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2.13 Electrical Field II

2.13.1 Introduction
For the first week of my schedule in Ports Authority I was appointed to the Electrical Field II.
This section stands for handling the electrical wiring systems of port’s buildings, yards and
streets. Planning, designing, installations and maintenance of the wiring systems are carried out
by this section. In addition to that planning the illumination systems of the port’s buildings and
procurement of new accessories for wiring also come under the duties of this section. This
section is supervised under the Electrical Engineer Mrs.H.B.A.Subhashini and there is a Work
Superintend under her to handle the daily duties.

2.13.2 Domestic Wiring System

When I was there I learned the domestic wiring system and I was able to went to a newly built
apartment and study its wiring system. And also I learned how to measure the current flowing
through a wire using Clipon Meter. A simple block diagram of a single phase domestic wiring
system is given below.
1 mm²
2.5 mm²
L N L N 6A 16A
2 4 2 4
M M M
DP-MCB RCCB C C C
1 3 1 3 B B B

F R
Regulator

L N

. Neutral Bar

Earthing Bar

.
Figure 2.10 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A SINGLE PHASE DOMESTIC WIRING

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2.13.3 Circuit Breakers

During that week I was able to learn about the different types of circuit breakers which are used
in domestic wiring systems. A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch
designed to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow.
 Miniature Circuit Breaker ( MCB )
MCBs are normally used for protecting the wiring circuits from over load or short circuit
faults in residential installations. Rated current of an MCB is not more than 100 A and
they have thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.
 Molded Case Circuit Breaker ( MCCB )
This is similar to MCB but has a higher over current rating MCB. MCCBs are used in
distribution panels in large three phase installations and have rated current up to 2500 A.
 Residual Current Circuit Breaker ( RCCB )
RCCBs are used to prevent electrocution by detecting leakages currents which can be
dangerous for humans and disconnect the circuits from the power supply.

2.13.4 Planning Illumination projects and Selection of Luminaries

When I was at the Electrical Field II I studied a Lighting Catalog and obtained a fair knowledge
about various types of lamps, ballasts and lighting fixtures. And also I learned the procedure of
planning an illumination system for a building. First of all the site condition is analyzed and
investigated. Site condition is analyzed by measuring the normal illumination level of the
location. I was able to experience the way of measuring the illumination level using Lux Meter.
After these conditions are investigated an appropriate lighting technique is analyzed. After
calculating all the required factors suitable lamps are selected to give adequate illumination level.
There are some formulas and factors to decide the selection of luminaries and they are provided
in the Annex A15,2,13,4. After deciding the types and number of lamps and fixtures the plan of
illumination is implemented.

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2.14 Electrical Field I & IV

2.14.1 Introduction
I was at both EF I and EF IV in the second week of my training at the Colombo Port. Both of
these sections are supervised by the Electrical Engineer Mr.P.A.R.D.Pathiraja and there are two
Work Superintends to control the duties of two sections.
Electrical Field I is mainly responsible for repairing quay cranes which are used to handle
cargos, overhead cranes of workshops, welding transformers, welding generators and fans. This
section has a fan repairing workshop also.
Electrical Field IV is responsible for the electrical repairs of the machines in the machine shop,
carpentry shop and steel fabrication shop. In addition to that repairing the sector lights and search
lamps of the all light houses in Sri Lanka is done by this section. Apart from that repairing and
maintaining the buoy lights is also carried out by this section.

2.14.2 Training Experiences

During that week I involved in a test which was done to check the supply unit of an overhead
crane. The supply cable around the cable reel had been repaired and we went to check weather
power is supplied properly. And also I was able to go with the technicians to check the three
phase power supply connection of a hydraulic lathe machine in the machine shop. AS well as I
helped the technicians in a duty of giving three phase supply to a motor. In addition to that when
I was at the fan repairing workshop I wound a coil of 800 turns using the winding machine and I
observed the way of winding coils in the stator of an exhaust fan motor. While it was being done
I studied its winding patterned and also I learned about the methods and materials which are used
to insulate the coils.
L

