Designation: E1417/E1417M − 16

Standard Practice for

Liquid Penetrant Testing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal,
2. Referenced Documents
and nonmetal components.
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.
the extent specified herein:
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this
2.2 ASTM Standards:2
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion,
D2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with
corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open
Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-
or connected to the surface of the component under examina-
Fail Techniques)
tion.
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas- lometric Karl Fischer Titration
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as Industry
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are Testing
harmful to the components to be examined. E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- rescent Penetrants
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- Methods
conformance with the standard. E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement
Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
between the cognizant engineering organization and the
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering 2.3 ASNT Standards:3
organization. ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 15, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1417/E1417M – 13. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-16. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 E1417/E1417M − 16
2.4 Military Standards:4, 5 3.2.6 in-service—refers to components that are in use or
MIL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirements for storage for their intended function.
Special Purpose Components 3.2.7 linear indication—penetrant indications with at least a
QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection three to one length to width ratio.
Material, Penetrant
3.2.8 reprocess—repeat, after cleaning, the application and
MIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements
appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required),
2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards:6
and developer (as required).
ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General Requirement for Calibration
Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment 3.2.9 rounded indication—penetrant indication whose
ISO 10012 Measurement Management Systems— length to width ratio is less than three-to-one.
Requirements for Measuring Measurement Process and 3.2.10 supplier—the organization contracted to supply the
Measuring Equipment material, parts, or assembly.
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive 3.2.11 turbine engine critical components—any component
Test Personnel on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.”
2.6 SAE Standard:7
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant 4. Significance and Use
AMS 2175A Castings, Classification and Inspection of 4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-
2.7 DoD Contracts—Unless otherwise specified, the issues trolling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci- drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation. procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be
supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the
2.8 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between requirements of this practice. Specification E165 contains
the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text information to help develop detailed requirements.
of this practice takes precedence.
5. Classification
5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas-
3. Terminology
sified in accordance with the material classification contained
3.1 Definitions: in AMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall
3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina- be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels:
tion that appears in Terminology E1316 shall apply to the terms 5.1.1 Type:
used in this practice. 5.1.1.1 Type I—Fluorescent dye.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1.1.2 Type II—Visible dye.
3.2.1 aerospace—any component that will be installed on a 5.1.2 Method:
system that flies. 5.1.2.1 Method A—Water washable.
5.1.2.2 Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic.
3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization (CEO)—
5.1.2.3 Method C—Solvent-removable.
Reference Terminology Standard E1316.
5.1.2.4 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.
3.2.3 component—the part(s) or element(s) of a system 5.1.3 Sensitivity—(These levels apply to Type I penetrant
described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single
the drawing. sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed
3.2.4 final examination—the final examination performed as follows):
for the acceptance of the item. Any change to the item’s surface 5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 1⁄2 —Very low.
such as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or 5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1—Low.
etching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may render 5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2—Medium.
the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3—High.
all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract. 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh.
3.2.5 in-process—that which occurs during manufacturing 5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:
before a component is in final form. 5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder.
5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble.
4
Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by 5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable.
manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained 5.2.4 Form d—Nonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-
from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
5
etrant.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye.
dodssp.daps.dla.mil. 5.2.6 Form f—Specific application.
6
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:
7
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, 5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated.
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. 5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated.

