6.

Memory

In this chapter you will learn

Different memory technologies
How to plan for a memory installation or upgrade
How to install and remove memory modules
How to optimize memory for Windows platforms
Best practices for troubleshooting memory problems
The benefits of teamwork

CompTIA Exam Objectives

What CompTIA A+ exam objectives are covered in this chapter?
901-1.1 Given a scenario, configure settings and use BIOS/UEFI tools on
a PC.
901-1.2 Explain the importance of motherboard components, their
purpose, and properties.
901-1.3 Compare and contrast various RAM types and their features.
901-4.1 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common problems related to
motherboards, RAM, CPU, and power with appropriate tools.
902-1.4 Given a scenario, use appropriate Microsoft operating system
features and tools.

Memory Overview
Computer systems need software to operate. The software must reside in
computer memory. A technician must understand memory terminology,
determine the optimum amount of memory for a system, install the memory,
fine-tune it for the best performance, and troubleshoot and solve any memory
problems.
The two main types of memory are random-access memory (RAM) and read-
only memory (ROM), and the difference between them is shown in Figure 6.1.
FIGURE 6.1 RAM versus ROM
 RAM is divided into two major types: dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static
RAM (SRAM). DRAM is less expensive but slower than SRAM. With DRAM,
the 1s and 0s inside the chip must be refreshed. Over time, the charge, which
represents information inside a DRAM chip, leaks out. The information, stored
in 1s and 0s, is periodically rewritten to the memory chip through the refresh
process. The refreshing is accomplished inside the DRAM while other
processing occurs. Refreshing is one reason DRAM chips are slower than
SRAM.
Most memory on a motherboard is DRAM, but a small amount of SRAM can
be found inside the processor, just outside the processor inside the processor
housing, and sometimes on the motherboard. SRAM is also known as cache
memory. Cache memory holds the most frequently used data so the CPU does
not return to the slower DRAM chips to obtain the data. For example, on a
motherboard with a bus speed of 233MHz, accessing DRAM could take as long
as 90 nanoseconds. (A nanosecond [ns] is one-billionth of a second.) Accessing
the same information in cache could take as little as 23 nanoseconds.

Tech Tip: The CPU should never have to wait to receive an instruction
Using pipelined burst cache speeds up processing for software
applications.

The data or instruction that the processor needs is usually found in one of
three places: cache, DRAM, or the hard drive. Cache gives the fastest access. If
the information is not in cache, the processor looks for it in DRAM. If the
information is not in DRAM, it is retrieved from the hard drive and placed into
DRAM or the cache. Hard drive access is the slowest of the three. In a computer,
it takes roughly a million times longer to access information from the hard drive
than it does from DRAM or cache.

Tech Tip: Don’t forget hard drive space and video memory
RAM is only one piece of the puzzle. All of a computer’s parts including
RAM, hard drive space, and video memory must work together to provide
good (optimal) system performance.

As noted in Chapter 3, to determine a computer’s memory requirements, you

must consider the operating system, applications, and installed hardware.
Memory is one of the most critical things on the motherboard that can easily be
upgraded. Let’s start with the physical memory module.

Memory Physical Packaging

A dual in-line package (DIP) chip has a row of legs running down each side. The
oldest motherboards use DIP chips for the DRAM. Single in-line memory
modules (SIMM) came along next. Sometimes you might see SIMMs as
memory in laser printers. The memory chip used on motherboards today is a
dual in-line memory module (DIMM), which has 168, 184, 240, or 288 pins.
Memory can also be called a memory stick, or a technician might call one
memory module a stick of memory, or simply RAM. Figure 6.2 shows the
progression of memory packaging.

FIGURE 6.2 Memory chips/modules

RIMMs are used in older Intel Pentium 4 computers. Figure 6.3 shows a
RIMM. The RIMM has two notches in the center.

FIGURE 6.3 184-pin RIMM

Planning the Memory Installation
Now that you know a little about memory types, let us look at the practical side
—how to go about planning a memory installation. Some key points follow:
Refer to the system or motherboard documentation to see what type of
memory is supported.
Determine what features are supported.
Determine how much memory is needed.
Determine how many of each memory module is needed.
Research prices and purchase memory module(s).

Planning the Memory Installation—Memory Module Types

Technology has provided faster DRAM speeds without increasing the cost too
greatly. Table 6.1 lists some of the memory modules available today.
 TABLE 6.1 Memory module types
Whether or not a motherboard supports faster memory chips is determined by
the chipset, which performs most functions in conjunction with the processor. A
chipset is one to five electronic chips on the motherboard. The chipset contains
the circuitry to control the local bus, memory, DMA, interrupts, and cache
memory. The motherboard manufacturer determines which chipset to use.

Tech Tip: Use the right type of memory chips

The chipset and motherboard design are very specific about what type,
speed, and features the memory chips can have. Refer to the motherboard
documentation.
 Most people cannot tell the difference among DDR, DDR2, DDR3, and
DDR4 memory modules. Even though DDR uses 184 pins, DDR2 and DDR3
use 240 pins, and DDR4 has 288 pins, they are the same physical size. Even
though both DDR2 and DDR3 modules have 240 pins, a DDR3 module does not
fit in a DDR2 memory slot. Figure 6.4 shows DDR3 DIMMs.

FIGURE 6.4 DDR3 DIMMs

Notice in Figure 6.4 the metal casing or heat spreader on the outside of the
memory module. Aluminum or copper is commonly used on heat spreaders in
order to dissipate heat away from the memory. Table 6.2 lists many of the
DIMM models.
 TABLE 6.2 DIMMs
Because a DIMM can be shown with either the PCX- or DDRX- designation,
which type you buy can be confusing. A brief explanation might help. DDR3-
800 is a type of DDR3 memory that can run on a 400MHz front side bus (the
number after DDR3 divided in half). Another way of showing the same chip
would be to use the designation PC3-6400, which is the theoretical bandwidth of
the memory chip in MB/s.

Planning the Memory Installation—Memory Features

In addition to determining what type of memory chips are going to be used, you
must determine what features the memory chip might have. The computer
system or motherboard documentation is going to delineate what features are
supported. Table 6.3 helps characterize memory features.
 TABLE 6.3 Memory features

Tech Tip: How parity works

If a system uses even parity and the data bits 10000001 go into memory,
the ninth bit, or parity bit, is a 0 because an even number of bits (2) are 1s.
The parity changes to a 1 only when the number of bits in the data is an
odd number of 1s. If the system uses even parity and the data bits
 10000011 go into memory, the parity bit is a 1. There are only three 1s in
the data bits. The parity bit adjusts the 1s to an even number. When
checking data for accuracy, the parity method detects if one bit is
incorrect. However, if 2 bits are in error, parity does not catch the error.

Keep in mind that some motherboards might support both non-parity and ECC
(error correcting code) or might require a certain feature such as SPD. It is
important that you research this before you look to purchase memory.
A memory module might use more than one of the categories listed in the two
previous tables. For example, a DIMM could be a DDR3 module, be registered,
and support ECC for error detection and correction. Most registered memory
also uses the ECC technology. Memory modules can support either ECC or non-
ECC and they can be registered or unbuffered memory.
Memory technology is moving quite quickly today. Chipsets also change
constantly. Technicians are continually challenged to keep up with the features
and abilities of the technology so that they can make recommendations to their
customers. Trade magazines and the Internet are excellent resources for updates.
Never forget to check the motherboard’s documentation when dealing with
memory. Information is a technician’s best friend.

