50

1150 Dr. W. I:U1Il

1)r.W 、I 1,•Jl. I、,＇lHImIhII/ （1j` ．、，心 lS Separation
Ramsden. I II I/u [Jul11; S,
of Solids

Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), 72, 156–164 (1903)

"“ Sepnra,tion
Separation •Jf of ~n]i小
Solids illin 1丿hl.l
the Sm·I'；1ce-l,l)飞lS1)t'
Surface-layers of ｀olntmu、
Solutions and tl111l
•‘ Sus11eusio11
Suspensions、'（ OlJ、(、rv：飞（，iOl1S,Ill
’ (Observations on Sm·f儿（加11WIllht·:U瓜，］
Surface-membranes, Bubbles,;uh\1le~,
沁 llnlsions, nml
Emulsions, and M因h扎lliua1
Mechanical (-，on吕 ltln.tinn). —
Coagulation). - l'relimi11ary
Prelim inary
At' m
(., mt.“By W RI.MSl邓N, M.A. ， M.1)令，
Account.” By W. R amsden , M.A., M.D., Oxon., Fellow Oxu11., Fellow 11f of
l'emhrnke Uollege,
Pembroke College, Oxford. (八 I.（）nl令（如1111n1111ica1,erl lry
Communicated by ProfessorProfe沁ur
E G otch, E.]
F. ({OT(”-r, :. S.
F.R.S. Recpiv叫，l
Received Juml(: n e 8，一ltQ,vl,I
8,— Read Jumw n e l8~ 1 !)03
18, 1903.
III
In 扎凹l比1`
a paper 1)l1blished
published iu Du ]加、
in I)n Bois RuyIll
Eeymond’s《 Iml`s ·‘ Awhi
Archivv flll. fiir A I Klt. lll
Anat. und I11
l'hy..,iologic'iu 18归，＊ I 、bowl:< l t,]w.t nwrc
Physiologie’ in 1894,* I showed that mere agitation of various proteid :ig叮t,LLiUll l1f, ;ll'll)lls prutcid
solntion~
solutions ltnrnght
brought almnt about a ~ep儿mtio11
separation of of ~ome
some of of their
their contained
contained protei<l proteid
in tho form of filn、OlL寸 Ol、 lllcmln”tl1(）－fihrollS
in the form of fibrous or membrano-fibrous solids, :ll1(l 日()lids, and th:l,tthat itit was was
poR1,ihle
possible in in this,｀飞ly
this way to to coagnI;tLe
coagulate :\and ll(l remove
remo1 c thu the whC)le
whole ()[ of the
the lil otcid
proteid
from
from 、olutions
solutions of of egg孔lhnmi11.
egg-albumin. ItIt wa~ was prove1l
proved ；如伽t also that thc.,-o these rlc书11111-
de-solu-
tions and LU,lgnl:ltion`
tions.1ml coagulations °f of pmtciil
proteid \\were erc nnot以，duelne toto the action
thc,ICli( '”“tof eIII.}
enzymes,
' 111es,

阳t,
heat, or or surf扎LC
surface °'扎lJUl'：UIi)11,
evaporation, ＇ll)（l and wt心 were 1l"t.lpp吓(.mbly
not appreciably 叽cterl affected hy by thethe
ll心u·e
nature of the g吓
of the gas in l,Olltact
contact withwith t,hc the liqui(I
liquid (JI' lt thc
or <of \ C沁el in
the vessel wh汕
in which
the
the agitatiun
agitation W/\Swas ctfoctcd.
effected.
A prolonged
A prolonged series series of of fmthe1·
further e\.pel'inientR,
experiments, n1Hlertaken
undertaken with with a view view
“f
of 扎SCCl'tai 咖g the
ascertaining precise r廿ll1SC
the precise cause ()f of this
this ph0Hmnc11011,
phenomenon, has ha~ led ]~11meme to to thethe
dif!covcry
discovery of of au an important,
important, hut hitherto m111oti心(l
but hiUierto unnoticed phy、icalphysical fact: —
fa c t:—
namely, tlmt,
ll.-lmcly, that, qnite,ilJ,wt
quite apart tIfrom {JIll CI ，中01 几tior'1, ``
evaporation, solid highly viHco11、
or highlv
,li(l m· viscous
心ting｀人1．e
coatings are `pontaneonsly,
spontaneously, ;and lllIl mmmorec or or lc `~ r:ipicll,v
less rapidly formetl formed 011 on the the
free surfo心，）f
frco surfaces of uU all protci,l
proteid solntious.
solutions.
By pnrely
By purely meuhanical
mechanical nrnHns means thesethese frcc-smia如如
free-surface coatings ,tings ca1111e h妞pllcl
can be heaped
up to
up to form
form visih[P solid 111as沁
visible ;:;oli<l masses of of prot,eid,
proteid, which ll'hid1 in some some c吩es cases is not not
only "“ <lc-solutcrl,"
only de-soluted,” hut but at at the
the 、;lllle
same timC time l,l)；lg心tl•tl
coagulated aurl and reJ11lere1l
rendered
lJCl'lll几11e11il,r
permanently i11suluhle
insoluble in in the
the mntb(l1·-fa1nid.
mother-liquid.
By extending
By extern ling t.he the rirngc
range of of my
my cx111:.wi111e11ts,
experiments, Il ba have\ e IH、en
been led led toto thethe
further conclusion
fmther that similar ~,"儿ting、
conclusion that,;imi];11· coatings of soliil solid 01·or highly viscous matte!'
highly,i,.,cons matter
occur Oll
(1PClll the frel3
on tho free 、nrfi1，心（）［
surfaces of aa l;i1.gClllllIIl”•1·
large number of non-proteid colloid
no11-1JJ·uteirlr:olloit!
沁lntio11s,
solutions, of fine and
of fine and 仁C)iLI'su
coarse ．．勺 ll、pelEli)11忒'.llI(l
“ suspensions,” and oi of书 aa few
few app认rently
apparently
crystallui(l solutions, ;and
crystalloid solntiOllS` that they
tlul t,h:Lr Lhey ;ll'eare iOI'llIU{l
formed ;Il`IJalso ;Lt
at tllc
the ilIterI,lces
interfaces of of
every pair
every pair ofof lic1uicl
liquids、 which, withllnt,
without hei11g being of high,·i、('osity,
high viscosity, a.re are t':tp儿hlo
capable
uf forming per、istent
of formillg persistent cmulsiow;.
emulsions.
e\.pla11
The explanation
The 七Lti(）n of of tlIt`、C
these 、lJOlItanl.lUlI、
spontaneous ,K·sulntiOll
de-solutions、 (1f of 1的 lOllsly
previously
归olvedmattor.lt
dissolved matter at tho free olll'fa'卢
the frec surfaces llll1st
must be IIU 、onght
sought iII in thethe `）hserv扎tiou,
observation,
which II haYc
wbirh have fo1111rl
found lo to hold
hold goodgood i11 all t讥叱、
in :di 1IItherLo i`\：lmined，如t
cases hitherto examined, that
the nmttcr
the which ac:cumnlate、
matter wl1ich accumulates }JO沁岱泌`the
possesses the prnpert,y property of of lowering
lowering the the
surface-tension, am
Rnrface-to11siu11, and,I, t,hcl'c心阳、
therefore, the "f1nl'f职C “ surface l'lll'l'gy,''()f
energy,” of tlm the freo
free sm·-sur­
I扎ce
face of of 1\七LtOl'．
water.
On rlynamieal
On grounds, ti
dynamical grnnnd.~, 比 JI吓t
the most st：小lc
stable arrangement
`llTI,IIgemont of ot令；my,:;ol11tio11,
any solution,.

