Liquid Penetrant Testing: Standard Practice For
Liquid Penetrant Testing: Standard Practice For
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1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for 2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, the extent specified herein:
and nonmetal components. 2.2 ASTM Standards:2
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866. D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this Bituminous Materials by Distillation
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance D2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with
(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-
the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, Fail Techniques)
corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
or connected to the surface of the component under examina- leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
tion. lometric Karl Fischer Titration
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated Industry
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas- E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers Testing
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to rescent Penetrants
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
harmful to the components to be examined. E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The Methods
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; 2.3 ASNT Standards:3
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
conformance with the standard. SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
between the cognizant engineering organization and the 2.4 Military Standards:4, 5
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering MIL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirements for
organization. Special Purpose Components
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
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Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1417/E1417M – 11ε1. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-13. dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
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5.1.1.2 Type II—Visible dye.
3.1 Definitions: 5.1.2 Method:
3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina- 5.1.2.1 Method A—Water washable.
tion that appears in Terminology E1316 shall apply to the terms 5.1.2.2 Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic.
used in this practice. 5.1.2.3 Method C—Solvent-removable.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1.2.4 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.
3.2.1 aerospace—any component that will be installed on a 5.1.3 Sensitivity—(These levels apply to Type I penetrant
system that flies. systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single
3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization (CEO)— sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed
Reference Terminology Standard E1316. as follows):
5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 1⁄2 —Very low.
3.2.3 component—the part(s) or element(s) of a system 5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1—Low.
described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by 5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2—Medium.
the drawing. 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3—High.
3.2.4 final examination—the final examination performed 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh.
for the acceptance of the item. Any change to the item’s surface
5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:
such as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or
5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder.
etching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may render
5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble.
the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of
5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable.
all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.
5.2.4 Form d—Nonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-
3.2.5 in-process—that which occurs during manufacturing etrant.
before a component is in final form. 5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye.
3.2.6 in-service—refers to components that are in use or 5.2.6 Form f——Specific application.
storage for their intended function. 5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:
3.2.7 linear indication—penetrant indications with at least a 5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated.
three to one length to width ratio. 5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated.
3.2.8 reprocess—repeat, after cleaning, the application and 5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application.
appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required), 6. General Practices
and developer (as required).
6.1 Responsibility for Examination—Unless otherwise
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specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
engineering organization is responsible for the performance of
7
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. zant engineering organization may specify more stringent
7.6.3 Evaluation—All indications found during the exami- Penetrant ContaminationA Daily 7.8.2.1
Penetrant Brightness Quarterly 7.8.2.2
nation shall be evaluated in accordance with specified accep- Water Content— Weekly 7.8.2.3
tance criteria. Water-Based Penetrant (Method A)
Water Content— Monthly 7.8.2.4
7.6.3.1 Indication Verification—If allowed by the specific Non-Water-Based Penetrant (Method A)
procedure, indications may be evaluated by wiping the indica- Lipophilic Emulsifier Water ContentB Monthly 7.8.2.5
tion with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing the area Hydrophilic Emulsifier Immersion, Weekly 7.8.2.6
Spray, or Flowing ConcentrationB
to dry, and redeveloping. Redevelopment time shall be at least Dry Developer ConditionB Daily 7.8.2.7
ten minutes, except nonaqueous redevelopment shall be three Aqueous Developer Contamination— Daily 7.8.2.8
minutes minimum. If no indication reappears, the original Soluble and Suspendable
Aqueous Developer Concentration— Weekly 7.8.2.9
indication is considered false. This procedure may be per- Soluble and Suspendable
formed twice for any given original indication. Penetrant System PerformanceC Daily 7.8.3
Water-Washable Penetrant Removability As required 7.8.3.2
7.6.3.2 Discontinuity Removal—When allowed by the spe- per 7.8.3
cific examination procedure, discontinuity(ies) may be re- Emulsifier Removability As required 7.8.3.3
moved by an approved procedure such as sanding, either per 7.8.3
Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity As required 7.8.3.4
powered or manual, or grinding to determine the depth and per 7.8.3
extent of the discontinuity(ies). After the mechanical operation, Black Light IntensityB Daily 7.8.4.1
the area shall be cleaned, etched (if permitted), and reexam- Black Light Integrity Weekly 7.8.4.1
Special UV lighting Daily 7.8.4.2
ined. The process used for reexamination shall be at least as Battery Powered UV-A lights Prior to and 6.7.4.1,
sensitive as the original process. after use 7.8.4.2(1)
7.6.4 Sizing—If the acceptance criteria are written in terms Visible Light Intensity Weekly 7.8.4.3
Light Meter CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.4
of indication sizes, the indication size shall be measured. If the Examination Area CleanlinessA Daily 7.8.4.5
acceptance criteria is written in terms of discontinuity or flaw Examination Area Ambient Light Intensity Quarterly 7.8.4.5
sizes, the discontinuity shall be measured. Water Wash Pressure CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6
working shift
7.6.4.1 Indication Sizing—When sizing indications for judg- Water Pressure Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
ment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the penetrant Water Wash Temperature CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6
working shift
indication shall be carefully evaluated under appropriate light- Water Temperature Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
ing (white light for visible dye penetrant and black light for Drying Oven CalibrationB Quarterly 7.8.4.7
fluorescent penetrant), after the required development or rede- Air Pressure Gauge Check Start of each 7.8.4.9
working shift
velopment time as applicable. Measure the indication size at its Air Pressure Gauge Calibration Semi-annually 7.8.4.9
largest dimension with a measuring device and the appropriate A
Need not be recorded.
