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 1
(2n+3) 1 1
(1)⇒ (n+1)(n+2)
= (n+1) + (n+2)

Taking Z-transforms on both sides

(2n + 3) 1 1
[ ] =[ ]+[ ]
(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 2)
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )+ 𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )− 𝑧
𝑧−1 𝑧−1

𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟐
6.Find the inverse Z- transform of
𝒛𝟐 −𝟑𝒛+𝟐

Solution:

𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟐
Let 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝒛𝟐−𝟑𝒛+𝟐

F(z) 10𝑧 10𝑧 𝐴 𝐵

= 2 = = +
z 𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 2 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 − 2

10𝑧 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 1 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = −10

F(z) −10 10
= +
z 𝑧−1 𝑧−2
−10𝑧 10𝑧
F(z) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2

Taking Z-inverse transform on both sides,

10𝑧 2 −10𝑧 10𝑧

𝑍 −1 ( 2 ) = 𝑍 −1 ( ) + 𝑍 −1 ( )
𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 2 𝑧−1 𝑧−2
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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
= −10 (1)𝑛 + 10 (2)𝑛 .

𝒛𝟐
7.Find the 𝒁−𝟏 ((𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛𝟐 ) using partial fraction method.
+𝟒)

Solution:
𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧 𝐴 (𝐵𝑧+𝐶)
Let 𝑧
= (𝑧+2)(𝑧2 +4) = (𝑧+2) + (𝑧2 +4) ⟶ (1)

∴ 𝑧 = 𝐴(𝑧 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑧 + 𝐶)(𝑧 + 2)

−1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 =
4

𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠,

1
𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 =
4

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡: 0 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐶

1
∴𝐶=
2
−1 1 1
𝑧2 𝑧 ( 𝑧 2 − 𝑧)
4 4 2
(1) ⟹ (𝑧+2)(𝑧 2 +4)
= +
(𝑧+2) (𝑧 2 +4)

𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑍 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠,

𝑧2 −1 −1 𝑧 1 −1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
𝑍 −1 ( 2 ) = 𝑍 ( ) + 𝑍 ( 2 ) + 𝑍 −1 ( 2 )
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 4) 4 (𝑧 + 2) 4 (𝑧 + 4) 2 (𝑧 + 4)

−1 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
= (−2)𝑛 + 2𝑛 cos ( ) + 2𝑛 sin ( )
4 4 2 2 2

8. solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 using z-transform method.

Solution:

Formula: 𝒁[𝒚(𝒏 + 𝟐)] = 𝒛𝟐 𝑭(𝒛) − 𝒛𝟐 𝒚(𝟎) − 𝒛𝒚(𝟏)

𝒁[𝒚(𝒏 + 𝟏)] = 𝒛𝑭(𝒛) − 𝒛𝒚(𝟎)

𝒁[𝒚(𝒏)] = 𝒛𝑭(𝒛)

Given 𝑦𝑛+2 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 − 10𝑦𝑛 = 0 , 𝑦0 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 0

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

𝑍(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 3𝑍(𝑦𝑛+1 ) − 10𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0

{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑧𝑦(1)} − 3{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑦(0)} − 10𝐹(𝑧) = 0

{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (1) − 𝑧(0)} − 3{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧(1)} − 10𝐹(𝑧) = 0

𝐹(𝑧)(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 − 10) = 𝑧 2 − 3𝑧

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
2
𝑧 − 3𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) =
(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 − 10)

Using partial fraction method,

𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧−3 𝐴 𝐵
= = + ⟶ (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 − 5) (𝑧 + 2)

∴ (𝑧 − 3) = 𝐴(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 5)

5
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐵 =
7
2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 5 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 =
7
2 𝑧 5 𝑧
(1) ⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = +
7 𝑧−5 7 𝑧+2

Taking inverse z- transforms

2 5
𝑦(𝑛) = (5)𝑛 + (−2)𝑛
7 7

9. solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟗𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 using z-transform method.

Solution:

Given 𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 0

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

𝑍(𝑦𝑛+2 ) + 6𝑍(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 9𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑍(2𝑛 )

𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑧𝑦(1)} + 6{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑦(0)} + 9𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧(0)} + 6{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧(0)} + 9𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
𝑧
𝐹(𝑧)(𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9) =
𝑧−2
𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) =
(𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9)(𝑧 − 2)

Using partial fraction method,

𝐹(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 2
= + + ⟶ (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 3)2

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 3)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 2)

1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 =
25

S&H (Mathematics) Page 172

 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
−1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −3 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
5

𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠,

−1
0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =
25

1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
(1) ⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = − −
25 𝑧 − 2 25 𝑧 + 3 5 (𝑧 + 3)2

Taking inverse z- transforms

1 1 1
𝑦(𝑛) = (2)𝑛 − (−3)𝑛 − (𝑛(−3)𝑛−1 )
25 25 5

10. solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝒚𝒏 = 𝟒𝒏 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏 using z-transform method.