最
* ·`Pll}lOlogiHl`］“`
“ Physiologisclie AM, ' l `' l IIng”Pl、.
A btheilung ” pp. 5 17.5 l t.
517—534.
1903.]]
1903. SHI1、如'-lu!Jrr:;
Surface-layers t:f ancl "心区
of fiol11tin11.s
Solutions 1111d Yil'II 、iuns."
“Suspensions.” 157
t1Lki11g
taking surface-tension
surface-tension consitlorat-ions
considerations only only into
into accmrnt,
account, must
must be,me
be one
扎ccompanied
accompanied by minimal minimal "snrface“ surface energy."
energy.” A dissolved substance, if
dissolved substance, if 几it
increases
increases the the potential
potential energy energy of a surfaee, surface, will tend leave th
I.encl to leave that忒
叩'f扎?e,“rifit
surface, or if it (liminishcsit,diminishes it, ti) to ：tccumuliLte
accumulate 月att tl讥t surface. T胪
that `llrf;LCe. This
llrinciplc
principle has been recog
has heen 咖ed a、
recognised as holrli11g
holding goodgood in crystalloid
crystalloid solmions*
solutions*
hnt
but has has notnot hitherto
hitherto hce11 been shmn,
shown to,1,pply
to apply to('olloi1l
to colloid solutions and cn,11沁
solutions and coarse
“ srn,pens10ns.
suspensions.” "
The
The i-amesame consiclcr:1
considerations lions rnaymay he be 几I)plio1
applied in explan扎Lion
explanation of the the
accu111ulations
accumulations observed observed at at the
the interfaces li'}U礼，， forming persistent
interfaces of liquids persistent
em呻ions.
emulsions.
The
The formation
formation of surface surface pellides,
pellicles, the the sep扎l'扎tion
separation of variou,;
various solids hy by
mccb画叫
mechanical tre心ncnt treatment achpted adapted to to produce
produce heapiugheaping up of surf八ce-films,
surface-films,
the
the power power of forming forming morlerntel,r
moderately pcrsi~tentpersistent lmhhles
bubbles po,;,;essed
possessed hy by
`｀riOl这比npid
various limpid solutions, solutions, 凡nrl and the powerpower of forming
forming persistent
persistent emulsions
emulsions
pos::,csscd
possessed hy by various immiscible liqu曲，
various irnmiscil1le liquids, are all explained
explained (iu (in the
the
nnmcrous
numerous cases where where tl1crethere is is no cyirlenee
evidence of chemicalchemical change)
change) as dne due
to
to (liminutiun
diminution of thP surface-energy hrought
the surface-energy brought 扎hout about by accnmnlat,ion
accumulation of
r•心iIl
certain 山 ssol vcd or snspendcr1
dissolved suspended matter、 matters .it at the
the 、lU'f;tC吓
surfaces concern叫，
concerned, ancl and
to the the physical properties of tlie
physical proportic.~ the 丸ccnnmlated
accumulated material.
material.
It i七
It is l'(l]rnu·kahle
remarkable that that the the very
very common
common occnrre!lce
occurrence of thesethese free-
free-
smfaco
surface accumulations
accumulations has hitherto hitherto c业aped
escaped general
general notice.
notice, Donhtlcss
Doubtless
this
this is due due to Lo thothe e邓ren1e
extreme delicacydelicacy aud fr扎gilit,y of the
and fragility the solid
solid con.ting,
coating,
and to
and to its generally r七tpiil
its generally rapid re-solntiou
re-solution when contraction of the
when by contraction the surface
surface
itit is heaped
heaped up up in in local
local execs;.,
excess, 01· or when
when by hy the
the substit,ution
substitution of some
other surface,
other surface, the the roas011
reason fol':mch
for such accmnulat
accumulation iu11]讯s
has hcen
been removed.
removed. For For
the production of 1.的仙
th(lproduction visible masses
masses of ~olicl,
solid, 01·
or of rleformecl
deformed angular
angular hnhl1los,
bubbles,
it
it is in in foct
fact necessary
necessary that that the,mrf八ce-1mlfrl
the surface-solid shall shall either
either hobe 1·c11dered
rendered
im;oluhlc
insoluble by by the the mechanical
mechanical t,reatrnent
treatment to which which it isis sul,jectcd,
subjected, rn· or sh/ill
shall
hr
be heaperl
heaped up up more
more rapidly
rapidly than than itit is re-dissolved.
re-dissolved .
.l<'nll
Full t1ctails
details of the the methods
methods employccl,
employed, the the contTOl
control e:xl)crimcnts
experiments made,made,
扎11{1
and the results oh扫ined,
the results obtained, together
together 而th with references
references t6 to the
the work
work of others
others
in the 郘me
ill same field, I hope hope Lo to puhlish
publish ~hort,Jy.
shortly. Meanwhile
Meanwhile a hrief brief
Rnmwai-y
summary of of thethe main
main poiutspoints wi.llwill he
be fonn<l
found in tlw, the following 归erva­observa­
t1orrn
tions ::—-
1. TheThe JH'CRonce
presence of,t of a free (i.e.,'g心）引
free (i.e. u·face is cssc讥ial
gas) surface essential for for the
l如1clncticm
production of the the cle-solut.iOllS
de-solutions 认and ncl coag汕 tion~ llescribod
coagulations described in 111y my
prcvions
previous paper.paper.
2. By simple simple aml and gentle
gentle mecha1rical
mechanical me:tlltimeans adapted
adapted tu to proclncc
produce
hc11pi11g
heaping up up of of the
the surface-films,
surface-films, large large m牺csmasses of solid (" (“ mcehauical
mechanical
Sllt杠cc
surface aggr()gates")
aggregates ”) can be i:;eparatcd separated 011t out 加m from all protei1l
proteicl 8olntions
solutions
and I．八）m
;Lml from a large large munhcrnumber of l'olloid colloid 山）lntionR
solutions and suspensions. (I "i心
and i,nspension~.
table at
table at clHl
end of paper.)
paper.) lu In tho
the thrco
three cases where where the
the clilntion
dilution-limit
limit has
hecn
been aseertaine<l,
ascertained, solid solid "mecha.uical
“ mechanical sm-facc surface ag护'cgatcH"
aggregates ” have lwvc hcc11
been
车肛1,,
* Vide J.J J. J. ＇l`hom沺on,“App1r:｀i
Thomson, “ Application ioll Of
of Dynnmirs
Dynamics to to Ph)sil,.
Physics nn,I
and ClmmiStry,“
Chemistry,”
p. 试51.
251.
15S
158 Dr.
]) r. w. lhl
W. lmlll;ll.
fiamsden. ,Separation
s1(
' lj(( IwIi(1/1 o
(J,SWrl` the(.[ [June
f Solids /inII I!1 &
Jnue 8,

