EXPERIMENT NO.

Non-Inverting Amplifier with feedback.

OBJECTIVE: To Study op-amp 741IC as a non-inverting amplifier with feedback.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Accessories:
Power Supply ± 12V
Input Supply (0-5V)
CRO
Bread Board, connecting wires, Signal generator for a.c. signal
Components:
IC741
Resistors, R, = lKn/0.25W/10%
Rf = 10KQ/0.25W/10%

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

-'Wwv
.+Vct
R
^7

A
.vr3 -J A Vo - )
tr-v€.e

T v*

: A/on - Invert To ^ /Qrop J j' ^ie "V

THEORY:
Figure shows a non-inverting amplifier. The o/p Voltage Vo is of the same polarity as the input
voltage Vin. The input resistance of the non-inverting amplifier is very large (100MQ) in this case. The
input signal is applied directly to the non-inverting (+ve) input terminal of the amplifier and the
feedback resistance are connected between the output terminal, the -ve input terminal and ground.
The Minimum Cain of the Non-Inverting Amplif ier is 1.

Closed -Loop Voltage Cain (AF):

Af= Vo/Vin
However, Vo = A (Vi - V2)
Referring to figure,
V, = Vin
 V2 = \/f = RiVo since Ri »> R 1
(Ri + rf)
Therefore,
Vo = A( Vin - RjVo )
(Ri + Rf)
Rearranging, we get
Vo = A(Ri -t-RplVin
Ri + Rf + ARj
Thus
Af - Vo_- A(Ri +Rp)
Vin Ri + Rf + ARi

Generally A is very large (typically 105). Therefore

AR1»(R] + Rf) and (Ri + Rp + ARj) « ARi
Thus
i Ap = Vg = 1 + Rp_ (ideal)
Vin Ri

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the i/p to the Non-Inverting terminal and obtain the output on the CRO.
3. Take various readings by varying the input voltage and hence calculate the gain.
4. Calculate the gain using formula.

*f = 1 + Rp_ (Theoretical)
Ri

AF = Vg (Practical)
Vin

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Vin Vo Ap= 1 + (Rf/Ri) Ap = Vo/Vin

No. (Volts) (Volts) (Theoretical) (Practical)
i-
2.
3.
4.

RESULT:
Voltage Gain of the Non-Inverting amplifier is always greater than unity. The Theoretical and
Practical values of the Gain are nearly matching.
 EXPERIMENT N0.2

Inverting Amplifier with feedback.

OBJECTIVE'- To Study op-amp 741IC as a Inverting amplifier with feedback.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Accessories:
Power Supply ± 12V
Input Supply (0-5V)
CRO
Bread Board, connecting wires, Signal generator for a.c. signal
Components:
IC741
Resistors, Rj = 1KQ/0.25W/10%
Rf = 10KQ/0.25W/10%

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

[—A/WW AA/Yv^-
I
■sfvcc

T V»n
A O'

Vt Vo~ ~ V-
rn
V
-vee

V
rt^ XoveTfHn Goi-ZiS
3 Pteccf be5.c.,K

THEORY:
Figure shows a inverting amplifier. The o/p Voltage Vo is of the opposite polarity as the input voltage
Vin. The input signal is applied directly to the inverting (-ve) input terminal of the amplifier and the
feedback resistance is also connected between the output terminal, the -ve input terminal and ground.
The Sain of the Inverting Amplifier can be set below unity i.e. 1. Hence the inverting amplifier
configuration with feedbacks lends itself to a majority of applications as against those of the non­
inverting amplifier.

Closed -Loop Voltage Sain (AF):

The closed-loop voltage gain AF can be obtained by writing Kirchoffs Current equation at the
input node V2 as follows:
lin = IF + Ib (1)
Since Ri is very large, the input bias current IB is negligibly small. For instance
Ri = 2MQ and IB = 0.5jiA for 741C. Therefore,
lin = If
That is,
Vin - V? = V? - Vo (2)
Ri Rf
However,
V, - V2 = Vo/A
Since Vi = OV,
V2= -Vo/A
Substituting this value of V2 in Equation (2)

Vin ± Vo/A = -(Vo/A) - Vo

Ri Rf

Af= Vg = __ ARr____ (3)

Vin Ri + RF + 4Ri

Since the internal gain A of op-amp is very large (ideally infinity), AR! » Rj + RF.
Therefore equ. (3) can be rewritten as,
Af = Vo = Rf. (ideal)
Vin R i

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the i/p to the Inverting terminal and obtain the output on the CRO.
3. Take various readings by varying the input voltage and hence calculate the gain.
4. Calculate the gain using formula.