Solution:

Given 𝑦𝑛+2 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 4𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 1

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

𝑍(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 3𝑍(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 2𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑍(4𝑛 )

𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑧𝑦(1)} − 3{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑦(0)} + 2𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−4
𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧(1)} − 3{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧(0)} + 2𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−4
𝑧
𝐹(𝑧)(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2) = +𝑧
𝑧−4
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 3)
𝐹(𝑧) = + 2 =
(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4)

Using partial fraction method,

𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= = + + ⟶ (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 4)

∴ 𝑧 − 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 1)

−2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 1 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 =
3
1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2
1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 4 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐶 =
6

S&H (Mathematics) Page 173

 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
−2 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
(1) ⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = + +
3 𝑧−1 2 𝑧−2 6 𝑧−4

Taking inverse z- transforms

−2 1 1
𝑦(𝑛) = (1)𝑛 + (2)𝑛 + (4)𝑛
3 2 6

11. solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏 = 𝟒𝒏 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏 using z-transform method.

Solution:

Given 𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 6𝑦𝑛 = 4𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 1

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

𝑍(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 5𝑍(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 6𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑍(4𝑛 )

𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑧𝑦(1)} − 3{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑦(0)} + 2𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−4
𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧(1)} − 5{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧(0)} + 6𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−4
𝑧
𝐹(𝑧)(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6) = +𝑧
𝑧−4
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 3) 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = + 2 = =
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 5𝑧 + 6) (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4)

Using partial fraction method,

𝐹(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵
= = + ⟶ (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 4)

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 2)

−1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 =
2
1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 4 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐵 =
2
−1 𝑧 1 𝑧
(1) ⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = +
2 𝑧−2 2 𝑧−4

Taking inverse z- transforms

−1 1
𝑦(𝑛) = (2)𝑛 + (4)𝑛
2 2
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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
12. solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟓𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝒏 − 𝟖 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏 = −𝟓 using z-transform
method.

Solution:

Given 𝑦𝑛+2 + 4𝑦𝑛+1 − 5𝑦𝑛 = 24𝑛 − 8 , 𝑦0 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = −5

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

𝑍(𝑦𝑛+2 ) + 4𝑍(𝑦𝑛+1 ) − 5𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑍(24𝑛 − 8)

{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑧𝑦(1)} + 4{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑦(0)} − 5𝐹(𝑧) = 24𝑍(𝑛) − 𝑍(8)

24𝑧(𝑧 + 1) 8𝑧
{𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (3) − 𝑧(−5)} + 4{𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧(3)} − 5𝐹(𝑧) = 2
−
(𝑧 − 1) 𝑧−1

𝑧(3𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 19𝑧 + 39)

𝐹(𝑧)(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 − 5) =
(𝑧 − 1)2

𝑧(3𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 19𝑧 + 39)

𝐹(𝑧) =
(𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 − 1)3

Using partial fraction method,

𝐹(𝑧) (3𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 19𝑧 + 39) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

= 3
= + + 2
+ ⟶ (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 + 5) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)3

∴ (3𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 19𝑧 + 39) = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1)3 + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 5) + 𝐶(𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 − 1) + 𝐷(𝑧 + 5)

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 1 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐷 = 4

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −5 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = 2, 𝐶 = −2

𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
(1) ⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = +2 −2 2
+4
(𝑧 + 5) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)3

Taking inverse z- transforms

𝑦(𝑛) = (−5)𝑛 + 2𝑛2 − 4𝑛 + 2

𝒛𝟐
13.Using convolution theorem , find 𝒛−𝟏 ((𝒛−𝒂)(𝒛−𝒃))

Solution:

𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
Given: 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)) = 𝑧 −1 ( . )
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏

𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 ( )∗ 𝑧 −1 ( )
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏

= (𝑎)𝑛 ∗ (𝑏)𝑛

= ∑𝑛𝑟=0(𝑎)𝑟 (𝑏)𝑛−𝑟

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
𝑎 𝑟
= 𝑏 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑟=0 (𝑏 )

𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
= 𝑏 𝑛 {1 + 𝑏 + (𝑏 ) + (𝑏 ) + ⋯ , … }

𝑎 𝑛+1
( ) −1
𝑛 𝑏
=𝑏 { 𝑎 }
( )−1
𝑏

𝑎 𝑛+1 −𝑏𝑛+1
= 𝑎−𝑏

𝒛𝟐
14. Using convolution theorem , find 𝒛−𝟏 ((𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 )