11htai11L•cl
obtained fro111 liquids contai11i11/.{
from liquids containing :c:~ as little 心 as (IIIe pml (if
one part of di、 sol, ecl Ol.
dissolved or
邓:,;pt·wlocl
suspended ~ulitl
solid in 1,000,000 p儿rtb
in 1,000,000 parts ui, \ ；如．
of water.
3. Tho
;{. The sepm atu l solkl
separated solids、 (litl.C1.
differ g'[ m tly from
greatly tmll1, one IIIL. ;lllothCl.
another ilI in tlll'
the
l'apiclity
rapidity nnd and complctcm't1s(\f
completeness of their their 1c-solulJilit_\'in
re-solubility in the the rnothcr li11ui小
mother liquid,
:i.ml
and tl1cythey arc are sometime:,;
sometimes i11sol11hlc
insoluble arnl and "roag心
“ coagulated.” ted."
4.They
4. They may may hm haveo aa delic,Itu
delicate lilCInlw.I
membranous, IliIlI 、`me1ul 叩tIII }“fil”bllS, L八＇
membrano-fibrous, or
fihrom
fibrous st,r11ctm·l',
structure, si111nlati11g
simulating tltat that uf of Yariou,;
various l,iologi('al ti;;sncs, or
biological tissues, or the_r
they
may
may consist
consist of of JJartit朊
particles lying loo沁ly loosely 习如 side by l,r sidP
side (,.y.,
( ., sulphnr)
sulphur).
斤．
5. The film film of of thc
the fl
freeCC 臼lllt奴e
surface uf of dl p·ot 呻 l c:oluticm、,aml
all proteid solutions, and many many of
the YHrious 1solutions 1\1'
the various solutions or suspensions which 、nspcnsions whir:h yield 、olid
solid “ mechanicall
"rncchanica
smfoce ag~rcgat心，“exhil,it.,a
surface aggregates,” exhibits a specially high viscosity HJ)（、如1ly high ＼妇对 t,v not
not met
met withwith
ju
in the the lmlk bulk of of thethe solutinn.
solution. Thi5t This "spcc:i扎l
“ special ~lllJcrfi叩
superficiall Yiscosity"
viscosity ”
如elops
develops at at very
very cliffercnt
different rates rates i11
in ditt'ere11I,
different sulnLionH,
solutions, aml and attains
attains Yery
very
clifferent
different degt·eesdegrees of of nrnximal intensity. In 、Olll[J
maximal intcnHit,r. some qnlutio旧（只/.,
solutions (e.g., egg-
albumin, s八ponin)
;dlIlumr1, saponin) itit deyclop、
develops with with g1·cnt great rapidity;
rap id ity ; in uthcn,others (,.［卜，
(e.g.,
却l、mn-allmmin,
serum-albumin, methyl-w、angc, methyl-orange, 如 ril. «l(
ferric .ctate, mastic,
acetate, mastic, ctc. etc.)) sc` eral
several
呻mtcs
minutes or or even
even hhllls
hours may may lIC be l1( ｀ce、、;ny for
necessary 的；my any con1'irlcmhle
considerable deYelop-
develop­
ment.
ment. Evapomtiu11
Evaporation lw:;tr•nH hastens it,- its <lcY('lopmcnt.
development, lmt but is not not cssenti扎
essential.
Slight COll＼仅ti(）ll
Shght convection C1ments currents h,we have ;ta po` ` !，1伈l arcdera.ting
powerful accelerating intinence,
influence, lmt but
ate
are essential
essential only only whenwhen tliethe sLlllIJelltlcd
suspended :,iulirl solid it-1is indiffnsible.
indiffusible. The The natm·c
nature
of
of thethe gas gas in in contact
contact with with the the "习仆 ation "
“ solution m atter of 1nr1i
” is a matter 厮ence,
indifference,
lirmidcd
provided itit he be l.hemically
chemically inactivc.inactive.
6. I11 most tn如七s
In most cases thu“
the “ 平咖l special sHpedi心］
superficial viscosity \ i叩Cl1、itr" ” is :t1:1.:(1mpa1如l
accompanied
by ;la spcci;ll
1,V special 、llperfir·ial
superficial re社ist,lIICu
resistance to”`lmm··“Thi
to “ shear.” This、 i~ is often
often 1-'u
so intense
intense
t1Ul
that 扎a mag11C'ti~etl
magnetised needle floating on
ucccllo flnating on the the 1'Dluti1111 capable of ro屈ting
solution is t:tpahle rotating
the vessel cont,血
the Ycsscl containing ing thethe snlutio11,
solution, if if thisl bi 勺 he iltIntc(l on wutCI'01“SlI~
be floated water or sus­
pemlccl
pended 1,,r by a fine thread threacl n111l and the lll'r-dle be
the needle l,e espo~L'd
exposed to the attraction
attraction
of 11讥gnct.
of a magnet.
7. The The p1°L'8c11cc
presence 011 on a li<111id
liquid uf of a thin thin coatiH~
coating uf of matt,cr
m atter (e1·c11
(even of
liqnid) which dimi 心］lCs the”sm·f;1 心如（心”`'｀ ml<l a~c?unt fol'some
liquid) which diminishes the “ surface energy ” would account for some
"“ ；；pe也l
special Hllpcr1icial,
superficial viscosityis(..LIRity,, ” (l\ltt!'呾rngo11i),
(Marangoni), l111t would uut
but would not accunut
account
for superficial re杰tarn:c
for superficial resistance to 心.、hem·,"“ shear,” 11nlL's..,tlw
unless the <:uati11g coating of matterm atter were
were
solid
solid or or highly
highly \viscous
ist·on.S UII(l
and ;dsoalso cohClTIlt.
coherent.
8. Bubble"
8. Bubbles of of ~olutio11
solutions、 of cgg.allmmin,
egg-albumin, Ci1、l.iIJogel1 caseinogen ;lml and 、;LlJOnill
saponin
exhibit
exhibit l'ClHHrkal1lc
remarkable phcHomcna,phenomena, which which sh111\· show that that thethe lmlll1le-film
bubble-film 心 as
扎
a wbole
whole is,·cryis very imperfrc:tl,v
imperfectly olaHtit elastic awland i,,;is 1:0,·cred
covered with solid mcmlmmcs.
with Holirl membranes.
Egg-albrn11i11
Egg-albumin hnl,1,\cs bubbles ai-e are deformed
deformed u11 on collapse
collapse l,.v by thethe formation
formation of
pcrsiHtcut
persistent folcls folds of of Holid
solid protcicl
proteid in in thetlw l>ul,l1le-filrn.
bubble-film. Bubbles Bu!Jhlc::iof purepure
呵Joui11 solution, 1:011
saponin sollltiun, 饥iniug O·O
containing 001l pP1·
per cent.
cent, or more more uf of sapunii1,
saponin, fall fall on
<:ollapso
collapse into into inmuncrahle
innumerable 啪mmering shimmering fuld、 folds @ntainjug iRolated curved
containing isolated curved
ro,
rods ls of of sol i,7 出1po11in,
solid saponin, nlthongh
although water water i~ is <::\pnl1ll'of
capable of tlissolvii1g
dissolving at, least
at least
的
250000 times
times thisthis mnou11t,.
amount.
The rollapsi11g
The collapsing lmbhlo bubble a1,,sumes extraordinary ;;hapc为，｀｀·ith
assumes e.'\.tra11nli11ary shapes, with sharp sharp
angles (as
auglcs (as 011:;ervctl
observed hy by I'late,rn),
Plateau), and and wl兀nwhen a hanf.<inghanging lml1lilc
bubble is is broken,
broken,
儿？＇（／仗／1（l
a ragged clU扭 curtain in uf of bul,hlo-film
bubble-film,、 which instantly in5tnntly hecomcsbecomes uull dull anrl
and
I
11903.]
(l{J:3.J S叹Iih 1-1“.11小 (J
Surface-layers of SIIhiIUI/、
Solutions ”“'1“Sl/,,J/f
and 1/) 叩1) `' ]159
fi9