= - Rf. (Theoretical)
Ri

AF = Vg (Practical)
Vin

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Vin Vo Af=-(Rf/Ri)' AF = Vo/Vin

No. (Volts) (Volts) (Theoretical) (Practical)
1.
2.
3.
4.

RESULT:
Voltage Sain of the Inverting amplifier depends only on the feedback components and is
independent of the internal gain 'A' of the op-amp. The value of AF can be less than unity. The
Theoretical and Practical values of the Sain are nearly matching.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

First order Low-Pass filter.

OBJECTIVETo Design a First order Low-Pass Butterworth filter.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Accessories:
Power Supply ±12V
Input Supply (1) (0-5V)
CRO
Bread Board, connecting wires, and Signal generator for a.c. signal
Components:
IC741
Resistors, R, = 10KD
Rf = 10KQ
Pot = 20KQ
C = O.OlfiF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
A low pass filter has a constant gain from 0Hz ta a high cutoff frequency fH. Therefore the
bandwidth is also fH. At fH the (Sain is down by 3 dB ; after that (f > fH) it decreases with the increase in
input frequency. The frequency between 0Hz and fH are known as the passband frequencies, whereas
the range of frequencies, those beyond fn, that are attenuated includes the stopband frequencies.
First order low-pass Butterworth filter uses an RC network for filtering. Note that the op-amp
is used in the noninverting configuration; hence it does not load down the RC network. Resistors Ri and
Rf determine the Gam of the filter.

Vo = (1 + R£)V,
Ri
af= (1 ♦ Rf )
Ri

Vo = A, (D
Vin 1 + j(f/fH)

Where, Vo/Vin = gain of the filter as a function of the frequency

Af = 1 + Rp/Ri = Passband Gain of the filter,
f = frequency of the input signal
fH = 1/2tiRC = High cutoff frequency of the filter

The Ga\n magnitude and phase angle equations of the low-pass filter can be obtained by
converting Equation (1) in equivalent polar form, as follows:
Magnitude,
Vo = .__ AE__
Vin / 1* (f/fn)2
 ■vwvw Mmaa
I o k—n_

V
^vcc
y

/V/VVW
-2.0-k pof
Q+

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v.-AXv
O.-ol

V
V
F>3 .' Fivsf Order Loco- Pg-Z'S' fil-he.'T CKf-

Vofiaj e gain
h

Ar ----- 2.0 o| b/
e Q-cXuat^.
0-?o?/\F

Stop kxxrtof
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pnr €gv<Lr\ Ckj

Pve yuency Pci- ponr(2

-
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8

First order High-Pass filter.

OBJECTIVE: to Design a First order High-Pass Butterworth filter

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Accessories:
Power Supply ±12V
Input Supply (1) (0-5V)
CRO
Bread Board, connecting wires, and Signal generator for a.c.. signal
Components:
IC741
Resistors, Ri = 10KQ
Rf = 10 KQ
Pot = 20102
C ^ 0.01|iF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
A High pass filter has a stopband 0 < f < fL and a passband f > fL. FL is the low cutoff frequency,
and f is the operating frequency.

Vo = (1 + Rg) i27tfRC Vin

Ri 1 + j27ifRC
AF = (1 + Rp_)
R

VgrA ( i(f/f,n ...d)

Vir

Where, Vo/Vin = gain of the filter as a function of the frequency

Ap = 1 + Rp/Rj = Passband Gain of the filter,
f * frequency of the input signal (Hz)
fL = l/27tRC - Low cutoff frequency of the filter (Hz)

The Gain magnitude and phase angle equations of the High-pass filter can be obtained by
converting Equation G) in equivalent polar form, as follows:
Magnitude,
Vo t . Ap(f/fi)___
Vin / U (f/fL)z

& = - Tan'( f/fL)

Where 0 is phase angle in degrees.
 0 = - tan'l( f/fn )
VVhere 0 is phase angle in degrees.