Starting Running
Coil Coil

N
Figure 2.11 WIRING DIAGRAM OF THE SINGLE PHASE EXHAUST FAN

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2.15 Electrical Field III

2.15.1 Introduction
According to my training schedule I was appointed to the winding workshop of Electrical Field
III for 3 weeks. This section is responsible for repairing AC and DC motors, generators, vehicle
alternators, and other electrical appliances such as fans, boilers, electrical kettles, etc. In addition
to that repairing and maintaining the electrical parts of Unity Container Terminal’s (UCT) gantry
cranes and transfer cranes also is done by this section. This section is supervised by the Electrical
Engineer Mr.M.S.S. De Costa and there are two Work Superintends to control the day today
duties.

2.15.2 Motor Rewinding

The main task that I was able to experience when I was there is motor rewinding process. The
winding patterns which are used in this workshop to wind the stator coils are different than the
theoretical winding patterns that I have learnt from the university. All the defected motors of
SLPA are sent to this winding workshop to repair. When finding the fault of a motor the
terminals, brush positions and bearings are checked initially without removing separate the
stator. If there is no fault with the above cases the stator is separated and the stator coils are
checked for their continuity. If the coils have been damaged or burnt, the motor should be
rewound. Before remove the coils from the stator some details of the coils are noted down.
Number of poles of the motors is taken from the nameplate of the motor, number of coil turns
per coil set is counted, the gauge of the winding wire is measured using micrometer screw meter
and the winding pattern is noted down by studying it. After that the coils are removed with all its
insulations and thinner is used to soften the tight coil sets. After removing all the existing coils
the stator core is cleaned well. Then the coil sets are prepared with required number of turns.
After applying the insulation papers in the stator slots the coils are wound according to the noted
winding pattern. After completing the rewinding selack insulation liquid is applied to the whole
winding and the unit is baked finally. Before fix the motor again the insulation level is checked
using multi meter.

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2.15.3 UCT Substation

During that week I was able to visit the UCT Substation and study its indoor type transformers,
protective relay panels, switch panels and feeder panels. UCT Substation has two 11kV
incoming lines from CEB. This 11kV supply is directly feed to 5 another places of Port through
feeder panels. As well as 11kV supply is stepped down to 3.3kV using two 3000kVA indoor type
transformers to supply the power to UCT gantry cranes. And there is another 500kVA
transformer which is used to step down 11kV to 400V and it supplies power for auxiliary usage.
UCT Substation also comprises a 2500kVA diesel generator which can be used within CEB
supply outage.

2.15.4 Other Training Experiences

When I was there I visited the gantry cranes of UCT and studied the control mechanism, PLC
panels, motors, transformers, and braking methods of the cranes. During that week I observed the
way of removing burnt stator coils from a quick brake induction motor and I studied the double
layer winding pattern of the motor while the coils were being removed. And I studied the way of
winding the stator coils in stator slots after applying lomax insulation papers in stator slots. As
well as I got the chance to wind a coil of 1028 turns for the primary winding of a small
transformer. And also I wound the brake coil of a quick brake induction motor after studying its
magnetizing pattern. In addition to that I got the opportunity to remove the burnt stator coils of
an exhaust fan motor and rewind its coils.

Figure 2.12 WINDING ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHAUST FAN MOTOR

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2.16 Electrical Field V

2.16.1 Introduction
During my training period in SLPA I trained in the Electrical Field V in one week. This section
is mainly responsible for maintaining and repairing the underground power distribution network
of the Port. In addition to that maintaining the Baghdad substation and maintaining and repairing
distribution transformers and feeder pillars are also the duties of this section. This section is
supervised by the Electrical Engineer Mrs.H.H.Hettiarachchi and there is a Work Superintend to
handle the duties.

2.16.2 Baghdad Substation

During that week I was able to visit the Baghdad Substation and studied the mechanism of an old
oil circuit breaker. And also I studied the 350kVA and 500kVA transformers which are used to
step down the incoming 11kV supply to 400V. In addition to that Baghdad Substation comprises
two 1600kVA diesel generators which to be used within CEB supply outage.