light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1. B
The maximum time between verifications or checks may be extended when
7.6.4.2 Discontinuity Sizing—When sizing discontinuities substantiated by technical data and approved by the Cognizant Engineering
Organization.
for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the area C
Not required for Method C examinations.
may be carefully wiped with a solvent-dampened cotton swab
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etrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 in emulsifier (if used) and developer and appropriate processing
accordance with Test Method D95, Test Method D6304, or parameters. The resulting indications will then be compared to
Karl Fischer Method as described in Annex A1. If the water the indications obtained using unused penetrant, emulsifier (if
content of the in-use penetrant exceeds 5 %, the penetrant shall used) and developer. This comparison may be made with
either be discarded or sufficient unused penetrant added to records of previously obtained indications or with a similar
reduce the water content to below 5 %. known defect standard processed with unused materials from a
7.8.2.5 Lipophilic Emulsifier Water Content—Water content hold-out sample. When required by the CEO or when the
of lipophilic emulsifiers shall be checked at the intervals sensitivity or performance of the in-use materials falls below
specified in Table 1 in accordance with Test Method D95, Test the performance of the unused materials, the in-use materials
Method D6304, or the Karl Fischer method as described in shall be checked in accordance with paragraphs 7.8.3.2 through
Annex A1. If the in-use emulsifier exceeds the water content of 7.8.3.4 as appropriate, prior to conducting any further penetrant
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 Scope and Application—This modified Karl Fischer A1.2.2 Flask, wide-mouth Erlenmeyer type, 250-mL,
volumetric procedure is a practical alternative to Test Method A1.2.3 Pipets, volumetric, two, 10-mL,
D95 for undiluted hydrophilic emulsifiers and water contami-
nation of in-use lipophilic emulsifiers and Method A pen- A1.2.4 Weighing scale, reads to at least two decimal places,
etrants. The amount of sample used is adjusted to meet the and
water equivalent capacity of the titration agent employed (1 A1.2.5 White paper.
mL = 5 mg H2O). For most materials required to meet the five
percent (5 %) maximum allowable water content limit, 0.5 to A1.3 Reagents:
1.0 g sample size is sufficient. A1.3.1 Buffer solution, Hydranal (Riedel de Haen) or
Hydra-Point (J.T. Baker), 500 mL,
A1.2 Apparatus:
A1.3.2 Titrant, Hydranal Composite 5 (Riedel de Haen) or
A1.2.1 Buret, glass, 50-mL, Hydra-Point Titrant 5, 1 L, and
A1.4.2 Pipet 10 mL of methanol into clean dry Erlenmeyer A1.5 Calculate Water Content as follows:
flask.
% H 2 O 5 @ consumption titrant 3 titer value 3 100# ÷sample weight
A1.4.3 Pipet 10 mL of Hydranal buffer into the same flask (A1.1)
and gently swirl to mix.
where:
A1.4.4 Place white paper below buret. Place the flask under
the buret and slowly titrate, with gently swirling the Hydranal consumption = second buret reading of Hydranal Compos-
titrant into the flask until a light yellow-brown color persists ite 5 Titrant minus the first buret reading,
(about 3 mL). mL,
titer value = 5 mg/mL H2O, mg/mL, and
A1.4.5 Record titrant reading. sample weight = weight of sample added, mg.
A1.4.6 Place the flask on balance and add about 0.5 g of test
sample, and record weight. Gently swirl flask to mix sample. A1.6 Repeat and average % H2O readings.
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
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(E1417/E1417M – 11ε1) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013).
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