叩ale!'iccnt, hangs for

opalescent, hangs for 已omc.::;
some 5 01·
or 10 sewnds
seconds from
from the
the e1lge tho
edge of the
supporting tnho.
snpportiug tube.
H.
9. The
The presence
presence of snch such solid solid mernhranc,;
membranes on a l1nhhle bubble 11111st
must con-con­
tri1lll1e I C,ltlytoto it、
tribute `'.greatly
。
its pe吓istcnc,c.
persistence. Fmthel', Further, ihe mere pre沁JIcc
the mere presence ot. of
~olfrl
solid particlc>,;
particles 1m on thethe surfaces
surfaces of a bubble lmbhle has, lrns, in
in m:t11y
many eases,cases, 1J的1
been
found
found tn,1(kl greatly to
to add grcatly to 沁 its pPI邓tencc,
persistence, tffcn even "·hen,
when, jndgiug
judging hy by the
the
ahseltI`t,
absence of a spe如 I re啦 tancc to
special resistance to shear in the shear iu t.he film of a freL'snrf七lCO
free surface of
the
the solutiu11,
solution, snt:h
such particles
particles arc are 1tnt.
not apprecialily
appreciably cohero11t,
coherent, hut but lie loosely
loosely
siclc l1y
side by side 寸 clc (1.ff., in ~m,pcnsiu11s (e.g.,in suspensions ofaci<l,
of snlplmr, pic1fo <Jn.inine
sulphur, picric
J,i、 alpl叩， saliey
bisulphate, salicylic lie aci11).
acid).
In
In thethe case:;
cases qnotcd,
quoted, a lmhl,le bubble nf can h.i
afr ran
of air be seen
seen to to pick
pick np up thethe
]Jartil·lcs
particles in QU`pel1siOll ;1 、 iL p:rn::ie5 through
suspension as it passes through the liquid, and the liquid, ant.I to retain
retain
them
them nhsti1J,1tely
obstinately when when itit reaebes
reaches the the surfate
surface urnl rest, s1飞
comes to Test,,
and comes so tliat
that
the J,nhl►le
tho bubble hecomcs
becomes thickly thickly coa1erl
coated with with solitl
solid particles,
particles, although
although the the
Ii,111irl
liquid c:011tni.ne1l
contained t1nly only a small small qunntity
quantity of sn.spcn<le<l
suspended wlicl, and this
solid, and this
solid i、
solid is :;pecificallr
specifically hea,ici·
heavier tl1:m than the the ~olntion.
solution.
10. E\·c1·y
Every solution capable of forming
:-olntinn capalile nf moderately pcrsi、tent
forming moderately persistent buhhlc1,
bubbles
ha、 hitherto 1 ，心n
which has hitherto been examined has yielded solid or
whic-h e,amine<l has yielded solfr1 or highly
highly viscon
viscous,,
mC(．hilll
mechanical 如l `lu f;:lL.c }ggrcg；如．
surface aggregates. Thi This、 very
\c1-y _rcu~;i.rkahle.
remarkable fact fact indicates
indicate~
伽t
that the power of forming
the power forming rmch such hnhhles
bubbles i:; is due:
due to the the pl'escnre
presence of
matter which hn;;
matter "·bich has ；飞n:mnnlated
accumulated at at t,he
the fo·e
free surfaces
surfaces in in a solid
solid or highl.v
highly
vi邓cous
viscous condition. The cohesion
1:omlitiou. Tho cohesio11 of the matter,
the matter, so as to form
to form all an
appr耐心ly
appreciably Luherentcoherent mcrnl) membrane, ]. fLIle, i寸扎ppareutly
is apparently not not essential,
essential, bnt but itit
occurs in
occnrs in rnost
most crises
cases wherewhere the the hnl,blc
bubble is is very
very persistent.
persistent.
Plateau recognised
l'hitean recognised thi::i this ussoci.~tion
association of the the power
power of forming
forming persistent
persistent
lmlJhlcs
bubbles with special Rnperfici八］沁usity
with a special superficial viscosity and and a cli血nishcd
diminished smfac:c-
surface-
tension, lmt
temion, but rlid
did not not co1111cct
connect these these phenomena
phenomena with with the the form几tiu11
formation
of a rnatiug
of coating of matter matter (lcriYet
derivedl from from tlm the solution
solution aml and specially
spcciaUy eon-con­
centrated at
ccntraterl at a free
free surface.*
surface.*
011 theoretical groun小
On theoretienl grounds the presence presence of a thi.n thin film of liqni<l,
liquid, eYe11
even of
li)＼＇｀悯osity,
low viscosity, on on thethe free,mrfacc,:;,
free surfaces, 如nld should 小o also he be cu1汕le
capable of increasing
increasing
the per击tcncc
the persistence of bubble if t}rn
of aa hnhlJlc the lir1nicl
liquid l,e be such
such 11sas diminishes
diminishes tho the
、llrf`UC
surface energy of the mother solution, but increased pcrsistcn心
Cll(J].gy of the mother solution, lmt increased persistence
brought ahout
1,ronght about iu in this'.V认y
this way appears appears to to be veryvery slight
slight compared
compared with with
that oc1:nrring
that occurring whc11 when the the co如 coating ng consists
consists of solid solid or highly
highly viscous
viscou~
1汛l.ticlcs.
particles.
l11. The effects
l. The effects which
which thethe presence
presence of solid
solid particles
particles in
in the
the smfacc
surface
layer exercises upon
1:iycl'exercises upon the the per::iistencc,
persistence, size
size and
and other
other properties
properties nfof
huhhlc、,depend
bubbles, depend on on many
many factors.
factors. ~fony
Many solutions
solutions in which smfn
in which 四
surface
accumulation of solid
accumulation solid undoubtedly
undoubtedly takes place have
takes plllce have been
been fmuul
found in-
in­
c:ipal,le
capable of of forming
forming largelarge or or persistent bubbles. The 寸ize
persistent huhhlos. size of the
the
particles, their,;mf扎cc-tension
particles, their surface-tension rel扎tions,
relations, t,he
the rate
rate of their accumulation
their- :iccumulatiu11,
the rnte
tbe rate of their
their re-solution
re-solution when
when forced
forced hyby mechanical
mechanical means
means into
into
local excess,
Joeal excess, aml
and thethe ehtsticilies and fie劝hility
elasticities and flexibility of anyany memlmrne
membrane
•* 1.“.le'Stutique ties Liquides,’ pp. 69—71.
ride ‘ Statique de3 LiqUl(le:̀
69一7l.
lOO
160 Dr. w.I
D1. ：：山 1 ；；dClI.
W. llanisden. ，、/jIII IIIlWIi r!t',、,Uli心切
Separation o f Solids IIlf
the [.I llllt: 8,
[June
fOllllul, ;are
formed, alll l．，山（·t1·11L11l
l lt ;Il concerned i11 in r·o11fl'n111g
conferring 011 different l,ul,111仁s
on tlitforcnt bubbles thu
the
加 1'l、ell i11cli,·id1wliLy
marked individuality whiehwhich d廿I I.ll.terl心 thum,
characterises them, ;and in lllakiIIg
111d ilI making tho
the
formation
fol luati( ) 11 ()oft l;11.gl4
large Ol`
or lll`1'si~tPnt
persistent hul,hll•~
bubbles I) possible.
() ~silile. Solid particles,
Kolicl particles,
which diminish t.h()
which diminish the 如1寸，µ．C
surface ('1 energy of ithe
1Clgy of free surf;l四，
hc freu surface, may he be regarded
regarded
凇
as .ulding
adding in three w;守
in three t.)'i-; t•J