Tech Tip: If error correction isn’t mentioned in the advertisement...

If error correction is not mentioned, the chip is a non-parity chip. Most
memory modules today are non-parity because the memory controller
circuitry provides error correction.

Planning for Memory—Amount of Memory to Install

When you want to improve the performance of a computer, adding memory is
one of the easiest upgrades. The amount of memory needed depends on the
operating system, applications, number of applications open at the same time,
type of computer, and the maximum amount allowed by your motherboard.
The operating system you use determines to a great extent the starting point
for the amount of memory to have. Generally, the older or less powerful your
operating system is, the smaller amount of RAM you need. Table 6.4 is the
starting point for calculating memory requirements. Remember that as you want
to run more applications simultaneously and the higher the application function
(such as gaming or photo/video/sound manipulation), the more memory you will
need. Also note that the memory recommendations shown in Table 6.4 are not
the minimum requirements listed by the operating system creators. Notice that
Apple computers (OS X) have similar memory recommendations to PCs.

TABLE 6.4 Minimum operating system starting memory

recommendations
When upgrading memory, you need to know a couple of key pieces of
information:
How much memory are you starting with?
How many motherboard RAM slots are currently being used and are there
any slots free?
What is the maximum amount of memory that your motherboard supports?

Tech Tip: Windows might have memory limitations

Even if the motherboard allows more memory, your operating system has
limitations. Upgrade the operating system if this is the case. Table 6.5
shows the Windows memory limits.
 TABLE 6.5 Windows Vista/7/8/10 memory limits

To determine how much memory, use Windows Explorer (Vista/7) or File

Explorer (8/10). In Windows Vista/7 right-click Computer > Properties. In
Windows 8/10 right-click (or tap and hold briefly) This PC > Properties. Or, in
any version of Windows, access the System Information window from a
command prompt by typing msinfo32 and pressing . Scroll down to see
the memory information. Figure 6.5 shows how a computer system currently has
24GB of RAM installed (24.0GB Total Physical Memory).

FIGURE 6.5 System Information window

Tech Tip: Every motherboard has a maximum

Each motherboard supports a maximum amount of memory. You must
check the computer or motherboard documentation to see how much this
is. There is not a workaround for this limitation. If you want more
 memory than the motherboard allows, you must upgrade to a different
motherboard.

Figure 6.6 shows a sample advertisement for a micro-ATX motherboard. The

Specifications tab commonly shows the type of memory supported (sometimes it
shows the exact speeds supported), the maximum amount of memory, and the
number of memory slots.

FIGURE 6.6 Sample motherboard memory specifications

To determine how many slots you are currently using and whether you have
any free, you need to either (1) access the BIOS/UEFI to see this information;
(2) use the Task Manager > Performance tab in Windows 7, 8, or 10; or (3)
remove the computer cover and look at the motherboard to see which memory
slots have installed modules and whether there are any free slots. Some
BIOS/UEFI Setup programs show the number of slots. Some memory sales
websites have a software program that determines the type of memory you are
using and makes recommendations. However, because you want to be a
proficient technician, you can determine this for yourself.

Planning for Memory—How Many of Each Memory Type?

A motherboard has a certain number of memory slots determined by its
manufacturer. The type of memory module that inserts into a slot and the
features that the module has are all determined by the motherboard
manufacturer.
Most motherboards today support dual-channel memory. Dual-channel means
that the motherboard memory controller chip handles processing of memory
requests more efficiently by handling two memory paths simultaneously. For
example, say that a motherboard has four memory slots. Traditionally, the
memory controller chip, commonly called the MCH (memory controller hub),
had one channel through which all data from the four slots traveled. With dual-
channeling, the four slots are divided into two channels with each channel
having two slots each. Figure 6.7 shows this concept.
 FIGURE 6.7 Dual-channel memory
Dual-channeling increases a system’s performance. However, it speeds things
up only if the memory modules match exactly—same memory type, same
memory features, same speed, and same capacity. Note that on some
motherboards, the memory modules on Channel A and Channel B do not have to
have the same capacities, but the total capacity of the memory module in
Channel A should match the total capacity of the memory modules installed in
Channel B. Some motherboards require this. Figure 6.8 illustrates this concept.
FIGURE 6.8 The total capacity of the memory module installed in
 Channel A should match the total capacity in Channel B

Tech Tip: Dual-channel should use exact memory module pairs

Channel A and Channel B (sometimes labeled Channel 0 and Channel 1)
should have matching memory modules. Buy a kit (a package of pre-
tested memory modules that are guaranteed to work together) to ensure
that the two modules are the same.

Notice in Figure 6.8 that in the first example, two identical memory modules
are inserted. One memory module is in Channel A, and the other in Channel B.
Motherboard manufacturers frequently require that the memory modules match
in all respects—manufacturer, timing, and capacity—in order to support dual-
channeling.
In the next section of Figure 6.8, three DIMMs are used. Some manufacturers
support dual-channeling with three DIMMS, but you should always check the
motherboard or system documentation to ensure that this is the case. Another
example that is not shown in the figure is when an uneven amount of memory is
installed in Channel A and Channel B. For example, Channel A has 2GB, and
Channel B has a 1GB memory module. Some motherboards can dual-channel for
the first 1GB. But only if the motherboard supports this can dual-channeling be
achieved.
In the last section shown in Figure 6.8, all four DIMMs are installed. Notice
how the Channel A total capacity matches the Channel B total capacity (3GB in
both channels, for a total of 6GB). When dual-channeling, buy memory modules
in pairs from a single source. Memory vendors sell them this way.

Tech Tip: Beware of RAM over 4GB

Do not install over 4GB on a computer with a 32-bit operating system
such as 32-bit Windows. The operating system will not be able to
recognize anything over 4GB. As a matter of fact, even when a system
has 4GB installed, the 32-bit operating system shows the installed amount
as slightly less than 4GB because some of that memory space is used for
devices attached to the PCI/PCIe bus.

To plan for the correct amount of memory, you must refer to the motherboard
documentation, and each motherboard is different. An example helps with this
concept. Figure 6.9 shows a motherboard layout with four memory slots that has
different labeling than shown in Figure 6.8. Remember that motherboard
manufacturers can label their motherboards any way they want. This is part of
why documentation is so important.

FIGURE 6.9 Motherboard with four memory slots and two channels
The motherboard in Figure 6.9 allows 512MB, 1GB, and 2GB unbuffered
non-ECC DDR2-533 240-pin DIMMs, for a maximum of 8GB. Pretend the
customer wants 2GB of RAM. What could you do? How many memory modules
do you buy, and what capacities? Table 6.6 shows the possible solutions. The
best solution is the second one because it has the largest-capacity chips taking
advantage of dual-channeling, with slots left over for more upgrading.
 TABLE 6.6 Possible solutions
Many newer motherboards and server motherboards support triple-channel
memory, where three memory modules work together, or quadruple-channel
memory, where four memory modules are accessed simultaneously. Figure 6.10
shows a motherboard that has six memory expansion slots and supports triple-
channeling. Labs at the end of this chapter help you with these concepts.
FIGURE 6.10 Motherboard with six memory slots and three channels
Planning for Memory—Researching and Buying Memory
The researching and buying step of planning for a memory installation/upgrade
is the step most likely to make your head spin. Different websites list memory
differently. Some give you too much information and some too little. A few, such
as Kingston Technology (http://www.kingston.com) and Crucial
(http://www.crucial.com), specialize in memory and make it as painless as
possible. Nevertheless, as a technician, you should be familiar with all aspects of
memory and memory advertisements.
A confusing aspect of buying memory is memory speed. Memory speed can
be represented as MHz or the PC rating. The higher the number, the faster the
speed of the module.
To understand memory, it is best to look at some examples. Table 6.7 shows
sample memory advertisements.