2.16.3 Underground Cables

Underground cables are used for HV and LV distribution in SLPA. These cables are classified
according to their insulation type. The commonly used underground cable types in the Port are
PILC (Paper Insulated Lead Cored) and XLPE (Cross-Linked Poly Ethylene) cables. XLPE is a
thermo setting material achieved by a process similar to the vulcanization of rubber and it has a
good dielectric strength, high mechanical strength and non-hygroscopic nature. It has greater
current carrying capacity, overload & short circuit performance compared to PILC,
Over Sheath

Armour

Sheath

Metal Sheath

Conductor core Inner Sheath

InsulationPILC cable
4-core underground 3-core underground XLPE cable
Figure 2.13 CROSS SECTIONS OF UNDERGROUND CABLES

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2.17 Air Conditioner & Refrigerator Repair Workshop

2.17.1 Introduction
I obtain a good training at the Air conditioner and Refrigerator repair workshop and I was there
for one week. This section is responsible for repairing, maintaining and installing the air
conditioners, refrigerators and water dispensers in the Port. Repairing and refrigerant gas filling
of the automobile air conditioner units also done by this section. This workshop is supervised by
the Electrical Engineer Mr.P.S.P.Peiris and there is a Work Superintend at the workshop to
handle the day to day duties.

2.17.2 Air Conditioning Cycle

When I was at there I obtained a fair knowledge about the mechanism of air conditioners and
learned the refrigeration cycle as well.

Condenser Condenser Evaporator Evaporator

fan fan

Cool supply air out

Warm air out

Capillary tube
Drier

Accumulator

Compressor

Figure 2.14 AIR CONDITIONING CYCLE DIAGRAM

2.17.3 Types of Air Conditioners

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There are four types of air conditioners as window type, split type, package type and chilled
water type. The efficiency of the large scale air conditioners are than the small types. There are
thermostats to identify the temperature and maintain the temperature automatically in air
conditioners. Window type air conditioner contains its evaporator and condenser in the same unit
and they are mounted on the wall so as evaporator is fitted inside the room and the condenser is
in the outside across the wall and can be used only for small areas. In the split type air
conditioners they have indoor and outdoor units separately and this type can be used for larger
areas than that of the window type. Package type air conditioners are widely used in larger areas
such as conference halls. In this type, cooled air at the evaporator is transferred through duct
lines. Chilled water type air condition plants are used in very large scale systems and water flows
through ducts is used to cool the air at evaporator. The water circulation is done by separate
pumps.

2.17.4 Other Training Experiences

Apart from the above mentioned experiences I was able to observe the way of repairing a water
dispenser and I studied the mechanism of the dispenser. And I observed the way of vacuuming
the gas tube of the dispenser using a vacuum pump. As well as I observed how to assemble the
components separately of the indoor and outdoor units of an air conditioner. When I was there I
was able to go to check a cooling tower of a duct line air conditioner unit and identified the fault
which was due to block of the water outlet. And also I studied the mechanism of the cooling
tower at there. In addition to that I got the chance to go to install an outdoor unit of the air
conditioner of a Navy checkpoint and observed the way of filling refrigerant gas to the cycle.
During that week I was able to observe and study the chilled water type air conditioner unit of
the port’s museum.

2.18 Floating Craft Section

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2.18.1 Introduction
I was trained in this section for one week. Floating Craft electrical section is responsible for
repairing and maintaining the electrical systems in tug crafts, dredgers, pilot boats and other
types of floating crafts owned by SLPA. This section is supervised by two Electrical Engineers
and I trained under the Electrical Engineer Mr.S.M.Udagedara.

2.18.2 Tug Crafts

Tug Crafts are normally used to assist the ships when berthing or sailing the ship inside the port.
Unlike the massive ships tug crafts contain two powerful engines coupled to two propeller
systems which can be rotated 360 º and they have no rudders to control the direction. Controlling
the direction is done only by these two propellers. During that week I was able to visit the
Dheera tug craft which was being repaired. And I studied the switch board, feeder panels, engine
room and generators of the vessel. As well as I visited the Gotaimbara tug craft and that tug has
two 165kW generators and a 150kW standby generator.