ways the pe1击t1`lll.C
to the persistence (lf lml,hlc ：一
of a bubble:—
i. Byi,('ITing
By serving 心 as 1111i11t.,,l'11n111i. *points(Vappui.*
ii. Uy actual l'on皿t、
By :wtn.tl fri(tiOl1` tI1、
contact, friction, or icohesion
ohl'、 iou utof thu
the p:u tic lc` °PllO沺g
particles, opposing
local diSUwhanm
luc:Ll disturbances ot. of lhti
the 1illIl,
film.
iii. By (lPlJil
iii. By 、ing 叽h
opposing such 咐(WlnntiolI,
deformation of }fthc
the S111 as tcn
fHI't. as
surface tends小 to
lo exposc
expose
:ta 11cw
new ~nrfate with higher
surface with surface-tension (i.r.. Iii心
higher ~ndacc-tensinn like oil on water,
on water,
by t.lw
hy the em•c-t
effect of
of the surface t:uati11g
Lhe l'-nrf,m: diminishing tl
coating in tlimi11i><hi11.~ 八'*n1汜1.fici:ll
the superficial
energy)..
L`nergy)
12. It
l:.!. It has been 1lemo11如咖(l
has l,ccn demonstrated tl1 扎t ;UI
that an 扎(;tu:I!
actual 、，心l
solid membrane forms
J11t•ml1ranc forms
叩nml
around the
the glolllllei;
globules nf several per.~忭tent
of HCYcral persistent e1nnlsio11
emulsions,、1 ;lml
and 矶 at the(《Intuct
the contact
扣tcrfacuH
interfaces nf of SC\
several l), “l`` of
ct飞l pairs of liquul formi收 llCl'~istcnt
tpahle of forming
liquids.,(.,capable persistent
画 n1sious (1'.f/.,
emulsions (e.g., pure
pure neutral
neutral olire
olive oil and s扎poniu
oil aml saponin solutions).
solutions).
Tht; membrane manifests iitself
The ltlCIIIhr:illl'l1MIlifc8ts 国 If by producing the
1,y }Jl'Odnciltg the followmg
following
汕 CllOl-ncn八：一
phenomena:—
i. II IlL11`r visCL'sity
Intense viscosity pcuulit1
peculiar1. Lo lll飞 1
to tthe 11l{'lf儿(.e. al
interface, 卜如 1 l at,
absent lhc intClfa(:0
at the interface
of pureC W扎ter
of plll water and
and the
the othr1·
other liqnirl.
liquid, audand clevrlopi11g
developing 011lronly when
when
扎n
an emulsifying substance is,心如
emulsifying :ml1st:111ce is addedl to one one or or other
other of the
of the
liq血 l.:1.
liquids.
ii. Pc,邓tClItly
Persistently dofornm1
deformed 、h:llsharply ,
angular and
l,ly angnl,il. lll(l grote`llIIO
grotesque 、1廿11)岱
shapes of
the emulsiVied
the emulsified glulmle~.
globules.
iii.
iii. Fukls
Folds of of Rl·mi-opnqUI'lllpmlII'
semi-opaque membrane ;l lli, whcn the snrfa仁r
when lhp surface of,icparation
of separation
snl ►jl'c·ted to 叩 propriatc,lefunnatiou.
is subjected to appropriate deformation.
iP>
Such direct
Nuch direct npti.cal
optical eri,lemc
evidence of Lhe 1”飞沁111:r
of the presence of a l'Onstraining
constraining mcm-mem­
brane scpal'ating
l,rnne separating liqnids
liquids whieh form pe1.、风e11t
which form persistent emulsions
emulsions i~ is e入 ceptional
exceptional
or, ifif itit occur,
or, usually fugit,八e.
occur, isis usually fugitive. ((., f. uiI-buhl,lcs.)
(Of. air-bubbles.) An An intonso
intense
“ special iutorf
"Rpecial 龟tee viscosity,"
interface viscosity,” point,i11g
pointing to to t,Jw
the presence
presence uf of solitl
solid or
or higl1ly
highly
viscous matter, has,
1isc:011s matter, however, h的n
has, howen.1r, been found with t]\'Cl',V
fonnrl with every pair
pair ofof liriuius
liquids
cap儿lilc
capable of of fol'ming
forming pcrsistr.nt
persistent cnmlsiurn;
emulsions hitherto
hitherto cx:ami11ecl.
examined.
13. The
13. The pcr~istence
persistence uf of many
many ernLt!Hio11s
emulsions is therefore
therefore determined
determined
largely, among
largely, among other other factol's,
factors, by
by the
the pr1'scnce
presence of P.olicl
solid ot'higltly
or highly Yiscous
viscous
m;lttC1、
matter ,1t., the inte,和ces
at tlie interfaces uf of the
the two
two liquitk Direct me扎suremcnt.<;
liquids. Direct measurements of of
the Yarious
the surface tension；；仁onccmc•cl
various EUl'face tensions concerned aro are not
not aYRilnhle,
available, butbut the
the close
close
沁即mhlnncc,,f
resemblance of the the phr110rnr1m
phenomena to tho心 ocrnrring
to those occurring at free sm和ce
at a free surface
lIoi1
points八，:; to
to the
the Yicw
view that
that 11ccnmLtlatio11
accumulation of of solicl
solid matLet·
matter at at the
the ii1terfaces
interfaces
of the 汕ovc
of above emulsion-pairs
emulsion-pairs occ1u·::1
occurs l,ccanse
because thethe "::mrfacc-cncrgy"
“ surface-energy ” is
thereby dimi11i)lhe1l.
thcrchy diminished.
14. N
14. Numerous precipitations of
tuncrons prct:ipitations of colloiflH
colloids from
from their solutions l1y
their :;olutions by
chloroform,
t'hlorofurrn, ether, carbon hi~ulphitlc,lfld
ether, cnrl,011 bisulphide and 从myl-alcohol,
amyl-alcohol, :~re
are attc1tded
attended hy by
卓
# c:r.
Cf. Frnnkeuheiu,,'Die
Frankenheim, ‘ Die Lolu0L'\'OU
Lely© von der Cohiision': nr~.-hu,. 1835.
Cohiision ’ : Breslau, 1835.
 90..;.1
11903.] .、:11,;/i1(I'-lII.I/I1,.、
Surface-layers qf of Sol,
Solutions ,
l ;OII, (IlIIl.,.`．1/
and 、l”`II .，UIII ` " lUl
161
Illl`ci、cly 、i111il:11•
precisely similar phc1101m•11a
phenomena at the i11
at the 趴f;1小 of tht•
interfaces the liqnitl、
liquids U IllL,l,I'III二·(l、
concerned,
and ;“'l
am1 比11. t1)
appear to hc
be lbrought
Il(lllgh t ;il lOlll lin
about ll 0\..,wtly
exactly tthe Ill) 、，1111e
same way. way.
5. ＇l临The
l15. 511gg(＇、tio11
suggestion ti比 the
t.hatthat (Il 心1 \．ul 、urf;lll·
observed surface扎 ,·enmnlati,111,;
accumulations nm、t must ht• be
attl'il,med
attributed to the the tli111inutiu11
diminution 11f of ti 比 ”:,Ill几I'iici;I
the “ superficiall Clll'l energy gy'`” thereby
thCI'L.J,ypl pro­ o-
duced i、、tI
dttccd II'lgly 户llP!
is strongly supported `\
I(Irtul l,by ；la 、l'riu、
series 11fof l'\.]ll.l ililcnt、 made
experiments llKIIlC with\\ i th
wati•ry
watery 、（solutions
Il ut iOlls u mt;1iflil lg C11lm
containing equall (lll;I l1titi 心，of
quantities 1f two
t \\ （ 1 卜substances
ll1,、t;ll I\｀｀如l.heach
of wl1ieh
which l,.v itself fur•m
by itHl'lf forms、`｀“ ll1l,I'h:llI
mechanical K,II 、urf:l`I'nggr\｀g;“t人．
surface aggregates.”“Il InI 、llch
such
mi\ ( lll.I`` tthere
mixtures IA、 iinvariably
hCl't· 1has beenIprcft矗n·11tial
Il\ ;tl ial,ly l)l'I'l preferential at·t'11mnlati1111
accumulation of 011c one
~nh、 t:lII(l、 tI
substance toI tlll:
the lIlt)
more r lless
.I`l` (or 心，．I ）'“1II,． tt't`\.(lll、八，
complete exclusionII 11f the 11thcl'fr11111
of the other from
the
the 1111•elw
mechanical 11ic-a l,;111.［如,ag 飞1立＄1lc l1l,tai11cd.
surface aggregate obtained. Thtt、- Thus—-
沁 JJImill
Saponin >> Egg-albumin.
I·;gg-allInmill.
l;ilc口、alts
Bile-salts ＞沁1lOIIlll.
> Saponin.
„ >> :-;，叫
Soap.I.
„ >> (,,11nho吁．
Gamboge. 亡