TABLE 6.7 Sample DIMM advertisements

Notice in Table 6.7 (as in most memory advertisements) that the memory
capacity is shown first. The third advertisement is a kit for a motherboard that
has dual-channeling capabilities. It includes two 1GB memory modules, for a
total of a 2GB memory gain. Also pay attention to the type of memory module
being advertised. Notice in Table 6.7 that the first three memory modules are
DDR3 and show the PC3 rating. Later, the advertisement also shows the
effective data transfer rate of 1333MHz or 1600MHz. Some vendors add an E to
the PC3 number to show an ECC module or an F or FB to the PC3 number to
show that the module has the fully buffered feature.
Another listing in the memory advertisement shown in Table 6.7 is the CL
rating. CL (column address strobe [CAS] latency) is the amount of time (clock
cycles) that passes before the processor moves on to the next memory address.
RAM is made up of cells where data is held. A cell is the intersection of a row
and a column. Think of it as a spreadsheet application. The CAS signal picks
which memory column to select, and a signal called RAS (row address strobe)
picks which row to select. The intersection of the two is where the data is stored.

Tech Tip: CL ratings and a track race

The lower the CL rating, the faster the memory. Think of access time like
a track race—the person with the lowest time wins the race and is
considered to be the fastest. Chips with a lower CL rating are faster than
those with higher numbers.

Motherboard manufacturers sometimes list a minimum CL or CAS latency

value for memory modules. Motherboard documentation, memory magazine
advertisements, and online memory retailers list the CL rating as a series of
numbers, such as 3-1-1-1. The first number is the CL rating—a CL3, in this
example. The 3-1-1-1 is more detailed in that for a 32-bit transfer, it takes three
clock cycles to send the first byte (8 bits), but the next 3 bytes are sent using one
clock cycle each. In other words, it takes six clock cycles to transfer the 32 bits.
Note that DDR3 CL ratings are higher than the DDR2 advertisement. Sample
DDR3 ratings are 9-9-9-24 or 11-11-11-28.

Tech Tip: Buy the fastest type of memory a motherboard allows

Buying memory that is faster than the motherboard allows does no good.
This is like taking a race car on a one-lane unpaved road: The car has the
ability to go faster, but it is not feasible with the type of road being used.
Sometimes you must buy faster memory because the older memory is not
sold. This is all right, as long as it is the correct type, such as DDR2,
DDR3, or DDR4.

Also notice in Table 6.7 that memory features are listed—fully buffered,
unbuffered, and registered. Be sure that the type of memory for which you
planned is the type you are researching to buy. The voltage level for the memory
module is shown (these are standard values), as is the capacity. With the
capacity, if you see the number 64 at the end, the module is a non-parity one. If
you see 72, the memory module uses ECC.

Tech Tip: Usually, you can mix CL memory modules

Most systems allow mixing of CL modules; for example, a motherboard
 could have a memory module rated for CL8 and a different memory
module rated for CL9. However, when mixing memory modules, the
system will run at the slower memory speed (CL9).

Installing Memory Overview

Memory is an important part of computer performance. Installation includes
planning (see Figure 6.11), installing, and possibly removing some older
modules. Lack of planning can lead to less than optimal performance.

FIGURE 6.11 Plan the memory installation

The following is the best method to determine which memory chips to install in
each bank:
Step 1. Determine which chip capacities can be used for the system. Look in
the documentation included with the motherboard or computer for
this information.
Step 2. Determine how much memory is needed. Ask the users which
operating system is installed and which applications they are using (or
look yourself). Refer to documentation for each application to
determine the amount of RAM recommended. Plan for growth.
Step 3. Determine the capacity of the chips that go in each bank by drawing
a diagram of the system, planning the memory population on paper,
and referring to the documentation of the system or motherboard.
Depending on the type of motherboard, the number of banks available on the
motherboard, whether the computer memory is being upgraded, and whether the
memory is a new installation, some memory modules might need to be removed
in order to put higher-capacity ones into the bank. Look at what is already
installed in the system, refer to the documentation, and remove any existing
modules as necessary to upgrade the memory.

Tech Tip: Memory safety reminder

Before installing a memory module, power off the computer, disconnect
the power cord from the back of the computer, and use proper anti-static
procedures. Memory modules are especially susceptible to ESD. If ESD
damages a memory module, a problem might not appear immediately and
could be intermittent and hard to diagnose.

Removing/Installing Memory
When removing a DIMM and using proper ESD-prevention techniques, push
down on the retaining tabs that clasp over the DIMM. Be careful not to
overextend the tabs when pushing on them. If a plastic tab breaks, the only
solution is to replace the motherboard. The DIMM lifts slightly out of the socket.
Always ensure you are grounded to prevent ESD by using an anti-static wrist
strap or maintaining contact with metal with a bare part of your arm (self-
grounding). Lift the module out of the socket once it is released. Figure 6.12
shows how to remove a DIMM.
 FIGURE 6.12 DIMM removal
A DIMM has one or more notches on the bottom where the gold or tin
contacts are located. The DIMM inserts into the memory socket only one way.
Verify that the notches on the bottom of the module align with the notches in the
motherboard socket. The DIMM will not insert into the memory socket unless it
is oriented properly.
A DIMM is inserted straight down into the socket, not at a tilt like a laptop
module. Make sure the side tabs are pulled out before you insert the DIMM and
close the tabs over the DIMM once it is firmly inserted into the socket. If the
DIMM does not go into the slot easily, do not force it and check the notch or
notches for correct alignment. However, once the DIMM is aligned correctly
into the slot, push the DIMM firmly into the slot and the tabs should naturally
close over the DIMM or on the sides of the DIMM. Figure 6.13 illustrates how
to insert a DIMM. Figure 6.14 shows a close-up of how the tab needs to fit
securely in the memory module notch.
FIGURE 6.13 DIMM installation

FIGURE 6.14 Secure DIMM tab

 Today’s motherboards automatically recognize new memory; however, some
advanced BIOS/UEFI options exist for tweaking memory performance. With
some computers, the Setup program can be used to select parity, non-parity, or
ECC options. Always refer to the motherboard or the computer system
documentation.

Tech Tip: POST error codes are normal after a memory

installation/upgrade
Some computers show a POST error message or automatically go into the
Setup program. This is normal. The important thing to notice during
POST is that the memory shown in BIOS/UEFI should equal the amount
of memory installed.

Adding More Cache/RAM

Most computers today have cache built into the processor. The motherboard
manufacturer determines whether any cache can be installed. Check the
documentation included with the motherboard or computer to determine the
amount of cache (SRAM).
Adding more RAM can make a noticeable difference in computer
performance (up to a point, of course). When a computer user is sitting in front
of a computer waiting for a document to appear or waiting to go to a different
location within a document, it might be time to install more RAM. If you have
several opened applications on the taskbar, click one of them. If you have to wait
several seconds before it appears, it might be a good idea to upgrade your RAM.

Windows Disk Caching

Virtual memory is a method of using hard drive space as if it were RAM.
Virtual memory allows the operating system to run larger applications and
manage multiple applications that are loaded simultaneously. The amount of
hard drive space used is dynamic—it increases or decreases as needed. If the
system begins to page frequently and is constantly swapping data from RAM to
the hard drive, the cache size automatically shrinks.