PROCEDURE: •
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Choose a value of high cutoff frequency fH.
3. Select a value of C less than or equal to IpF.
4. Calculate the value of R using,
R = 1
27ifHC
5. Finally select values of Rj and rF dependent on the desired pass band gain A? using,
Ap = 1 ■►Rp
Ri

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Vin Vo = ___Ap__ 0 = - tan_1( f/fH

No. (Volts) Vin / U (f/fH)2 )

1.
2.
3.
4.

RESULT:
Thus the low-pass filter has a constant gain AF from 0Hz to the high cutoff frequ .ry fH.

e.

<^1 t
 ctPMIMli juXiT-
rj
y & If; ’’M'j} ‘iB»»ERlMENT
NO. 12
555asa Monostable Multivibrator. „c n.,= ;>,.w
OBJECTIVE- To Desiqnrfl Monostable Multivibrator using 555 Timer.
i v, 'Jr’-:!: ‘.X' . -JU- . 'ri-'-

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Accessories:
Power Supply +5V
CRO
.orr.
Bread Board, connecting wires, Signal generator.
^Components:
IC555
Resistors*.
r
C, = O.OlpF
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

pc
THEORY: vn .
A monostable multivibrator, often called a one-shot multivibrator, is a Pulse generating circuit in
which the duration of the pulseds determined by the RC network connected externally^ to the 555-timer.
In,a stable or standby state the output of the circuit is approximately zero'or at logic-low level. When
ah .external trigger pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high (= Vcc). The time the output remains
high is. determined by the external RC network connected to the timer. AT the end of the timing
interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic-low-stable state. The output remains low until
the trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. The monostable circuit has only one stable
state (output low), hence the name monostable. Normally, the output of the monostable multivibrator is
lew.
Monostable operation; . u
According to fig. (b) initially when output is low, that is , the circuit is in a. stable state,
transistor Qi is on and the capacitor C is shorted out of the ground. However, upon application of a
negative trigger pulse to pin 2, transistor Qj is turned off, which releases the short circuit across th :
external capacitor C and drives the output high. The capacitor C now starts charging up toward Vcc
through R*. However, when the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc, comparator Ts output
switches from low to high, which in turn drives the output to its low state via the output of th« flip-fInp
At the same time, the output of the flip-flop turns transistor Qi ON, and hence capacitor C rapidly
uischarges through the transistor. The output of the monostable remains low until a trigger pulse is
again applied. Then the cycle reprats. Fig.(c) shows the trigger input,-output voltage, and capacitor
voltage waveform. As shown here, the pulse width of the trigger input must be smaller than the
expected pulse width of the output waveform. A Iso rthe trigger pulse must be a negative-going input
sianal with amplitude, larger than 1/3 Vcc.
The time duration that the output remains high is given by,
tp = 1.1RaC secands
PROCEDURE: t
1. Make ihe connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Select RA<St C according to time dqratjon required.
3. Take the output on CRO JV

4. Calculate the practical time-period by the waveform on CRO.

5. Calculate the theoretical time period by 1.1RAC.
6. Calculate the frequency of the waveform.
CONCLUSION:

)
 Qrovnff E #

* d 555 7} D i 2 g K ^

Outpuf [3 H T^yeshold

U Conhol VO (fane.

^•* S'5"S’ 'tfnvz-r' Connechhn £>r&.cj 'T&rn

+vcc <

s ^ f^ecef-----
+ 'T-risjzv
---- »
z
o
-r- C
<
3
Output
5 c,
v
0-01 /iF

5"SS (Connect c| C?-S a MonoS-faMe r^To ff/V/fc'ro.+ov

r3 :
* .•

TWc^er ir^pot +v.cc

- ~ 0V
<V
T I 1
f

Oufpot ^AlaVcfTjYrr) - = Vcc

1
0v

l
I
- -| Vcc
Capocrhyr Volf^c

OV

P3: Xnpu^ Qnaj Oufpot Wcn/e| €>'rrr\S

3B-
 l 3 i

EXPERIMENT NO. 13

555as a Astab/e Multivibrator.