.,
,, >> Egg 九ll1umiu.
Egg-albumin.
,, >> :.:::nlplmr.
Sulphur.
l沁'.!:-t1!11tllllill
Egg-albumin
.. -..
,arm111e.
> Carmine.
>(_
·,-,.~

lli fli肛(,J,
If tthe dissolved Cll `II1,、KI
substances II`l,:- tllll、 llli 入ul l,WI·t,
thus mixed exert JIO no chcmil.
chemical ,ll ;\cti`
action ' II
upon each othl`
“l”'”“wh other,`、such
4 1II'(.fL,ItIltia1 accumulation
ucl1 preferential :Ill lllIInl;ttiOII iS is llot
not tIIIly
only c\.plical,IL",
explicable,
lmt. taki11g 口
but, taking only1ly `m f.t(.I'三tCll、i\）1 1 (I)l
surface-tension l、ifl l'l'ilti(Ill,., ilIt(J
considerations into 扎CL.Oll11
account, t, i、 is
thrurctic-,1lly L'...、PII
theoretically essential II IlC111,llI`
tinl when one 、nl,、t;m(C
substance produceslIIUllllC心；al gre,Itcr
greater dimiIIll一
diminu­
tionIl,夕of
ti(I ,f thl、
the Ssurface
lll·f`.l（飞 Cenergy
ll(` rg`\ tthan tl比 1)tl
h:tII the ler. JInu :wt
other. lul pr`u·til,l'.
actual practice, how­ llO\\.-
e1 plW11Olilcn:t UI.r rOlllplil仆 ll”(l l).
ever, the phenomena are complicated by differences in diffusibility ;ll
Cl·, t he V (htt'Cl'Clltl\3 111 (litfu`ilnhry andlf1
rate of J<'一、nlntio11
rate 11f re-solution a11d and hy by limitatin11
limitation <,f of independent
i11<lt>pt·1Hlent mobility nf
mohility of tlie
the
“fli 、i 11VI:
“ dissolved ( I'”, Inrtil·l(
particles '` rlI
due Ic tI,
to thcir lnntu:d roh(！siOll
their mutual cohesions、l ;llld and :ulhc;li(llI
adhesions. 、
Hi.Itha、
16. It has been l,ccn fonnrl
found al 、o thnt
also that l,nl,1,l心
bubbles hl\\wnblown from mixc,l ~olntio11、
from mixed solutions
of t\I l) bllb心11C心，
two substances, each each of wbid1 it、L'lf ll下、 lml,l,lcs
which by itself forms bubbles l)l'C~cnting
l,y fOl presenting
lOC\）如小心］e
recognisable and well-marked ditforcm:c、
and wcll-markc<l differences (Jf of I...h:u:tctcr,
character, J)ohavo
behave prC( .iscly
precisely
as if tl1ey ll;ul llCCll hlo\I n t.T(lll1
they had been blown from a solution of one ;l solntiOll llf fillC of thc、L:
these substances、
卜lul1.，t:lllL'l'
011ly, thi、 is alwayH the(1llo w hil.hill iL IllCl.llilll如l
only, and this is always the one which in a mechanical surface ;lggrcgiltc
arnl surf;ll.C aggregate
made
made from the the 1nix:etl,;olution
mixed solution is funnd found to ha,·e have 111ure
more or less completely
completely
e.whul叫 other, e.g. —
excluded the other,('·!I·: :—