Tech Tip: Hard drive swap file tips

If multiple hard drives are available, a technician might want to move the
swap file to a different drive. Always put the swap file on the fastest hard
drive unless that hard drive lacks space. It is best to keep the swap file on
 a hard drive that does not contain the operating system. You can configure
the computer to place the swap file on multiple hard drives. The amount
of virtual memory is dynamically created by the operating system and
does not normally need to be set manually. If manually set, the minimum
amount should be equal to the amount of RAM installed.

A swap file is a block of hard drive space that applications use like RAM.
Other names for the swap file include page file and paging file. Look back to
Figure 6.5 and see in the System Information screen the data on Total Virtual
Memory, Available Virtual Memory, and Page File Space. For optimum
performance in any Windows operating system, set aside as much free hard drive
space as possible to allow ample room for virtual memory and caching. Keep the
hard drive cleaned of temporary files and outdated files/applications.
To adjust the virtual memory size, perform the following:
In Vista/Windows 7, access the System and Security Control Panel >
System > Performance Information and Tools link > Advanced tools >
Adjust the appearance and performance of Windows link > Continue if a
user account control (UAC) dialog box appears > Advanced tab > Change
button. Change the parameters and click the OK button twice.
In Windows 8, access the System and Security Control Panel > System >
Advanced system settings link > Advanced tab. Locate and select the
Settings button from within the Performance section > Advanced tab >
Change button. Change the parameters and click the OK button twice.
In Windows 10, access the Start button > Settings > in the Find a setting
search textbox, type performance > select the Adjust the appearance
and performance of Windows link > Advanced tab > Change button.
Change the parameters and click the OK button twice.
32-bit Windows uses 32-bit demand-paged virtual memory, and each process
gets 4GB of address space divided into two 2GB sections. One 2GB section is
shared with the rest of the system, whereas the other 2GB section is reserved for
one application. All the memory space is divided into 4KB blocks of memory
called pages. The operating system allocates as much available RAM as possible
to an application. Then the operating system swaps or pages the application to
and from the temporary swap file as needed. The operating system determines
the optimum setting for this swap file; however, the swap file size can be
changed. Figure 6.15 illustrates how Windows uses virtual memory.
 FIGURE 6.15 Windows virtual memory usage
In Figure 6.15, notice that each application has its own memory space. The
Memory Pager maps the virtual memory addresses from the individual
processes’ address space to physical pages in the computer’s memory chips.
Figure 6.16 shows how all this relates to RAM and hard drive space.
 FIGURE 6.16 Virtual memory
32-bit Windows has a natural limitation of 4GB of physical memory. Physical
address extension (PAE) is supported only on some motherboards and only
relevant when 32-bit Windows operating systems are being used. PAE allows up
to 64GB or 128GB of physical memory to be used. You can view whether a
system supports PAE by viewing the computer’s properties through Windows
Explorer (Windows Vista/7) File Explorer (Windows 8/10).
Windows 64-bit processes are similar except Microsoft doesn’t split virtual
memory evenly between shared system memory and an application. Instead, on a
desktop computer, the application portion is limited to 8TB of the 16EB
theoretical maximum.

Monitoring Memory Usage under Windows

Windows has a Performance utility in Task Manager to monitor memory usage.
To access Task Manager, press . Select the Performance tab,
which has graphs that visually demonstrate the CPU and memory usage. Figure
6.17 shows the Task Manager Performance tab, and Table 6.8 lists the Task
Manager Performance tab fields.

FIGURE 6.17 Windows 7 Task Manager Performance tab

 TABLE 6.8 Windows 7 Task Manager Performance tab fields
Windows 8 and 10 have a redesigned Task Manager, as shown in Figure 6.18,
and clarified in Table 6.9. Note that in order to see the memory-related data, you
must click the memory option in the left pane. In the section titled “Memory
composition,” there are several sections separated by vertical bars. You can place
the pointer inside a space and the name of the section appears. The sections from
left to right are as follows:
In use—Amount of memory currently being used
Modified—Memory that holds data that must be written to the drive before
the memory location can be used by something else
Standby—Amount of memory that is cached and currently is not being
used
Free—Available memory to be used
FIGURE 6.18 Windows 8/10 Task Manager Performance tab—Memory
 TABLE 6.9 Windows 8/10 Task Manager Performance tab memory-
related fields

Older Applications under Windows

Older applications are sometimes a challenge in the newer versions of Windows.
Some dated applications do not operate in the newer Windows versions because
these programs frequently make direct calls to hardware, which Vista, 7, 8, and
10 do not allow. These programs might also require that you change the color
depth and resolution settings through the Display Control Panel.
For Windows Vista and higher, Microsoft states that some older software
might not run properly and offers Compatibility mode. Right-click the
application icon from the Start menu or right-click the program executable file
and select Properties. Use the Compatibility tab to select the Windows version
for which the application was written. If you do not know the version, you can
select the Run compatibility troubleshooter button, and then select the Try
recommended settings link. Figure 6.19 shows the Compatibility tab.

FIGURE 6.19 Windows Compatibility tab

You can also configure virtual machines using virtualization software such as
Microsoft’s Virtual PC, Hyper-V, Oracle VM VirtualBox, or VMware
Workstation to run older operating systems as well as run older applications. A
virtual machine (VM) allows you to reduce hardware costs by running multiple
operating systems simultaneously on a single computer (without one interfering
with the other). Virtualization used to be used only with servers, but many home
computers and corporate desktops are virtualized today.

Troubleshooting Memory Problems

You can get “out of memory” errors, POST code errors, motherboard diagnostic
lights or codes, system slowdowns, and application locking due to memory
problems with any operating system. With any of these problems, no matter
which operating system is being used, check the amount of available memory
and free hard drive space. Sometimes you must close all applications, reboot the
computer, and open only the application that was running when the out of
memory error occurred because some applications do not release the memory
space they hold. The following tips and troubleshooting steps help with memory
management:
Add more RAM. To see the amount of physical memory (RAM) currently
installed, access Windows Explorer or File Explorer, right-click (or tap and
hold briefly) Computer or This PC, and select Properties.
If you just installed new memory and an error appears, this is normal.
Enter Setup because the system BIOS/UEFI knows something has
changed.
If you just installed new memory and the computer will not boot, check
your installation by carefully pushing harder on the memory module (after
shutting down and removing power, of course) to ensure that the module is
fully seated into the slot. Check for loosened cables near the memory
module(s). Ensure that you are installing the right memory type. You might
need to upgrade your BIOS/UEFI so that your motherboard recognizes the
increased amount of RAM.
Use the Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool, by using one of the
following methods:
Use the System and Maintenance (Vista) or System and Security (7)
Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Windows Memory Diagnostic
link. In Windows 8 or 10, search using the words memory
diagnostic. Select the Diagnose your computer’s memory problems
(Windows 8) or Windows Memory Diagnostic (Windows 10) link.
Boot into the Advanced Boot Options menu (press upon startup).
Press . Press to move to the Tools section. Press to use
the Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool to thoroughly test your RAM.
Use the original Windows operating system disc to boot the computer.
Enter the language requirements and then use the Repair your computer
link. From the System Recovery Options window, select Windows
Memory Diagnostic Tool.
Use the command mdsched.
Delete files/applications that are no longer needed and close applications
that are not being used. Empty the Recycle Bin.
Adjust the size of the virtual memory.
 Do not put the swap file on multiple partitions that reside on the same hard
drive. Use multiple hard drives, if necessary.
Put the swap file on a hard drive partition that does not contain the
operating system.
Put the swap file on the fastest hard drive.
Remove the desktop wallpaper scheme or use a plain one.
Adjust your Temporary Internet Files setting. From Internet Explorer
(Windows Vista, 7, or 8), select the Tools > Internet Options > Settings
button. Adjust how much drive space is set aside for caching Web pages.
For Microsoft Edge in Windows 10, search for Internet Explorer (not
Microsoft Edge) and use the same directions for prior Windows to adjust
the drive space setting.
Defragment the hard drive. See Chapter 7 for the steps.

