Session 2 Activity/Assignment

Identifying key concepts and their application to teaching and learning (30 points)

Name: KARIE MAE D. TOLONES

Direction: Fill-out the following table. On the 3rd column, discuss in your OWN WORDS the important concepts and describe the
levels of development. On the 4th column, write the implications or applications of the theories to classroom or teaching-learning
using your OWN WORDS. Do not just copy-paste from external sources.

Developmental Learning Theories

Theorist Theory/Theories Important Concepts/Levels of Implications/ Applications to

Development Classroom or Teaching-Learning
Sigmund Stages of Psychosexual As described in the Psychosexual Freud's Theories assist teachers in
Freud Development; Development, the libido or the understanding the developmental
Psychoanalytic Theory psychosexual energy is the driving force of characteristics of their students,
the human behavior. In this theory, Freud allowing them to improve their
suggested that there are 5 psychosexual understanding of the students while
stages that leads to personality also recognizing that individuals in the
development, and these are the oral, anal, process of growth and development
phallic, latent, and genital stages. In the progress through various stages at
oral stage, the baby has a thumb-sucking different rates. Each person is clearly
tendency which may lead to oral fixation if different and possesses distinct
it will not be given an attention. That is characteristics. This is obvious since
why there are some people who bites their no two individuals are exact copies;
nails or smokes if they are under stress. they vary widely in terms of
The anal stage is dependent on the toilet intellectual ability, skill sets, and other
training of the parents. If the parents capabilities. As a result, the teacher
provide support and impose strict training must accept the learners' differences
at this stage, the child will develop an anal- and provide instruction tailored to
retentive personality who hates mess and their specific needs.
wants everything to be in order, while
 parents who are less strict and doesn’t
provide encouragement will cause the child
to develop an anal expulsive personality
which is characterized by being
disorganized and careless. In the Phallic
Stage, the child is now aware of the
physical difference between boy and girl.
This causes the boys to develop an
Oedipus complex and Electra complex for
girls. In the latent stage, the sexual urge
or desire of the child is hidden and their
focus at this stage is primarily on building
relationship with the society especially with
their family and peers. The last stage is the
genital stage wherein the libido is once
again active thus the individual develops
sexual interest to the opposite sex.

Psychoanalysis theory suggested that

human behavior is influenced by the
interaction of the 3 components of the
mind, the Id, Superego, and Ego. The Id
primarily operates unconsciously. This is
the aggressive, arrogant, and self-centered
part of the mind. The superego serves as
the conscience of the mind that complies
to the society’s moral code. Lastly, the ego
which is the rational part of the mind and
blocks irrational thinking. It balances the id
and the superego.
Erik Erikson Psycho-Social Theory of The Psycho-Social Theory of Development Using the Psycho-Social Theory of
Development focuses on how social interactions can Development, the teachers will have a
affect the growth and development of the better understanding on the influence
individuals. Erikson believed that if a of social interaction to the learning of
person experiences a conflict and he or she the students. Through this knowledge,
 will overcome it, then that is when they will allow their students to take
development occurs. He devised 8 stages charge in activities and on their
of Psycho-Social Development namely the: personal learning. These activities
Infancy stage, Early Childhood Stage, must also include their interest and
Preschool Age Stage, School Age, allows them to interact with their
Adolescence Stage, Young Adulthood classmates or people outside the
Stage, Middle Adulthood Stage, and Late classroom.
Adulthood Stage.
Jean Piaget Stages of Cognitive The Cognitive Development Theory of Through Piaget’s theory on Cognitive
Development Piaget suggests that intellectual abilities development, the teacher can be able
changes as the individual grows. In short, to identify the appropriate teaching
children gradually become logical thinker strategies that matches their students’
as they become adults. Piaget’s Theory cognitive level. For example, if the
explains how our cognitive aspect develops teacher teaches senior high school
in 4 stages: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, students, he or she must deliver
Concrete Operational, and Formal information in more advance manner
Operational Stages. compared to kindergarten teachers.
Lawrence Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development The theory on Moral Development
Kohlberg Development emphasizes that our cognitive educates the teachers to acknowledge
development evolves in the three levels of the different moral perspective of the
moral reasoning: pre-conventional, students and can use it in the learning
conventional, and post-conventional. Each process. After identifying the learners’
level has their two separate stages. morality level, the teachers can create
ways on how to advance their moral
In the Pre-conventional morality, the child thinking.
is not yet aware or internalized the
situations that the society’s considered as
right and wrong, and their decisions are
solely based on external consequences.
The two stages under this level are the
Obedience and Punishment Orientation
(Stage 1) and the Individualism and
Exchange (Stage 2).

In the Conventional morality, the sense of

 morality of the individual is tied to the
social rules. The two stages under this
level are the Good Interpersonal
relationships (Stage 3) and the
Maintaining the Social Order (Stage 4).

In the Post-Conventional Morality, the

person reaches the realization that
individuals may disobey the rules set by
the society if it does not coincide with
their own principles. They don’t simply
obey without questioning. The two stages
are Social Contract and Individual Rights
(Stage 5) and Universal Principles.
Lev Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory, ZPD Vygotsky’s theory stresses the importance Using Vygotsky’s Theory, the teacher
of social interaction for cognitive can guide the learners on their
development via guided learning or the learning process especially on the
zone of proximal development. For areas that they need assistance.
Vygotsky, cognitive development of the Teachers can also apply the
child without guidance will delayed Scaffolding method by mainly focusing
compared to those who are guided by their on the honing process of students’
parents or guardians. weaker areas.
Urie Bioecological Systems The Bioecological Systems Theory Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological
Bronfenbrene Theory emphasizes that the environment in which Systems Theory can be applied in
r the child interacts or grew has a huge teaching by identifying and
influenced to his or her growth and establishing a conducive learning
development. According to environment for the students. For
Bronfenbrenner, there are multiple example, one way for the DepEd
environments that causes the external teachers to be part of the microsystem
influence on the child’s development: of the students, they conducted home
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, visitation every end of the quarter to
Macrosystem and the Chronosystem. know the student better as well as
their families and living environment.
Rubric for Scoring the Assignment

Level of Description
Performanc
e
Exceptional Thorough and detailed analysis or understanding of the topic; provides justifications for all points; Writing is
(26-30) clear, concise, and well organized; thoughts are expressed in a coherent and logical manner.
Excellent (21- Complete understanding or analysis of the topic; justifications for most points; Writing is mostly clear,
25) concise, and well organized; thoughts are mostly expressed in a coherent and logical manner.
Very Good Mostly complete understanding or analysis of the topic; justifications for some points; Writing is quite
(16-20) unclear and/or disorganized.
Acceptable Incomplete understanding or analysis of the topic; justifications provided for some points though incomplete;
(11-15) Writing is mostly unclear and/or disorganized. Thoughts ramble and make little sense.
Poor (0-10) Incomplete understanding or analysis of the topic; justifications inadequate or not present; Writing is unclear
and disorganized; thoughts ramble and make no sense.