沁lpo11i11
Saponin Egg寸dhumin.
>> Egg-albumin.
Bile心 .1lt8
Bile-salts >> Saponin.
S;l])OlIIll.
,, >> I}Vlf- ..
00' IIl)lll l1JII.
Egg-albumin.
"
Egg-albumin > Carmine.
Egg-alLnmia Carmine.
17. The
The fact
fact that
that the
the i11trt11lnrtio11
introduction of akohol
alcohol (11ml other lic111icl、
(and of other liquids
(Jf
of low
low i;urfocc-tcnsio11)
surface-tension) i11to
into 1rn,11,,·
many ;;olutinnR whieh shml'the
solutions which show the ahon·
above
(lcS(·ril,P(l surface pl1CII(IJ1lC11扎
described Hllrfacc phenomena [rl,, lIlClltly depri＼匹
frequently deprives thoi-o
those solntiun;;
solutions of
their HIIlICIfi
thcir 如I'viscosity
superficial 的西ty allfl and of their
thcil'power forming lml,hl心
power of forming bubbles
or yielding mechan如I
or of yicldiug mechanical smfal'C
surface aggrcgntes,
aggregates, would
would seem to be l兀
叫'lirablc
explicable hy by 申iniilar
similar c-onsidcmt ion~, i.（＇．，吓
considerations, as due to preferential
preferential
 62
1162 ])
Dr. W. lEamsden.
r. W. ：扎111,;tleu. ，劝加(dio儿（1/
Separation 岛IU7,、 I. it the,.
tI/ [. rll11I. 8.
[June 8,
邸Cllll1ul,ILiUl1
accumulation C\f
of uKolml
alcohol to to thc
the uxclnsion
exclusion of the Stl
of the 斗）［？111le1l 01·
suspended' or 1li8•olvcd
dissolved
solid.
solid.
18. Ya.riuu~ hitherto ol,沈l1l飞
Various hithe1to lJI 比 r1on 比1kl 1iml
obscure phenomena find tlmil
their C\ l'l,llIatiI)u ill
explanation in
the
the f;ICt`
facts ol)SCl'vcrl, ._ _
.! ,I. :—
observed, I'e.g.
i.i. Thr
The re;uly
ready I.formation
( WIIKIti' ) 11,)f a “ skin ” on h叽
of :l”`kiu”ou 11ill` `exposed
hot 1milk .WOSl.( l u.l
to
叭；Ll)（)即 tinn i 、 CX1
evaporation is explained by
ilaineIl l,y (/ l) Th(.? ] Jl'P5UI
I`”` '
The presence of a delicatel. 、KiII
\f ;l Ill:lil.a,t skin
or
or polli<.'ie
pellicle Oil
on thuthe fnm
free snl'fatu
surface even
even of c-nkl
cold milk
milk or or of t':tsci110gen
caseinogen
solutions
solutions notnot oxpose1l
exposed to to uv八pomtion
evaporation;; (l1) The pre
( ) The 、c11ce of a
presence
!iimilar
similar pcllicle
pellicle at at the
the i11tu1·-f:u:cs
inter-faces lietwecn
between ea~ci11ogc11
caseinogen ~olntions
solutions
a111l
and pure
pure neutral
neutral oliveolive oil
oil or
or lmUcr fat.
butter fat.
The c迅
The tence of
existence of aa ]JI ut呻l •·
proteid “ havtog( 、II-mcmlll'；llIt·“” 扎］
haptogen-membrane () 11ml thc
around the C1'cam-
cream-
globules of
glolmlos of 画lk
milk 饥nnot
cannot any any longer
longer lJC be 11onhlc<l,
doubted, 儿ll(l lheil'1'凡，＇
and their role
in
in eo11tribnti11g
contributing to to the, c:ul~• formation
the ready formation of ;r. a thick
thick skinskin nn on
hot 11订lk,
hot first 1lcmo11
as lirst
milk, :.i;; 如如 l by
demonstrated Hertz ;tllIl,T;tmi一八11.+.
by HP1'tz and Jamison,* finds 廿 mis
na complete
complete cxplanati,n1.
explanation. Thu apparently contrarli心）l＇\＇
The appa1·e11tly contradictory Iobser­ IhsOl'-
vatil)11`
vations of of Rettgcr,t
Eettger,f dcmomtr,lting.
demonstrating tll0 the 1JO心1bilit,y
possibility oi of ohtaini)lg
obtaining
very delicate skins
very delicate skins hyby heating
heating caseinngen
caseinogen arnl and other 、olut]（）llS,
solutions,
althongh
although frec free iromfrom f;tt
fat glohule\ ；IP1见lr to
globules, appear lu l比 be (lnc
due tl) to the
the de-de­
沁小心
hydration Oll;lrul
and thicke11i11g
thickening !ty by ernporntiou
evaporation of the the imrface
surface pelliclcs
pellicles
present
present on on such
such solmio11s
solutions <ffcn
even in in th!!
the cold.
cold.
ll. The lIOlllUUOl1OOlls“
ii. The ,..,
homogeneous “ （如心lllClll1ll'扎11
Grenz-membran ')"” «described
le~,.-riherl liyby Diit8chli
Biitschli (anrl
(and
the optical
the optical homogeneity
homogeneity of of thin
thin tihns
films referred
rcfcLTut! to to liyby JLmly)
Hardy) i11 in
邓riom
various coag咖e(l
coagulated or or 1lehy如心l
dehydrated coll,)证，
colloids, iis、 thcthe ahuI C·ile叶rihe1l
above-described
membrane of
rneml1ra11c of solid
solid colloirl
colloid formed
formed at at nn
an ;rir
air 111·
or other appropriate
nth('r,t}lll] 0)JIiato
surface.
SllrfiLue.
iii. The
iii. The high high pressmc
pressure l'L'ljltirell
required tu to furt:u 、 .il11tio11,- 11f
force solutions of ,,saponin
aptmin and and
albumin through
albumjn through capillary
capillary tnhcs,dwn
tubes when lml,hlcK
bubbles of nir air are
are p1·usent
present
is largely
i3 largely due,
due, alllOllg other fa心胪，
among uthe1 factors, to the presence of.~oli(l
the presence of solid mom-
mem­
around the
branes around
lmmcs the 儿ir-hubbles,
air-bubbles, awland the 伽 i11Cl'l'H8Ctl
increased I'C函tanee
resistance to to
deformation thns
deformation thus l,rought
brought 扎hout.
about. As As P)ii,te;m
Plateau sbuwell,
showed, the resist­
the resist-
lllcu ufl
;.ance 、ercdis
offered enormously gre几tcr
is Cllormonsly greater than如 11 th that心 of water water contain-
contain­
ing similar nir lrnbl1!邑 (Cf. 心，-c111holi、min
ing similar air bubbles. (Cf. air-embolism in the blood-capillariestl11• l,lon,1-capillaries
of rta rnnmmal.)
of mammal.)
iv. Thc
iv. The failnrc
failure of of lJroLeids
proteids amland （儿）lUI'mll伽
other colloids l、 in ~nlut.i1,n
solution to to l.lass
pass
through tillc
through fine iiltcr,;
filters 咄hon(,
without con业let'心le
considerable loss lllss i,;is largely
largely (lucdue
to the
to formation of
the furmatinn of 、mfacc
surface memlll'儿rn•s
membranes a111 andl mcl'l1anical
mechanical coagula coagula
。

upon a.ir,
npon air, grease,
grease, 01· or other
other 画tahle
suitable sm fac匹 in the
surfaces pores of tho
tl1c pores the
filter.
fHtcr.
19. The
19. following t心le
The following table iudicates
indicates some
some of th•!,ml1::;tauces
the substances who~e
whose
aqueous solutio111-J
ar1ucous solutions ur
or :mspon~iuns
suspensions h:wu shown cYirlen心
have shown evidence otof the
the a1:cnmnla
accumula
tion of
tiou of solid
solid ur
or highly
highly vis<;olls
viscous matter
matter on their free 只llrf:lC也，
on their surfaces, either l1y
by
睿
# T'ide'Journ.
Vide 1Journ. of、
of l'hy心iol.,'Loullou,
Physiol./ London, l!JOl,
1901, vol. 27, I'·
vol. ~7, p. 邓．
26.
t l.i,1e' Amer. Journ,
Vide £心,er. Journ. nf
of l'h.1siol.,·
Phi siol.,’ :\Ir1y,[[)II:!.
May, 1902.
190:J.J
1903.] Smji1/，C-l(t!Jr,·.~
Surface-layers （矿 of Sol吵 OIlS OIul“S啖P('/1sio吓．“
Solutions and Suspensions.” 163

--
I Solid
Rolitl
Intense
Inteuse
Aqueous solutions
_tqul'o•is solutions or
'·,u、pOn$ion;"
“ suspensions ” of
of—
or
— I! mechanical
mechanic吐
surfm、"
surface superficial
Sllporhcml
viscosity.
,.』 SCOSIlT.
Per、ist,ent
Persistent
bubbles.
bubbles.
|
aggregates.
11,ggrcgt1（邸． J