Tech Tip: Upgrading memory is one of the easiest ways to help with
performance issues
Keep in mind that sometimes there is nothing to do but buy more RAM—
but try the previously mentioned tips first.

If you receive a message that SPD device data is missing or inconclusive, your
motherboard is looking for SPD data that it cannot receive from the memory
module. If this is a new module, ensure that it supports SPD. If it is an older
module, you need to replace one of your memory modules.
POST usually detects a problem with a memory chip, and most systems show
an error code or message. The motherboard might also contain diagnostic lights
or a code. If either occurs, turn off the computer, remove the cover, and press
down on any memory modules and reboot. Another option is to clean the
memory module slots with compressed air and reinstall the module. The key to
good memory chip troubleshooting is to divide and conquer. Narrow the problem
to a suspected memory module and then swap banks, if possible. Keep in mind
that most memory problems are not in the hardware but in the software
applications and operating system.

Tech Tip: Adding more memory did not allow my application to load
or run faster
Today’s operating systems rely almost as much on hard drive space as
 they do on RAM because of multitasking. Lack of hard drive space is
almost as bad as not having enough RAM.

Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile, solid-state memory that holds data even
when the computer power is off. PCs use flash memory as a replacement for the
BIOS chip. Network devices, smartphones, and tablets use flash memory to store
the operating system and instructions. Some tablets can use external flash media
for storage. Digital cameras use flash memory to store pictures; scanners use
flash memory to store images; printers use flash memory to store fonts. Flash
memory does not have to be refreshed like DRAM, and it does not need constant
power like SRAM. Figure 6.20 shows various flash memory.

FIGURE 6.20 Flash memory

USB flash drives (sometimes called thumb drives, memory bars, or memory
sticks) allow storage up to 256GB, with higher capacities expected. Refer to
Figure 6.20. The blue and lime green colored items are USB flash drives. Flash
drives connect to a USB port and are normally recognized by the Windows
operating system. After attaching the drive to a USB port, a drive letter is
assigned and Windows Explorer or File Explorer can be used to copy files to the
drive.

Tech Tip: The number-one cause of flash drive failure is improper

removal
When you are finished using a flash drive, double-click the Remove
Hardware icon located in the notification area. The icon has a white check
 mark on a green field. You might have to click the left arrow or up arrow
to see this icon. Click Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media. Select
the appropriate flash drive. When a message appears that you can safely
remove the drive, remove the flash drive from the USB port.

Various models are available, including drives that fit on a neck chain, inside
watches, and on a key ring. Security features that are available on flash drives
include password protection to the drive and data encryption. Flash drives are a
very good memory storage solution, and they are inexpensive and easy to use.
Figure 6.21 shows the interior of a flash drive. Chapter 11 goes into more detail
on the types of flash memory used with such devices.

FIGURE 6.21 Inside a USB flash drive

Memory is one of the most critical components of a computer, and it is
important for a technician to be well versed in the different memory
technologies. Because memory is one of the most common upgrades, becoming
proficient and knowledgeable about populating memory is important. Lab
exercises at the end of the chapter help prepare you for the workforce and
installing/upgrading memory.

Soft Skills—Teamwork
Technicians tend not to like working in teams as much as they like working on
their own. Much of a technician’s job is done alone. However, a technician
normally has one or more peers, a supervisor, and a network of partners involved
with the job such as suppliers, subcontractors, and part-time help. It is easy to
have tunnel vision in a technical support job and lose sight of the mission of the
business. Many technical jobs have the main purpose of generating revenue—
solving people’s computer and network problems for the purpose of making
money. Other technicians have more of a back-office support role—planning,
installing, configuring, maintaining, and troubleshooting technologies the
business uses to make money.
Technicians must focus on solving the customer’s problems and ensuring that
the customer feels his or her problem has been solved professionally and
efficiently. However, you cannot lose sight of the business-first mentality;
remember that you play a support role whether you generate revenue or not. You
are a figure on someone’s balance sheet, and you need to keep your skills and
attitudes finely tuned to be valuable to the company. No matter how good you
are at your job, you are still better to a company if you are part of a team than if
you’re on your own. Being the person who is late, takes off early, chats too much
with customers, blames others, and so on, is not being a team member. If you are
going to be late for work or leave early, inform your supervisor and co-workers
so they can take care of any issues that arise. If you are going to be late for a
customer appointment, contact the customer and let him or her know you are
running late.
Technicians need to be good team players and see themselves as a reflection
of their company when on the job (see Figure 6.22). Teamwork is part of the
skill set that employers seek as much as they want you to have technical skills.
Think of ways that you can practice teamwork even as a student, and refine
those skills when you join the workforce
 FIGURE 6.22 Teamwork

Chapter Summary
Memory on a motherboard is SDRAM, a type of RAM that is cheaper and
slower than SRAM, the type of memory inside the CPU and processor
housing.
A DDR module fits in a DDR slot. A DDR2 module requires a DDR2 slot;
a DDR3 module requires a DDR3 slot; a DDR4 module requires a DDR4
slot.
Unbuffered memory is the memory normally installed in computers.
ECC is used for error checking and is commonly found in high-end
computers and servers. An older method of error checking was called
parity.
The CL rating or the timing sequence first number shows how fast the
processor can access data in sequential memory locations. The lower the
first number, the faster the access.
SPD is a technology used so the memory module can communicate
 specifications to the BIOS/UEFI.
Double-sided memory is one module that acts like two modules (not that it
has chips on both sides even though it most likely does). A motherboard
must support using double-sided modules.
Before installing memory, plan your strategy: Read the manual to see the
type of memory; determine the total amount of memory; determine
whether any memory is to be removed; determine the memory to purchase;
and be mindful of getting the most out of your memory by implementing
dual-, triple-, or even quadruple-channeling.
When implementing dual-, triple-, or quadruple-channeling, buy matching
memory modules.
Any 32-bit operating system is limited to 4GB of memory.
Particular versions of Windows have memory limitations. For example,
Windows 7 Starter edition is limited to 2GB, but any of the other Windows
7 versions can go to 4GB for the 32-bit versions. 64-bit versions allow
much more memory to be installed and accessed.
RAM is very susceptible to ESD events. Use proper anti-static-handling
procedures, including using an anti-static wrist strap.
Before removing or installing memory, disconnect the power cord and
remove the battery on a mobile device.
Having as much RAM in the system as possible is an important
performance factor, and so is having free hard drive space because hard
drive space is used as memory. This is called virtual memory, and the
information stored temporarily on a hard drive is stored in an area known
as a page file, paging file, or swap file. The swap file should be on the
fastest drive that has the most free storage.
Use Task Manager to monitor memory performance.
Use POST, motherboard LED/display output codes, BIOS/UEFI
diagnostics, and the Windows Memory Diagnostic Tool to diagnose
memory problems.
Flash media is used to provide memory or additional storage space for
computing devices and includes USB flash drives.
A technician is part of a business and should contribute to the team. A
technician should professionally represent a company.

