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Test On A Single Phase Transformer: Ranasinghe R.A.D.P. Rathnayaka R.M.C. Wijethilaka D.T.B. Wikramaarachchi G.T

The document discusses a test performed on a single phase transformer. It provides details of the test such as the rated currents of the high voltage and low voltage sides. It also calculates the equivalent circuit parameters including the winding leakage resistance, magnetizing reactance, winding resistance, and winding leakage reactance based on measurements from open circuit and short circuit tests. The document discusses sources of error in transformer experiments such as resistance of connecting wires and errors in measurement instruments.

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Isuru Pasan Dasanayake
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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86 views

Test On A Single Phase Transformer: Ranasinghe R.A.D.P. Rathnayaka R.M.C. Wijethilaka D.T.B. Wikramaarachchi G.T

The document discusses a test performed on a single phase transformer. It provides details of the test such as the rated currents of the high voltage and low voltage sides. It also calculates the equivalent circuit parameters including the winding leakage resistance, magnetizing reactance, winding resistance, and winding leakage reactance based on measurements from open circuit and short circuit tests. The document discusses sources of error in transformer experiments such as resistance of connecting wires and errors in measurement instruments.

Uploaded by

Isuru Pasan Dasanayake
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

Instructed By: Name : Pathiragoda G.D.N.C.


Miss K.R.S.Dematagolla. Course : B.Sc Engineering Level 2
Names of group partners: Field : CSE
Ranasinghe R.A.D.P. Index No. : 020274
Rathnayaka R.M.C. Group : G4 – 8
Wijethilaka D.T.B. Date of Performance : 15/12/2003
Wikramaarachchi G.T. Date of Submission : 19/12/2003
CALCULATION
Rated current
HV side = 4000/400
= 10 A
LV side = 4000/230
= 17.39 A

Equivalent circuit parameters


Open Circuit Test
Winding Leakage Resistance (rc)
rc = V1rated2 /P
Rc = 2202 /46
Rc = 1052.17Ω

Magnetizing Reactance (Xm)


Iin2 = Ic2 + Im2
Iin2= (V1rated/rc)2+( V1rated/Xm)2
0.942 = (220/1052.17) 2+( 220/Xm) 2
Xm=240.06Ω

Short Circuit Test


Winding Resistance (R)
R = P/I1rated2
= 67/102
= 0.67Ω

Winding Leakage reactance (X1eq)


Vin2 = Vx2 + Vr2
2
Vin = Iin2 (R2 + X2)
8.62 = 102 (0.672 + X2)
X = 0.539Ω

Voltage Regulation =
=

Efficiency =
=
DISCUSSION
Transformer is an electrical device consisting of one coil of wire placed in close
proximity to one or more other coils, used to couple two or more alternating-current (AC)
circuits together by employing the induction between the coils. It has two windings, which are
connected through a magnetic core.
The coil connected to the power source is called the primary coil, and the other
coil is known as secondary. A transformer in which the secondary voltage is higher than the
primary is called a step-up transformer. If the secondary voltage is less than the primary, the
device is known as a step-down transformer. The product of current and voltage is constant in
each set of coils, so that in a step-up transformer, the voltage increase in the secondary is
accompanied with a corresponding decrease in the current.
Efficient power transmission requires a step-up transformer at the power-
generating station to raise voltages, with a corresponding decrease in current. Line power losses
are proportional to the square of the current times the resistance of the power line, so that very
high voltages and low currents are used for long-distance transmission lines to reduce losses. At
the receiving end, step-down transformers reduce the voltage, and increase the current, to the
residential or industrial voltage levels, usually 230V.

Power Transformers
Power Transformers are large devices which are used in electric power systems,
and small units in electronic devices. Industrial and residential power transformers that operate at
the line frequency, may be single phase or three-phase, and are designed to handle high voltages
and currents.
Power transformers must be efficient and should dissipate as little power as
possible in the form of heat during the transformation process. Efficiencies are normally above
99 percent and are obtained by using special steel alloys to couple the induced magnetic fields
between the primary and secondary windings. The dissipation of even 0.5 percent of the power
transmitted in a large transformer generates large amounts of heat, which requires special cooling
provisions. Typical power transformers are installed in sealed containers that have oil or another
substance circulating through the coils to transfer the heat to external radiatorlike surfaces, where
it can be discharged to the surrounding atmosphere.

Transformer in Electronics
In electronic equipment, transformers with capacities in the order of 1 kw are
largely used ahead of a rectifier, which in turn supplies direct current (DC) to the equipment.
Such electronic power transformers are usually made of stacks of steel alloy sheets, called
laminations, on which copper wire coils are wound. Transformers in the 1- to 100-W power level
are used principally as step-down transformers to couple electronic circuits to loudspeakers in
radios, television sets, and high-fidelity equipment. These are known as audio transformers and
they use only a small fraction of their power rating to deliver program material in the audible
ranges, with minimum distortion. The transformers are judged on their ability to reproduce
sound-wave frequencies (from 20 Hz to 25 kHz) with minimal distortion over the full sound
power level.
At power levels of 1 milliwatt or less, transformers are primarily used to couple
ultrahigh-frequency (UHF), very-high frequency (VHF), radio-frequency (RF), and intermediate-
frequency (IF) signals, and to increase their voltage. These high-frequency transformers usually
operate in a tuned or resonant circuit, in which tuning is used to remove unwanted electrical
noise at frequencies outside the desired transmission range.
Losses of a Transformer
Considering a transformer, losses which occur can be stated as,
• Copper loss in the windings, which vary the current
• Hysterisis and eddy current losses in the laminated iron-core constant in the neighbourhood
of a normal operating voltage
• Dielectric losses in the insulation material (appreciable only in case of high voltage
transformer)
• Leakage flux in the magnetic circuit
An eddy current is a current induced into a conductor by an alternating magnetic
field. When a coil of wire surrounds a ferromagnetic core, like iron, for example a transformer,
the changing magnetic field induces an eddy current in the core. To minimize the Eddy current
loss we use a laminated core in order to reduce the paths for the eddy currents.

Errors in the Experiment

There may be several reasons which cause errors in the experiment.

• Resistance of the connecting wires.


• Reading errors in volt meter and ammeter.
• Errors in measuring instruments as they are not ideal.

Also during the experiment as we expect to get some readings at the rated voltage
of the transformer it was not possible. The maximum voltage we could take by the supply was
220 V as the voltage is dropped due to other connected equipments which take high currents.
Therefore the calculations are done using 220V. Also in the experiment measuring instruments
had to be selected with appropriate scales to minimize the possible errors.
REFERENCES
• Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe version 2002
• Electrical Machinery :-- Chalres Kingsley
A.E. Fitzgerald
Stephen D.Umans

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