2.18.3 Pilot Boats

The pilot boats are the vessels that used to take the pilot who handle the ships inside the harbor,
to or from the ships. These pilot boats have only one engine, one propeller and one rudder.
During that week I was able to visit the Pilot 15 boat which was being repaired. And also I got
the chance to go on an out harbor trial after completing the repair.

2.18.4 Dredger Ships

Dredger ships are used to maintain an adequate depth inside the harbor basin by monitoring the
depth and dredging the sand and soil continually. During that week I was able to visit the
Hansakawa dredging ship and I studied its engine room and generators.

2.19 Telecommunication Section

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2.19.1 Introduction
During my training period I was appointed to the Telecommunication Section for one week. As
the SLPA premises comprise a vast area it has a large intercommunication system. There are two
telephone networks as internal network and SLT network inside the port. Therefore a separate
section stands to maintain this large network. Maintaining and upgrading the Exchange, Main
Distribution Frame, underground telephone cables and repairing telephones are the
responsibilities of this section. This section is supervised by the Electrical Engineer
Mr.S.K.Vijithananda.

2.19.2 Main Distribution Frame ( MDF )

When I was there I was able to visit the MDF room and learn about the Main Distribution Frame.
Main distribution frame is the interface between Exchange side and Underground cable side and
it is stands as the terminating point of both sides. All the incoming lines to the MDF have been
connected to the terminal box and then to the fuse panel which includes 100 fuse. The fuses
operate using gas interruptions for the protection purpose. Any terminal of the Underground
cable side can be connected using jumpers to any terminal of the exchange in this MDF.

2.19.3 Telephone Cable Colour Code

Two types of underground cables are used in SLPA in the
communication system. They are unshielded twisted pair cables and
twisted pair cables. Unshielded twisted pair is the most common
kind of copper telephone wiring. When the number of pair is high it
is difficult to identify both ends. Therefore a universal colour code
has been introduced for this twisted cable pairs. During that week I
learned the colour code of a 25 pair cable and also I got the chance
to connect a 100 pair cable to the MDF draping board using the
draping tool. It was a wonderful experience for me.
Figure 2.15 THE UNIVERSAL COLOUR
CODE OF THE TWISTED PAIR CABLE
2.19.4 Pair Gain System

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Pair Gain System is used to multiply the capacity of telephone lines by obtaining number of
independent voice channels over a single channel. Single loop can be divided to two, four,
sixteen or sixty channels by using this system. The system consists of two devices. They are
PCM Exchange Unit (EU) which contains a MUX and A to D converter and PCM Remote Unit
(RU) which contains a DMUX and D to A converter. Less UG cable consumption is the main
advantage of this system. But modern facilities such as ADSL cannot be provided through these
divided lines. And another disadvantage is if any fault is occurred in the copper cable pair all the
telephone lines given by that pair will be interrupted. Block diagram of a Pair Gain System is
given below.

E Cabinet
Exchange X C
C A
H B
A L
Distribution
N E
G Side Point
Analog
Signal E
Side
PCM
RU
Analog
Signal
PCM
EU Digital Customers
Signal
MDF – Main Distribution Frame
PCM – Pulse Code Modulation
EU – Exchange Unit
RU – Remote Unit
Figure 2.16 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A PAIR GAIN SYSTEM

2.20 Jaya Container Terminal ( JCT)

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2.20.1 Introduction
As the final training location of my training period I was appointed to the Jaya Container
Terminal of SLPA for 3 weeks. Jaya container terminal is the largest container terminal in South
Asia handles more than 2 million per year earning remarkable profits to the SLPA while being
the heart of the port of Colombo. JCT has been divided to 4 sections to maintain its operation.
Major function of JCT is handling containers and it is the major revenue collection operation in
SLPA. Daily Container Handling Static report of Port of Colombo in March of 2010 is provided
in the Annex A16,2,20,1. JCT consists of four main container vessel berths and two feeder
berths. JCT has three types of equipment to handle containers. They are Ship to Shore Gantry
Cranes, Rubber Tired Gantry Cranes and Rail Mounted Gantry Cranes. There is a separate
section in JCT to repair and maintain the electrical side of these cranes. There are eight Electrical
Engineers to supervise these repairs. During those three weeks I was trained under the Electrical
Engineer Mr.E.G.S.Dinendra De Silva.