A+ Certification Exam Tips

 Know how to calculate what memory is needed for an upgrade or a new
install.
Be able to identify memory slots on a motherboard.
Know how to populate memory when dual- or triple-channeling is being
implemented.
The first thing to do when populating memory is to consult the
motherboard documentation.
Be able to describe the difference between buffered and unbuffered
memory, parity and non-parity, ECC and non-ECC modules, as well as
single-sided and double-sided modules.
Know that memory chips are especially susceptible to ESD and how to
prevent ESD damage when installing or removing memory.
Remember that if any application is slow to respond, the computer may
need more RAM.
Review the troubleshooting symptoms and tips. Know that adding
memory is one of the easiest ways to improve computer performance.
Know when and how to use Compatibility mode and Windows Memory
Diagnostics.
Keep in mind that the following professionalism skills are part of the 220-
902 exam: (1) maintain a positive attitude and (2) be on time (or, if late,
contact the customer). Do not forget to review the professionalism skills.

Key Terms
buffered memory 247
cache memory 243
CL rating 255
Compatibility mode 263
DDR 244
DDR2 245
DDR3 245
DDR3L 245
DDR4 245
DDR4L 245
DIMM 243
double-sided memory 247
DRAM 242
dual-channel 250
dual-voltage memory 247
ECC 247
flash memory 265
heat spreader 245
non-ECC 247
non-parity 247
PAE 260
pages 259
parity 247
Performance utility 261
RAM 242
refresh (process) 243
quadruple-channel 253
SDRAM 244
single-sided memory 247
SPD 247
SRAM 242
swap file 259
teamwork 267
thermal sensors 247
triple-channel 253
unbuffered memory 247
USB flash drives 265
virtual machine 264
virtual memory 259
Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool 264
XMP 247
Review Questions
The following specifications for motherboard RAM are used for Questions 1–5:
Considering the features that are shown and the documentation provided, which
memory features are needed for a desktop computer with the following
specifications?
Four 240-pin DDR3 SDRAM DIMM sockets arranged in two channels
Support for DDR3 1600+MHz, DDR3 1333MHz, and DDR3 1066MHz
DIMMs
Support for non-ECC memory
Support for up to 16GB of system memory
1. Of the given features, which one(s) would be applicable to this computer?
(Select all that apply.) Note that all memory is unbuffered unless specified.
[ unbuffered | registered | 204-pin SO-DIMM | 240-pin DDR2 DIMM |
240-pin DDR3 DIMM | ECC ]
2. Say that this computer has 4GB of memory and four memory slots. Write
all combinations of memory population in the slots.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. [ T | F ] The memory used in this system does not perform error checking.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. What does the statement “four 240-pin DDR3 SDRAM DIMM sockets
arranged in two channels” mean?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Would there be an issue if this motherboard contained 6GB of RAM and
the computer had 32-bit Windows 7 installed? If so, explain the issue.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Consider the following memory advertisements for desktop memory used
in Questions 6, 7, 8, and 9:
a. 2GB (1GB x 2) 240-pin DIMM PC2-6400 memory module
b. 2GB DDR3 1600 DIMM
c. 2GB ECC registered DDR2 SDRAM DIMM
d. 4GB : 2 x 2GB DIMM 240-pin DDR2 800 MHz/PC2-6400 CL6 1.9-
 2.0V
e. 4GB 1333MHz DDR3L ECC CL9 DIMM SR x8 1.35V with TS
desktop memory
f. 4G FB DDR2 800 memory PC2-5300 5-5-5-18
g. 8GB kit (2 x 4GB) DDR3 DIMM (240-pin) 1333Mhz PC3-
10600/PC3-10666 9-9-9-25 1.5v
h. 16GB kit (2 x 8GB) 1600MHz DDR3 non-ECC CL9 DIMM XMP
i. 16GB kit (2 x 8GB) 1600MHz DDR3 CL10 DIMM
6. In these advertisements, which DDR2 option would hold the most data in
a single memory module and be best suited for a desktop computer?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. In option e, what does the L in DDR3L mean?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. A customer wants to dual-channel 8GB of RAM on a desktop computer.
Which memory module(s) would be best to buy, given the following
documentation from the motherboard manual? (Memory module slots are
in order from closest to the CPU: 1, 3, 2, and 4.)
Do not install ECC memory modules.
If you remove your original memory modules from the computer during
an upgrade, keep the old ones separate from any new modules you
might have. If possible, do not pair an original module with a new
module. Otherwise, the computer might not start properly.
The memory configurations are as follows:
A pair of matched modules in DIMM connectors 1 and 2
A pair of matched modules in DIMM connectors 1 and 2 and another
pair in connectors 3 and 4
If you install mixed pairs, the memory modules function at the speed of the
slowest memory module installed.
_______________________________________________________________________
 9. When comparing options h and i and imagining that both modules cost the
same, which one would be the better purchase? Explain your reasoning.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10. What type of memory feature will be needed if data accuracy is
paramount for a new computer? ECC
11. What is the minimum amount of RAM recommended to install 32-bit
Windows 8?
[ 512MB | 1GB | 2GB | 4GB ]
12. What method is most effective for preventing an ESD event when
installing RAM?
a. placing the computer on an anti-static mat
b. wearing an anti-static wrist strap
c. staying in contact with an unpainted metal part of the computer
d. wearing rubber-soled shoes and using the buddy system by having
another technician standing by
13. What would be the first sign that a user would see that would indicate to a
technician that more RAM was needed?
a. The computer is slow to respond.
b. The computer makes a ticking noise.
c. A POST error message appears.
d. A recommendation to use the Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool
appeared.
14. How would a technician adjust Internet Explorer (Windows Vista, 7, and
8) for how much drive space is configured for caching web pages?
a. Right-click Computer from Windows Explorer/File Explorer > Manage
b. Settings > Safety
c. on startup > Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool
d. Tools > Internet Options
15. List one easy way to tell how much RAM is installed in a computer.
_______________________________________________________________________
16. [ T | F ] A DDR4 DIMM can fit in a DDR3 expansion slot.
17. You have just added two new memory modules to a computer, but now
 the system will not boot and is beeping multiple times. What will you
check first?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
18. Give an example of how a technician might show teamwork while
working on a help desk.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
19. A system already has installed two 1333MHz memory modules when a
technician adds two more modules that operate at 1600MHz. What will be
the result of this action?
a. The computer won’t boot.
b. The computer might freeze at times.
c. The memory will operate at the 1333MHz speed.
d. All memory will operate at the 1600MHz speed.
20. A technician has received a complaint that a computer is not performing
as well as it used to. Which Windows 8 tool would the technician get the
user to open to QUICKLY tell how much RAM is currently being used by
the open applications?
[ Performance Monitor | Device Manager | System Information Tool | Task
Manager ]

Exercises

Exercise 6.1 Configuring Memory on Paper

Objective:
To be able to determine the correct amount and type of memory
to install on a motherboard
Parts:
Internet access or access to magazines or ads that show memory
prices
Procedure:
Refer to Figure 6.23 and Table 6.10 to answer the questions. This
motherboard supports 533/667/800MHz DDR2 memory modules.
 The capacities supported are 1GB and 2GB for a total of 8GB
maximum. It is not recommended to use a three DIMM
configuration with this board. Memory channel speed is
determined by the slowest DIMM populated in the system.