OBJECTIVE: To Design a Astable Multivibrator using 555 Timer.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Accessories:
Power Supply +5V
CRO
Bread Board, connecting wires, Signal generator.
Components:
IC555
Resistors, Ra, Rb, C
Cj = O.OlpF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
A astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is c rectangular-wave­
generating circuit. Unlike the monostable multivibrator this circuit does not require any external
trigge> ing to change the state of the output, hence the name free-running. However, the time during
which the output is either high or low is determined by the two resistors and a capacitor, which are
externally connected to the 555 timer.
Astable operation:
According to fig. (a) initially when output is high, capacitor C starts charging toward Vcc through
Ra and Rg. However as soon as voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc, comparator 1 triggers the
flip-flop, and the output switches low. Now capacitor C stars discharging through RB and transistor Qi.
When the voltage across C equals 1/3 Vcc, comparator 2's output triggers the flip-flop, and the output
goes high. Then the cycle repeats. The output voltage and capacitor voltage are shown in fig (b).
As shown in this figure, the capacitor is periodica lly charged and discharged between 2/3 Vcc
and 1/3 Vcc, respectively. The time during which the capacitor charge from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal
to the time the output is high and is given by
tc = 0.69(Ra + Rb) C .. ..........(a)
Where RA and Rg are in ohms and C is in farads. Similarly, the time during which the capacitor
discharges from 2/3Vcc to l/3Vcc is equal to the time the output is low and is given by
td = 0.69(Ra) C ... -...(b)

Thus the total period of output waveform is

T = tc ♦ td = 0.690^ + 2Rb) C .......... (c)

Frequency of Oscillation is
fo = 1 1.45 (d)
T (Ra ♦ 2Rb) C

Duty Cycle:- The duty cycle is the ratio of the time tc during which the output is high to the total time
period T. It is generally expressed as a percentage.
 ' X duty cycle .* tg * 100
T

= : ICO ....... ............. (e)

(*a * 2Rb)

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Select RA, R& A C according to time duration required.
3. Take the output on CRO.
4. Calculate the the time the output is high, the time the output is Idw, Total time period,
frequency and % duty cycle.

CONCLUSION:
 cJ vy i_ji j-/ v_> i jn. i j_i jLyj_iviv_ij_ii_>- |',ICA11 utcii i-, \j t-. yj~ £-. jl

MOM’S

Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College,

Aurangabad

Solid State Devices

Laboratory Manual

Department of Electrical Engineering |

i_» 1 II 1 l-i l_yi_lV I'ICili CICH tmi\J L*\J ~ Lu X.

For
Second Year Students

Manual made by

Miss.

Department of Electrical Engineering |

 SOLID STATE DEVICES- Manual 2020-21

JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE
AURANGABAD
Department of Electrical Engineering

Vision of JNEC

To create self-reliant, continuous learner and competent technocrats imbued with

human values.

Mission of JNEC

1. Imparting quality technical education to the students through participative teaching -

learning process.

2. Developing competence amongst the students through academic learning and practical

experimentation.

3. Inculcating social mindset and human values amongst the students.

JNEC Environmental Policy

1. The environmental control during its activities, product and services.

2. That applicable, legal and statutory requirements are met according to environmental

needs.

3. To reduce waste generation and resource depletion.

4. To increase awareness of environmental responsibility amongst its students and staff.

5. For continual improvement and prevention of pollution.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE I

 SOLID STATE DEVICES- Manual 2020-21
JNEC Quality Policy:

Institute is committed to:

• To provide technical education as per guidelines of competent authority.

• To continually improve quality management system by providing additional

resources required. Initiating corrective & preventive action & conducting

management review meeting at periodical intervals.

• To satisfy needs & expectations of students, parents, society at large.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 7

 yJKJLJLLJ i_> L JV l l_i 1-/i_i V 1 V_j JU vJ “ 1*1 Cll 1 CICll i-t\J

FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for third year engineering students for the

subject of solid state devices. Keeping in view the vast coverage required for visualization of

concepts of solid state devices components with simple language.

As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind

regarding the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself, will greatly

relived them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the

students once they are conceptually clear

Department of Electrical Engineering | m

 juils i~> i n x i_i licii c-.\j j_

LABORATORY MANNUAL CONTENTS

This manual is intended for the second year students of Electrical Engineering in the subject of

solid state devices

Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in

the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of

theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions

Miss.

Department of Electrical Engineering |

 SOLID STATE DEVICES- Manual 2020-21

Electrical Engineering Department

VISION:

• To develop competent Electrical Engineers with human values.

MISSION:

• To Provide Quality Technical Education To The Students Through Effective Teaching­

learning Process.

• To Develop Student's Competency Through Academic Learning, Practical And Skill

Development Programs.