2.20.2 Ship to Shore (STS) Gantry Cranes

STS cranes are also known as Portainers are Back Tension Bar

very large cranes which are used to load and Tension Bar
unload container vessels and can be only seen
at container ports. These cranes have a special
Boom Machinery House
lifting device called the spreader for the loading
and discharging of containers. The spreader has
four twist locks which lock and unlock into the
Spreader
corner casting of the containers and can be used
Trolley
in 20', 40' or 45' positions depending on the size Rear Legs

of the containers. The boom of the crane allows

the containers to be lifted from the hold and Front Legs

moved toward the centre of the crane, and

Figure 2.17 COMPONENTS OF AN STS CRANE
lowered to the dockside below.
JCT has 14 STS cranes which have a safe working load of 40 T.
Container cranes are generally classified according to their lifting capacity and the size of the

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container ships which they can load or unload containers. JCT comprises 8 Panamax STS cranes
and 6 Post-Panamax STS cranes. A Panamax crane can fully load and unload containers from a
container ship capable of passing through the Panama Canal. A Post-Panamax crane can fully
load and unload containers from a container ship too large to pass through the Panama Canal.
Descriptions of the 14 Portainers in the JCT are provided in the Annex A17,2,20,2. Portainer has
four main functions.
 Hoist Function
When a container is handled from the yard to the vessel or vise versa, the hoist and lower
operations are done by moving the spreader vertically.
 Trolley Function
There is an operator cabin connected to the trolley of the portainer and its movement to the
forward and backward directions (Sea side and Land side) perpendicular to the direction
of portainer traveling is known as trolley function.
 Gantry Travel Function
Portainer can be traveled to the left and right directions along the rails.
 Boom Operation
The boom is raised to an almost upper level when the crane is not in operation and
lowered when it is in operation.

In JCT Portainers there are two DC Generators to supply the power for the above mentioned
operations. One generator stands to give the power to hoist operation, boom operation and gantry
travel function while the other generator stands only to supply the power for the trolley function.
This type of arrangement has been implemented to allow the hoist function and trolley travel
function simultaneously. Then a container can be hoisted or lowered while the trolley is being
traveled and it helps to save the loading and unloading time.
When doing the hoist operation speed controlling of the hoist motor is very important. This is
done by two methods. First method is varying the armature voltage of the hoist motor by keeping
its field current at rated value. Armature voltage of the motor is changed by varying the
generating voltage of the DC generator. The other method of controlling the speed is varying the
field current of the motor by keeping the motor armature voltage at a fixed value.
All the Portainers at JCT are powered by an external 3.3kV AC power supply
from the dock. All the main functions of the cranes are done using DC power and hence DC

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power is generated using two DC generators. The supply arrangement of an STS gantry crane is
given below.

Main 3-phase Trolley

Generator Induction Motor travel
(DC) 3.3kV Generator
(DC)

Main Boom
Hoist Hoist Trolley
motor motor motor
(DC) (DC) Supply Panel (DC)

3.3kV
Gantry travel motor motors
(DC)

400V 230V 100V

PLC

Field windings of
AC-DC motors and
Rectifier generators
Cable
reel
Auxiliary
Flat
cable
Supply

3.3kV 11kV

Cable Pit

Figure 2.18 STS GANTRY CRANE POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT

When I was there I was able to go with the technicians to replace the main hoist DC generator of
J-10 STS gantry crane. The existed generator was removed for its service. At the machinery
house of the crane I studied its motor and generator arrangements and also I studied its PLC
panels. And also I visited the only analog controlled STS gantry crane of JCT, J-4 and studied its
analog control mechanism which consists of AC magnetic control relays and magnetic
contactors.
2.20.3 Rubber Tired Gantry Cranes (RTGC)