FIGURE 6.23 Motherboard with four memory slots and two channels
 TABLE 6.10 Motherboard single-/dual-channel combinations
Questions:
1. What memory modules are needed if the customer wants 3GB of RAM?
What capacities and how many modules of each capacity are required?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Is triple-channeling supported by this motherboard?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Using the Internet, a magazine, or a list of memory modules, determine
the exact part numbers and quantities of memory modules that you would
buy. List them with the location of where you obtained the information.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. This motherboard already has 1GB of RAM installed in the DIMM1 slot.
The customer would like to upgrade to 4GB total memory, use the existing
module if possible, and use dual-channel. What memory modules are
needed? What capacities and how many of each capacity are required?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. What memory slots will be used to install the memory based on the
information provided?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. What does the documentation mean when referencing DDR2
533/667/800MHz RAM?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. How do you know which one of the 533, 667, or 800 types of modules to
use?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Using the Internet, a magazine, or a provided list of memory modules,
determine the exact part numbers and quantities of memory modules that
you would buy. List them with the location of where you obtained the
information.
_______________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6.2 Configuring Memory on Paper

Objective:
To be able to determine the correct amount and type of memory
to install on a motherboard
Parts:
Internet access or access to magazines or ads that show memory
prices
Procedure:
 Refer to Figure 6.24 and Table 6.11 to answer the questions. This
motherboard supports the following memory configurations:
• Up to 2GB utilizing 256MB technology
• Up to 4GB utilizing 512MB or 1GB technology
• Up to 8GB utilizing 1GB technology
The desktop board supports either single- or dual-channel
memory configurations. The board has four 240-pin DDR2
SDRAM DIMM connectors with gold-plated contacts. It provides
support for unbuffered, non-registered single or double-sided
DIMMs, non-ECC DDR2 533/667/800MHz memory, and Serial
Presence Detect (SPD) memory only.

FIGURE 6.24 Motherboard with four memory slots and two channels
 TABLE 6.11 Motherboard single-/dual-channel guidelines
Questions:
1. How can this motherboard support 8GB of RAM with only four slots?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What memory features, if any, are used? (Select all that apply.) [ parity |
non-parity | ECC | registered | fully buffered | unbuffered | SPD ]
3. What memory modules are needed if the customer wants 3GB of dual-
channel RAM? (What capacities and how many of each capacity are
required?)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. What memory slots will be used to install the memory based on the
information provided?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Using the Internet, a magazine, or a list of memory modules, determine
the exact part numbers and quantities of memory modules that you would
buy. List them with the location of where you obtained the information.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Will it matter if the motherboard has tin contacts in the memory slots?
Why or why not?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Can DDR memory modules be used with this motherboard? How can you
tell?
 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. If this motherboard already has 1GB of RAM installed in the
DIMM0_ChanA slot and the customer would like to upgrade to 2GB of
dual-channel RAM, what memory modules are needed? (What capacities
and how many of each capacity are required?)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. What suggestions, if any, would you make to the customer before
researching prices?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10. What memory slots will be used to install the memory, based on the
information provided?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
11. Using the Internet, a magazine, or a list of memory modules, determine
the exact part numbers and quantities of memory modules that you would
buy. List them with the location of where you obtained the information.
_______________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6.3 Configuring Memory on Paper

Objective:
To be able to determine the correct amount and type of memory
to install on a motherboard
Parts:
Internet access or access to magazines or ads that show memory
prices
Procedure:
Refer to Figure 6.25 to answer the questions. The motherboard
supports the following memory configurations:
• 1GB, 2GB, 4GB unbuffered and non-ECC DDR3 DIMMs can be
 used in the DIMM slots (1, 2, 3, and 4) for a total of 32GB max using
DDR3 1066/1333MHz modules.
• Recommended memory configurations are modules in DIMMs 1 and
3 or modules in DIMMs 1, 2, 3, and 4.
• Single- and dual-channel modes are supported.
• You may install different sizes in Channel A and B. The dual-channel
configuration will be the total size of the lowest-sized channel. Any
excess memory will operate in single-channel mode.
• >1.65V DIMMs are recommended.
• Use the same CAS latency and obtain from the same vendor, if
possible.
• The default memory operation frequency is dependent on SPD.
 FIGURE 6.25 Second motherboard with four memory slots and two
channels
Questions:
1. What memory features, if any, are used? (Select all that apply.) [ parity |
non-parity | ECC | registered | unbuffered | SPD ]
2. The customer wants 4GB of RAM. What memory modules are needed?
What capacities and how many of each capacity are required?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What memory slots will be used to install the memory suggested in
Question 2?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Using the Internet, a magazine, or a list of memory modules provided by
the instructor, determine the exact part numbers and quantities of memory
modules that you would buy. List them with the location of where you
obtained this information.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. In what type of systems would ECC modules most likely be used? [
student desktop | smartphones | tablets | servers | ultrabooks ]
6. What is the purpose of ECC modules?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. What is the purpose of SPD?
_______________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6.4 Configuring Memory on Paper

Objective:
To be able to determine the correct amount and type of memory
to install on a motherboard
Parts:
Internet access or access to magazines or ads that show memory
prices
Procedure:
Refer to Figure 6.26 to answer the questions. The motherboard
supports the following memory configurations:
• Max memory supported: 16GB
• Memory types: DDR3-1600/1333/1066/800
• Memory channels: 3
• Number of DIMMs: 4
• ECC supported: Yes
• Connectors use gold-plated contacts
• Unbuffered, non-registered single- or double-sided SPD DIMMs with
a voltage rating of 1.65V or less
• Optimal performance can be achieved by installing three matching
DIMMs in the ChanA, ChanB, and ChanC memory slots.
• Dual-channel operation can be achieved by installing matching
DIMMs in ChanB and ChanC or all four memory slots.
 FIGURE 6.26 Triple-channel motherboard
Questions:
1. What memory features, if any, are used? (Select all that apply.) [ parity |
non-parity | ECC | registered | unbuffered | SPD ]
2. The customer wants 8GB of RAM performing triple-channeling. Can this
be done? Why or why not? [ Yes | No ]
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What memory modules are needed to put 8GB of memory on the
motherboard? (What capacities and how many of each capacity are
required?) Justify your choice.
_______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. What memory slots will be used to install the memory suggested in
Question 3?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Using the Internet, a magazine, or a list of memory modules provided by
the instructor, determine the exact part numbers and quantities of memory
modules that you would buy. List them with the location of where you
obtained this information.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. The user has 32-bit Windows 7 installed on this computer. Will there be
any issues with the 8GB of RAM? If so what might those issues be?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. List one method a technician could use to ensure the 8GB are recognized
by the system.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Activities

Internet Discovery

Objective:
To become familiar with researching memory chips using the
Internet
Parts:
A computer with Internet access
Procedure:
Use the Internet to complete the following procedure.
• Power on the computer and start an Internet browser.
 • Using any search engine, locate two vendors that sell memory chips.
• Create a table like the one below and fill in your findings for each of
the memory sites.