Solution:

z2 𝑧 𝑧
Given: 𝑧 −1 ((z−a)2 ) = 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−𝑎 . 𝑧−𝑎)

𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−𝑎) ∗ 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−𝑎)

= (𝑎)𝑛 ∗ (𝑎)𝑛

= ∑𝑛𝑟=0(𝑎)𝑟 (𝑎)𝑛−𝑟

= 𝑎𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑟=0(1)𝑟

= 𝑎𝑛 {1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠}

= 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)

𝟖𝒛𝟐
15.Using convolution theorem , find 𝒛−𝟏 ((𝟐𝒛−𝟏)(𝟒𝒛−𝟏))

Solution:

8𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑧
Given: 𝑧 −1 ((2𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1)) = 𝑧 −1 ( 1 . )
1
𝑧− 𝑧−
2 4

𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 ( 1) ∗ 𝑧 −1 ( )
1
𝑧− 𝑧−
2 4

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
=( ) ∗( )
2 4

1 𝑟 1 𝑛−𝑟
= ∑𝑛𝑟=0 (2) (4)

1 𝑛 4 𝑟
= (4) ∑𝑛𝑟=0 (2)

1 𝑛
= ( ) {1 + 2 + (2)2 + (2)3 + ⋯ }
4

1 𝑛 (2)𝑛+1 −1 1 𝑛 1 𝑛
= (4) { 2−1
} = 2 (2) − (4)

S&H (Mathematics) Page 176

 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY PART-A QUESTION WITH ANSWERS

1. Define Z-Transform

Let un be a sequence defined for the discrete values n =0,1,2,…The Z-transform of


un is defined by Z(un) = u
n =0
n z − n provided the infinite series converges.

n
2. Find Z( a )

Soln: We know that,


Z(a n ) = a
n =0
n
z −n

 n
a
=  
n =0  z 

1
=
a
1−  
z

n z
Z(a ) =
z−a

3. Write the damping rule for Z-transform

Soln: If Z(un) = u ( z ) then

( )
Z a − n u n = u (az )

& (
Z a n un ) = u 
z
a

4. Find the value of z(cosn)

(
Soln: We have Z e −in ) ( )
= z e −i
n

Since Z(1) =
z
z −1
= z e −i ( ) .1 n

ze i
=
ze i − 1

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
z
=
z − e − i

(
z z − e i )
(
= z − e − i z − e i )( )

z ( z − cos  ) − iz sin 
z 2 − z (e i + e −i ) + 1
=

z ( z − cos  ) − iz sin 
=
z 2 − 2 z cos  + 1

Equating R.P,

z ( z − cos  )
z (cos n ) =
z − 2 z cos  + 1
2

5.State the Initial value & Final value theorem

Initial value theorem:

If z (u n ) = u ( z ) then u 0 = lim u (z )
z →

Final value theorem:

If z (u n ) = u ( z ) then lim u n = lim (z − 1)u (z )

n → z →1

6.Find z(n)

( )
Soln: We have z n p = − z
d
dz

z (n p −1 ) 

=− z
d
dz
 ( )
z n0

z (1)
d
= −z
dz

d  z 
=− z  
dz  z − 1 

 (z − 1) − z 
= − z 2 
 (z − 1) 

z (n ) =
z
(z − 1)2

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
7.State Linearity Property

Soln: If a,b,c be any constants and u n , v n , wn be any discrete functions

then, z (au n + bvn − cwn ) = az (u n ) + bz (vn ) − cz (wn )

1  1 
1
8.Show that z   = e z ,Hence evaluate (i.) z  
 n!   (n + 1)! 

 1 
(ii). z 
 (n + 2)! 

 1   1 −n
Soln: We have, z  = z
 n!  n =0 n!

z −1 z −2
= 1+ + + ...........
1! 2!
1
z
= e

1
i) Shifting   one unit to the left,
 n! 

 1   1   1z 
z  = z  z   − 1 = z e − 1
 (n + 1)1    n!    

1
ii) Shifting   two unit to the left,
 n! 

 1   1z −1

z  = z 2
e − 1 − z 
 (n + 2 )!  