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Rubber Tired Gantry Cranes are also known as Transtainers and have in various models with
span of between 5 and 8 containers in width and hoisting heights 1 over 3 to 1over 5 containers.
There is a hoist motor with wire rope reviewing drum to hoist and a motor drives trolley to move
a container across the lane. The RTGC is available in either 8 or 16 wheel configuration. These
cranes are used for handling containers from the container yard to a container-carrying vehicle
and vise versa. There are 39 RTGCs working in the JCT yard. Simultaneous hoisting, trolley
traveling and gantry travel motion is possible in these cranes.
When I was there I visited the RTG-11 crane which was being serviced and I studied its control
mechanism. At there I got the chance to go to its operator cabin and I learned how to operate the
crane.
In earlier times a system called WireTAS has been used to identify the movement of RTGCs.
When the gantry is travelled, the moving direction variation is identified by this system. There is
a wire which is carrying current underneath the travelling track of the crane. Two coils are fixed
under the crane and two sides of the current flowing path. Speed of the travel motors is adjusted
according to the induced variation in the two coils.

2.20.4 Rail Mounted Gantry Cranes (RMGC)

RMGC is also a type of transfer crane which is used for handling of empty containers from the
container yard to a container-carrying vehicle and vise versa. There are 4 RMGCs in the JCT
yard. These cranes are specifically designed for the intensive container stacking requirements of
today’s port environment. These cranes are operated by an inverter controlled 3.3kV supply.

2.20.5 JCT 3 & 4 Substation

During my training at JCT I was able to visit the JCT 3 & 4 Substation and I studied its
transformers and control panel boards. This is the largest Substation in the port, supplies power
to JCT 3 & 4 stages. Supplying power for Gantry cranes J-10 to J-14 and the four Rail Mounted
Transfer Cranes is done by this Substation. There are four 1500kVA
Nameplate data oftransformers for supplying
750kVA transformers
power to the STS and RMG cranes by stepping down 11kV
RatedtoVoltage
3.3kV. And also there
– Primary are three
: 3300V
750kVA transformers for supplying power to the auxiliary usage by stepping down
Secondary 3.3kV to
: 400V
400V. In addition to that, this Substation comprises fourRated
2000kW diesel
Current generators
– Primary to be used
: 131A
within CEB supply outage. Secondary : 1083A
Nameplate data of 1500kVA transformers  Phase : 3
 Frequency : 50Hz
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 Vector Group : Dy11
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 Rated Voltage – Primary : 11000V

Secondary : 3300V
 Rated Current – Primary : 78.7A
Secondary : 262A
 Phase : 3
 Frequency : 50Hz
 Type of cooling : AN
 Vector Group : Dd0

Features of four NISHISHIBA Synchronous Generators

 Output : 2000kW  Speed : 750 rpm

 Voltage : 3300V  Frequency : 50Hz

 P.F : 0.8  Amps : 438 A

 Poles : 8  Coolant Temperature : 40 ºC

 Phase : 3  Excitation Voltage : 115V

2.20.6 Colombo Port Expansion Project

The proposed Colombo South Harbor will be located west of the present south west Breakwater
in an area of approximately 600 hectares. The proposed harbour will have 4 terminals of over
1200m in length each to accommodate 3 berths alongside depths of 18m and provision to deepen
to 23m to accommodate deeper draft vessels of the future. The channel width of the harbor is to
be 560 m and depth of 20m, with harbor basin depth of 18m and a 600m turning circle. The
constructions of the project are conducted by Hyundai Construction Company.
I was able to attend a presentation which was conducted to explain the current progress and
future targets of the project during my training period at JCT. And also I got the chance to visit
the construction site and I observed the constructions of the breakwater. A Bird eye view of the
proposed Colombo South Harbor and the Cross section of its Breakwater are provided in the
Annex A18,2,20,6.

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