Soft Skills

Objective:
To enhance and fine-tune a future technician’s ability to listen,
communicate in both written form and oral form, and support
people who use computers in a professional manner
Activities:
1. On your own, use the Internet to find a utility that tests soft skills or your
personality. Compare your scores with others in the class. Make a list of
how you might improve in specific weak areas. Present your findings to a
group and share your group findings with another group.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Note that this activity requires two computers. In groups of two, have one
person describe in great detail to the other person how to upgrade the
computer’s memory by removing memory from one computer and adding
it to the other. The person doing the physical installation can do nothing
unless the partner describes how to do it. Reverse roles for removing the
memory and re-installing back in the original computer. At the end of the
exercise, the two participants describe to the teacher what they
experienced.
3. In small groups, find a video that describes how to do something on the
 computer. Critique the video for how the speaker might do a better job
communicating to people who are not technicians. Share the video with the
class along with your recommendations for doing it better. As an option,
script a short presentation for how to do something. Tape/record it if
possible and have the class critique each group’s presentation.

Critical Thinking Skills

Objective:
To analyze and evaluate information as well as apply learned
information to new or different situations
Activities:
1. Refer to Figure 6.9 and Table 6.7 in this chapter. Compare and contrast
Solution 2 with Solution 3 as it relates to dual-channeling. Write a list of
your findings and share them with the class.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Using Figure 6.9 in the chapter again, list the repercussions of discovering
that the motherboard supports both single-side and double-sided memory
modules. What would the memory population look like for 8GB (the
maximum) of RAM?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Download a motherboard manual from the Internet or use one provided in
the classroom. Find the memory section and make a list of any terms or
directions that are given that you do not understand. In groups of four or
five, share your lists and come up with as many solutions as possible.
Share your group list with the class. Write any unsolved questions on the
board and bring the answers to those questions back in a week.
Labs

Lab 6.1 Examining Memory Resources Using Device Manager in

Windows 7/8
Objective:
To be able to view memory resources currently being used by
Windows 7 or 8
Parts:
A computer with Windows 7 or 8 installed and rights to use
Device Manager
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Power on the computer and verify that Windows loads. Log on to
Windows using the known user ID and password or one provided by the
instructor or lab assistant.
2. Access the System and Security Control Panel. Under the System section,
select the Device Manager link.
3. Click the View menu option and select Resources by type. Expand the
Memory section by clicking the arrow beside the option.
Which memory addresses are used by the system board?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Right-click the first memory address shown. Select Properties.
What tabs are shown in the window?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Select the Resources tab. All memory resources used by the first device or
option are shown.
Can the motherboard memory resources be changed using the Resources
tab options?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Close the Device Manager window.

Lab 6.2 Examining Memory Resources Using Device Manager in

Windows 10
 Objective:
To be able to view memory resources currently being used by
Windows 10
Parts:
A computer with Windows 10 installed and rights to use Device
Manager
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Power on the computer and verify that Windows loads. Log on to
Windows using the known user ID and password or one provided by the
instructor or lab assistant.
2. From the Start button in the Search the web and Windows textbox, type
device and click the Device Manager Control Panel link from the
resulting list.
3. Click the View menu option and select Resources by type. Expand the
Memory section by clicking the arrow beside the option.
Which memory addresses are used by the system board?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Right-click the first memory address shown. Select Properties.
What tabs are shown in the window?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Select the Resources tab. All memory resources used by the first device or
option are shown.
Can the motherboard memory resources be changed using the Resources
tab options?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Close the Device Manager window.

Lab 6.3 Using the System Information Tool in Windows 7 to View

Memory
Objective:
To be able to view memory resources currently being used by
Windows 7
 Parts:
A computer with Windows 7 installed and rights to use the
System Information Tool
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Access the System and Security Control Panel. Select the System link.
2. On the bottom-left side, select the Performance Information and Tools
link.
3. From the left panel, select the Advanced tools link.
4. Select the View advanced system details in System Information link. Note
that an alternate way to do this is to type msinfo32 in the Search
programs and files textbox and press .
How much physical RAM is installed?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much physical RAM is available?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much total virtual memory does the machine have?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much available virtual memory does the machine have?
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the location and size of the page file?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Close the System Information window.

Lab 6.4 Using the System Information Tool in Windows 8/10 to

View Memory
Objective:
To be able to view memory resources currently being used by
Windows 7
Parts:
A computer with Windows 8 or 10 installed and rights to use the
System Information Tool
 Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Windows 8 and Windows 10 make it harder to get to the System
Information Tool than previous operating systems, but you can still use a
command to access it. From the search textbox, type msinfo32 and press
.
How much physical RAM is installed?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much physical RAM is available?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much total virtual memory does the machine have?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much available virtual memory does the machine have?
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the location and size of the page file?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Close the System Information window.

Lab 6.5 Using Windows 7 Task Manager to View Memory

Objective:
To be able to use the Task Manager tool to view memory
resources currently being used by Windows 7
Parts:
A computer with Windows 7 installed and rights to use Task
Manager
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. After logging on to a Windows 7 computer, press the
keys and select the Start Task Manager link.
2. Access the Performance tab.
What percentage of the CPU is being used?
 _______________________________________________________________________
What is the significance of the number shown by Threads?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Is the total amount of physical memory RAM, cache memory (virtual
memory), or both?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much RAM is available?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Click the Resource Monitor button and select the Overview tab.
What is the percentage of used physical memory?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Expand the Memory section.
List three executable (.exe) files running in memory.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Open an application such as the Calculator accessory. Locate the
application in the Memory section.
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Commit column?
_______________________________________________________________________
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Working Set
column?
_______________________________________________________________________
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Shareable
column?
_______________________________________________________________________
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Private column?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Select the Memory tab.
How much memory is reserved for hardware, if any?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Hold the mouse pointer over the colored bar portion of physical memory
that represents the amount of memory “In Use.” A description of this
portion of the bar appears.
 What is the exact purpose of the “In Use” section?
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Hold the mouse pointer over the colored bar that shows how the
“Standby” portion of physical memory is being used.
What is the exact purpose of the “Standby” section?
_______________________________________________________________________
Determine the exact purpose of the “Free” section. Document your
findings.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Close the System Resource Monitor window and the application window
you opened to learn about the System Resource Monitor. Close the Task
Manager window.

Lab 6.6 Using Windows 8/10 Task Manager to View Memory

Objective:
To be able to use the Task Manager tool to view memory
resources currently being used by Windows 8 or 10
Parts:
A computer with Windows 8 or 10 installed and rights to use Task
Manager
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. After logging on to a Windows 8/10 computer, search for and select the
Task Manager tool.
2. Access the Performance tab.
What percentage of the CPU is being used?
_______________________________________________________________________
Is the total amount of physical memory RAM considered cache memory
(virtual memory) or both?
_______________________________________________________________________
How much RAM is available?
 _______________________________________________________________________
How many RAM slots are used?
_______________________________________________________________________
What speed of memory modules is used?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Click the Open Resource Monitor link and select the Overview tab.
What is the percentage of used physical memory?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Expand the Memory section.
List three executable (.exe) files running in memory.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Open an application such as the Calculator accessory. Locate the
application in the Memory section.
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Commit column?
_______________________________________________________________________
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Working Set
column?
_______________________________________________________________________
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Shareable
column?
_______________________________________________________________________
How many kilobytes are shown for the application in the Private column?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Select the Memory tab.
How much memory is reserved for hardware, if any?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Hold the mouse pointer over the colored bar portion of physical memory
that represents the amount of memory “In Use.” A description of this
portion of the bar appears.
What is the exact purpose of the “In Use” section?
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Hold the mouse pointer over the colored bar that shows how the
“Standby” portion of physical memory is being used.
 What is the exact purpose of the “Standby” section?
_______________________________________________________________________
Determine the exact purpose of the “Free” section. Document your
findings.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Close the System Resource Monitor window. Close the Task Manager
window.