2 z 2 + 5 z + 14
9.If u ( z ) = evaluate u 2 & u 3
(z − 1)4
 5 14 
2 + z + z2 
Soln: u ( z )
1
= 2  
z (
 1− z
−1 4
 )
 

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 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
By initial value theorem, u 0 = lim u (z ) = 0
z →

Similary,

u1 = lim {z (u (z ) − u 0 )}
z →

  5 14 
 1  2 + z + z 2 
= lim  z 2  
z →
(
 z  1 − z −1 
4
)
  

 
1 2 + 5z + 14 z −2 
−1
= lim   
z → z 
  (1 − z −1 )4 

u1 = 0

u 2 = lim z 2 u
z →
  ( z ) − u 0 − u1 z −1 
  5 14  
 1 2 + z + z2 
= lim z 2  2
  − 0 − 0
z → z 1− z −
(
1 4
 )
 
 

= lim (2 − 0 − 0 )
z →

u2 =2

u3 = lim z 3 u
z →
  ( z ) − u 0 − u1 z −1 − u 2 z −2 
u3 = lim z 3 u
z →
  ( z ) − 0 − 0 − 2 z −2 
  2 z 2 + 5 z + 14 2  
u 3 = lim  z 3  − 2 
  ( z − 1)
4
z → z  

 13 z 3 + 2 z 2 + 8 z − 2 2  
u 3 = lim  z 3  − 2 
z 2 ( z − 1)
4
z →
  z  

u3 = 13

S&H (Mathematics) Page 180

 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
10.State convolution theorem for Z-transform

Soln: If z −1u ( z ) = u n & z −1v ( z ) = vn then

 

z −1 u ( z ), v( z ) =  u m v n − m = u n  v n where ‘  ’ denotes the convolution operation
n =0

 z2  −1
11.Use convolution theorem to evaluate z  
 (z − a ) (z − b )

 z   z 
Soln: We know that, z −1   = a n ; z −1   = bn
 (z − a )  n  z − b

 z2   z z 
z −1   = z −1  
 (z − a ) (z − b )  z−a z −b

= an  bn

n
= a
m =0
m
b n−m

n
= bn a
m =0
m
b n−m

m
a n
= b    which is a G.P
n

m =0  b 

  a  n +1 
   − 1
n  b  
= b
 a 
 b −1 
 

a n+1 − b n+1
=
a −b

a n −a
12.Find the z-transform of a) e
n!

Soln: z (
a n −a
e ) =   a e −a z −n
n! n =0  n! 

S&H (Mathematics) Page 181

 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
a
n
 a  a 2 
      
= e −a 
z −a 
= e 1+ + z  z
+ ........
n =0 n!  1! 2! 
 
 

a
1 
= e −a e z = e −a  − 1
z 

= (
e − a z −1 − 1 )

13. Evaluate the following Z[nan]

Soln: We know that Z(n)= [z/(z-1)2]

By damping rule, Z[nan]=Z[ann]={Z(n)}

an 
14.Find Z  .
 n! 

Soln:

) (az )
 (az )
−1 n
 a n   a n −n −1 2
(
a

Z = z =
−1
= 1+ az −1 + +. . . = e az = e z
 
n ! n = 0 n! n =0 n! 2!

15.Find the Z-tranform of(n+1)(n+2).

Soln:

Z (n + 1)(n + 2). =Z n 2 + 3n + 2 
 
=Z n 2 + 3Z n+2Z 1

 z ( z + 1)   3z   z 
=  +
3  
 + 2 
−   ( z − 1)   z − 1
2
 ( z 1)

ANNA UNIVERSITY PART – B QUESTIONS

S&H (Mathematics) Page 182
 KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
𝑛𝜋 𝑎𝑛
1.Find the z-transform of(𝑖)2𝑛 cos ( 2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑛!

2. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 − 10𝑦𝑛 = 0 , 𝑦0 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 0 using z-transform method.

3. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 0 using z-transform method

4. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 0 using z-transform method.

𝑧2
5. Using convolution theorem , find 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−4)(𝑧−3))

𝑧2
6. Using convolution theorem , find 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧+𝑎)2 )

𝑧 3 −20𝑧
7.Find the inverse z-transform of (𝑧−2)3 (𝑧−3)

8. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 0 using z-transform method.

9. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 1 using z-transform method.

1 1
10. Find the z-transf orm of(𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑛! (𝑛+1)!

14𝑧 2
11. Using convolution theorem , find 𝑧 −1 ((2𝑧−1)(7𝑧−1))

12.Find the z-transfom of cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝑛𝜃.

Hence deduce that z-transform of cos(𝑛 + 1)𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃.

13. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 + 4𝑦𝑛+1 + 3𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 1 using z-transform method

14. solve 𝑦𝑛+2 + 4𝑦𝑛+1 + 3𝑦𝑛 = 3𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 1 using z-transform method

𝑧2
15. Using convolution theorem , find 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−4)(𝑧−5))

S&H (Mathematics) Page 183