• To Encourage Students For Social Activities & Develop Professional Attitude Along With

Ethical Values.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 8

 SOLID STATE DEVICES- Manual 2020-21

1 Introduction to Electronics Lab

Objective
The laboratory emphasizes the practical, hands-on component of this course. It complements the
theoretical material presented in lecture, and as such, is integral and indispensible to the mastery of the
subject. There are several items of importance here including proper safety procedures, required tools,
and laboratory reports.

Lab Safety and Tools

If proper procedures are followed, the electrical lab is a perfectly safe place in which to work. Liquids are
of particular danger as they are ordinarily conductive. While the circuitry used in lab normally presents no
shock hazard, some of the test equipment may have very high internal voltages that could be lethal (in
excess of 10,000 volts) along with the 120 VAC power used to operate the equipment that can also be
lethal if good safety practices are not followed, the power to each piece of test equipment should be
turned off, the bench itself should be turned off, all AC and DC power and signal sources should be
turned down to zero, and all other equipment and components properly stowed with lab stools pushed
under the bench. Any cables or cords used in the lab should be stored properly after the exercise is
completed.

The tools include an electronic breadboard, test leads, wire strippers, and needle nose pliers or hemostats.
A small pencil soldering iron may also be useful. A basic DMM (digital multimeter) rounds out the list.

Breadboard or protoboard

This particular unit features two main wiring sections with a common strip section down the center.
Boards can be larger or smaller than this and may or may not have the mounting plate as shown. The
connections are spaced 0.1 inch apart which is the standard spacing for many semiconductor chips. These
are clustered in groups of five common terminals to allow multiple connections. These are called buses
and are designed for power and ground connections. Interconnections are normally made using small
diameter solid hookup wire, usually AWG 22 or 24. Larger gauges may damage the board while smaller
gauges do not always make good connections and are easy to break.

Component Identification
In this lab, many different electronic components are used including passive devices such as resistors and
capacitors as well as semiconductors such as diodes and transistors, and finally, integrated circuits.

Resistors and Potentiometers

Resistors are perhaps the single most common component. They are classified as passive devices (versus
active devices AKA semiconductors). Resistors have two leads and are not directional so they cannot be
inserted backwards. Leads are usually axial (i.e., emanating from opposite ends). The physical size of a
resistor indicates its power handling capacity, not its resistance. The general purpose lab resistor is

Departmentof Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE g£g|

 SOLID STATE DEVICES- Manual 2020-21
usually a carbon film type, 'A watt dissipation. Resistance values are shown via a color coded series of
bands for most types, although high precision resistors may have the value printed directly on the body.

Potentiometers may be either rotary or linear travel (slider), with rotary being the most common. Most
rotary pots are 3/4 turn, although precision trim pots may be 20 turns or more. Typically, the center of the
three connections is the wiper arm. Rotary pots may be designed for panel mount (for example, a volume
control on a stereo) or board mounts (such as a calibration control).

Capacitors

Capacitors are also classified as passives and can be though of as very short term energy storage devices.
Capacitors are dual lead but may have either axial or radial (radiating from one end) leads. Unlike
resistors, the physical size of a capacitor offers a clue as to its capacitance and voltage rating.

Inductors

The third and final passive device is the inductor. Also non-polarized, they normally have axial leads.
Smaller values may be completely encapsulated and appear not much different from a carbon composition
resistor.

Diodes

Diodes are a two lead semiconductor. They are polarized and typically have axial leads. The two leads are
referred to as the anode and cathode. Signal diodes are around the size of'A watt resistors and sometimes
use a glass body. The cathode is marked by a band or stripe on the body of the diode.

Transistors

There are many types of transistors. Generally, they are three lead devices. Component model numbers
will be stamped directly onto the case. Small power dissipation (< 500 mW) units will usually be seen in
plastic TO-92 cases, round metal TO-5 cans or variations on the theme.

Transformers .:

Transformers can vary from tiny audio devices to room size devices used in po\yer generation and
distribution. No matter the size, their job is a simple one: to isolate the source and load, to match two
different impedance devices or to change the voltage level. A very common application is stepping down
a 120 VAC line voltage to a more modest level so that it can be rectified, filtered, and turned into a stable
DC source to drive electronic circuits.

Heat Sinks

Heat sinks are not a device, per se, but they are essential tools of semiconductor heat management. Their
job is to effectively move heat from the semiconductor’s case to the surrounding air, keeping the
semiconductor cool. They range in size from small clip-ons to large extruded aluminum finned plates.

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