———--—_＿＿＿＿_＿；一一— 1 II
Proteids or
Prott'id~ of egg多wl五te—
egg-white— I ! I

l1 in
in 10 tu to l1 in in lOO,000. ........+
i00,000............... + + 1 +
+ |
11 inin 1.•
1.' 00.1,QLJ................
00,(100........................... I +
4- I -— I -
11 in
in 10.0
10.0 O,uOO..............
0,000 ..... ................. I -— I -— I -—
切 叩lime e!!.!-albumio............
Crystalline E3 勹
egg-albumin.................... + I +4- I +
4- .
Serum proteids..................
Serum proteids ............................... I +
4- I +4- I +
Serum-albumin................................. I
Sonun-ulburuin................... + I +4- I +
+
Fibrinogen....................................... I
Fibriuogeu....................... + I + I +
*+■
.Alkali-albumin................................... I
AJk,di-ulhum,n.................... 4-
-r I +4- I +
+
Acid albumin.................................... I
Aeicl,ilbumm................... +
4- I +
+ I +
4-
Caseinogen in
Cnsei11ogeu in clear clear aolution
solution i.u in ++++ ++++ +
觅003
JNJ^COs rnlution.................
solution............................. + + 4-+++
Gelatine............................................ r
Gelutino....................... 4- 4- 4-
Primary albumo~e.................
Primory albumose............................. a. 4- +
沁ondary
Secondary
` albll IUi)寸．．．．．．．．．．．．．．·
albuuiose.......................... + 4- +
Peptone (lrom
Peptane (Irom peptic peptic di乌心tions)
digestions)
soluble in
soluble· in Hbsol,tte
absolute ukolwl........
alcohol............ I +
4* 4++++++++++l+I 4+++++++++--++++++
Muscle-prolei,ls...... .............
Muscle-proteids................................. I + 4- +
Plaiit-viteliin from
l'lont-vitellia from lentil
lentil 七心els..
seeds......... .... I + + +
Sodium p，山lmit;1te
Sodium palmitate.............................
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，于 -r 4- +
Sodium oleate...................
Suuium oleate..................................．十 + 4- +
Mcthyl-orango. ..................
Methyl-orange................................... l +4- 4- +
Orange U-......................
Orange G .......................................... + 4- +
Spider's8 purpl
Spi|ler 8. .................:
purple................................. 4- 4- 4-
Saponin, 11 m
Snponin, in 100
lOOto to 11 inin 100,000....
100,000 . . . . I + 4- 4“
ISaponin, 1l in
Sapo11111,
Saponin, 11 in
8aponin,
in 1,,
Sapogemn...............
s“P9geu
00,000 .................... I
1,<00,0)tl..........
in l0,uoo,OOO.
10,000,000 ..................
..........-
..........................
in. .......................+
—
+

+
—
4-
4-
—

4-
Digitalin.......... ...................... .
Di印talin.....,...................,. f — 4
Ferric ace加
Ferric acetate .................................. I
te.................... +4- ++ 4
Cupric 11c也te..................
Cupric acetate . . . . .......................... ．十 ++l-+-+++-
4- 4- 4
Colloidal Iferric
Oolloitlul erric hJdt·ate ............
hydrate....................
. + + 4
Ile. ........................
Carmine...........................
CaPllll :4* _ 4
Colloidal sulphur.......................
Colloi,lal.ulphur.................. I +4- 4
Bile-resin
!Ji (dyslysin)................
le-resin (tCyolysiu)............... I +4“ + 4
Bile SIlli
Bil（上 s. :: •,,...................
salts......................... !1iscons
Viscous gum gum 4
“ Caramel ”....................
"Caraml'I" ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，十 4- 4- 4- |
Gum mu,;tic..
Oum mastic....................
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．十 4- 4- 4
Shellac.......................
Shcll11c.... ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，十 4- 4- 4
S叩eh
Starch UlllCil_ai;o
mucilage (l(i per per cent).......
cent ) ........... I +4- I
炽111h<>ge,
Gamboge, l1 in in l,t扣0. ．． ...........
1,000............ J +4- _ 4
Gamboge, l1 in1,O
Gt`mb0ge, in 1,0 IU,uuo. ..........+
(0,000 ......... 4- 1 _
“ Flowers oI.
“Flowm of ClI
sulphur”.........
lphur”· · · · · ·.......+ 4- 1 _ 4++-
Animal charcoal............
Anim,111;h,n·coul................. ，十 4- 4-
Quinine
Q ui11111e bisul lllml e （奾
bisulphate ution)......
(solution) ......... I - _
Quimue bisulphate (oxc心，n
Quinine bIPull'lmle (excess in 8UBpon· suspen­
sion).....................
日！o p). .......................... 4++I+l+
- 4++-+-+
Quinine ~ol11tion..
Quinino solution............................ 4* 4
Picric
!:'.icric
1,. acid (~ohniou).......
ucic)
. acid (
(solution).........
ioric
Picric acid (ex. ex, (••sess r_n
in ~mpen&1ou)....
suspension).. .. 4- _ 4
Salicylic am(l
SalICY'lic acid (、ol IItion) ............
(solution)............ _ _
IS心i句 lit! ni-id (cxce釭
Salicylic acid (excess in suspension)..lll suspension) .. 4- 4-
"

LXXII.
VOL. LXXII. N
1(j4
164 S,e2叨·atSeparation i心 Solids
ion of Sulof i11 8111:Jtu
r-l1(,I/(I's qr $，心tiOIIS.
in Surface-layers ［Jull(、 [June
of Solutions. 8, 8-,
(1) yicl, “ mechanical snrfacu
ling "mecha11ical
yielding surface 扎ggIugatos
aggregates;”;“(2)(2) intense
illtCllSC SIjeci;ll
special
snpcrficial,·i、cosit.y;
superficial viscosity ; or or (3) formini<
forming persistent
persistent lmhhlc~.
bubbles.
It
It will
will be seen
seen that
that there
there is a YCI',\'co11sidcrnl1l0
very considerable pamllelism
parallelism in tho three
in the three
phenomeua.
phenomena. Exact Exact paralleJii.nn
parallelism could
could not
not he
be expected,
expected, since
since tho
the different
different
physical
physical properties
properties of the
the stu·foco
surface accnmnlatiu11s must necessarily 哺ect
accumulations must affect
the
the phenomena
phenomena in in d消crc11t
different a11d
and highly(.omplcx
highly complex ways. Special Special super-
super­
廿cial viscosity hhas
ficial viscosity 几s only
only !,ce11
been recorclcd
recorded when veryvery intense,
intense, and
and all minor
minor
degrees
degrees havehave been
been ignored,
ignored, since
since the presence of cl氓t,
the preseuc·e dust, etc., in minntc-
minute-
quantity
quantity may, may, as hashas been
been shown
shown by Lorel I妞yloigh,*
by Lord Rayleigh,* prorlncc
produce some
some
''superficial
“ superficial viscosity,"
viscosity,” and
and itit has
has hcen
been practically
practically impos:;i11lo
impossible entirely
entirely
tu
to oxclude such contamin扎tion.
exclude such contamination. l'ower Power to form
form persistent
persistent lmblJlcs
bubbles hashas
been shown
shown hyby either
either ：一
:—
i. The
The possil,ility
possibility of hlowi11g
blowing :1-incli
2-inch lJnbLb.
bubbles.
ii. Tho
The formation
formation of a froth.
froth.
iii. The formation of
The formation of smnll
small lmhlJles which Ilast
bubbles wl1ich 吓t in
in rlo~ed,·essols
closed vessels at
at
least
least 30 minutes.
minutes.
Tu
In all
all cases
cases the
the substance,;
substances employed
employed bavc
have hee11 the g1eate矶
been of the greatest
attainable
attainable purity,
purity, the
the tle-solnterl
de-soluted solirls been sh{八~,11
have been
solids have shown toto co usist of
consist
the
the same
same material
material asas th凶
that in solution
solution or snspensio11,
suspension, and
and numerous
numerous
cuutrul
control experiment;;
experiments haYe
have hre11
been made.
made.
* ‘Roy.
;;, Roy. Suc.
Soc. Proc.,' vol.
Proc.,’ J8, Pl1.
vol. 48, pp. l127—-140, l'!flO.
27一110, 1890.