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5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application. stationary fluorescent dye examination, Type I, the ambient
visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the
6. General Practices examination surface. The black lights shall provide a minimum
6.1 Responsibility for Examination—Unless otherwise of 1000 µW/cm2 at the examination surface. Black lights shall
specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portable
engineering organization is responsible for the performance of fluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photog-
all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni- rapher’s black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visible
zant engineering organization may specify more stringent light background to the lowest possible level during examina-
requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when tion and black light intensity shall meet the above require-
necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and ments.
reliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the 6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physically too large to directly
supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities illuminate the examination surface, special lighting, such as
suitable for the performance of the examination requirements UV pencil lights, or UV light guides, or remote visual
specified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to perform examination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope,
any of the examinations set forth in this practice where such the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively
examinations are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and evaluate the indication. Light intensity shall be measured at the
services conform to prescribed requirements. expected working distance and shall be a minimum 1000
6.2 Specifying—When examination is required in accor- µW/cm2.
dance with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appro- 6.6.1.2 LED UV-A lamps used for evaluation purposes shall
priate documents shall specify the criteria by which the comply with Practice E3022.
acceptability of components is to be evaluated. Engineering 6.6.2 Drying Oven—When components are oven dried, the
drawings or other applicable documents shall indicate the dryer must be a forced-air recirculating type. In automated
acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be systems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air,
used. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowed the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude
unless specifically permitted by the contract. overdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to be
6.3 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami- recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. The
nations to this practice shall be qualified and certified in temperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device ca-
accordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A, pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615°F [8.3°C] of
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 or NAS 410 for military purposes, or as the temperature for which it is set. The oven shall not exceed
specified in the contract or purchase order. 160°F [71°C]. The temperature indicator shall be accurate to
6.4 Agency Qualification—The agency performing this 610°F [5.6°C] of the actual oven temperature.
practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification 6.7 Written Procedures—All liquid penetrant examination
E543. procedures are similar for many components, a master written
6.5 Materials: procedure may be utilized that covers the details common to a
6.5.1 Qualified Materials—Only materials listed or ap- variety of components. All written procedures, including tech-
proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644) nique sheets for specific parts shall be approved by an
shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Materials not individual who is a qualified and certified Level III for
conforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be used penetrant examination in accordance with the requirements of
only when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineering 6.3. As a minimum, the following information is required
organization. either in individual procedures, specific technique sheets, or a
6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible Materials— master procedure, or a combination thereof:
Penetrant materials tested in accordance with Test Method 6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ-
D2512 and passing at 70 ft·lbf [95 J] or higher, shall be used on ing the materials used and specification or other document
LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned. controlling the examination process, the drying parameters and
Use of these materials shall be in accordance with the material the processing times. If these operations are performed by
supplier instructions and shall require approval of the cogni- other than examination personnel, details concerning the op-
zant engineering organization when such materials do not meet erations may be specified in other documents but must be
the requirements of AMS 2644. referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Test Method E165
6.6 Equipment and Facilities—Processing equipment used for detailed cleaning methods and instructions.
in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and 6.7.2 Classification of the penetrant examination materials
arranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. The required in accordance with Section 5 and AMS 2644.
equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety 6.7.3 Complete processing parameters for the penetrant
requirements as well as the requirements specified herein. examination materials including concentrations, application
6.6.1 Viewing Areas—Areas where parts are reviewed shall methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls
be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II, to prevent excessive drying of penetrant or overheating of
the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc [1076 lx] of component, as appropriate. Reference Practice E165 for addi-
visible light when measured at the examination surface. For tional details.

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6.7.4 Complete examination/evaluation requirements in- examinations where subsequent fabrication/forming operations
cluding light intensities (both examination and ambient), the remove the surfaces inspected.
accept/reject criteria and the method and location of marking. 6.9.3 The maintenance or overhaul examination of turbine
Reference Practice E165 for additional details. engine critical components shall be done only with Type I,
6.7.4.1 When battery-powered lights are used, define the Methods C or D (solvent removable or post emulsified,
frequency for verifying intensity and documentation required. hydrophilic) processes and either sensitivity Levels 3 or 4
6.7.4.2 When the examination is performed in accordance penetrant materials.
with this Standard Practice, engineering drawings, 6.10 Records—Results of all final penetrant examinations
specifications, technique sheets, or other applicable documents shall be recorded. All recorded results shall be identified, filed,
shall indicate the accept/reject criteria by which the compo- and made available to the cognizant engineering organization
nents are judged acceptable. upon request. Records shall provide for traceability to the
6.7.5 Identification of the components or areas within a specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall
component to be examined in accordance with the procedure. include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of the
6.7.6 Complete postcleaning procedures. If postcleaning is examination; identification of the inspector’s examination
performed by other than examination personnel, details con- stamp, electronic ID or signature; and the date of examination.
cerning this operation may be specified in other documents, but Records shall be kept for a minimum of three years or as
must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Test Method otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract.
E165 for additional details.
6.8 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination 7. Specific Practices (Fig. 1)
shall be performed after completion of all operations that could 7.1 Surface Preparation—All surfaces to be examined shall
cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations that be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other
could expose discontinuities not previously open to the surface. coatings (except as allowed by 6.8.2), corrosion products,
Such operations include, but are not limited to, grinding, scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any
welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering
6.8.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant examination may discontinuities, suppress dye performance, or produce unac-
be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but ceptable background. Cleaning methods, including etching,
not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat- selected for a particular component shall be consistent with the
ments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring,
sanding, buffing, sandblasting, lapping, or peening. Perfor-
mance of final penetrant examination after such surface treat-
ments requires that etching be included in the precleaning
operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant
engineering organization and the NDT facility.
NOTE 2—Final penetrant examination should always precede peening.
6.8.2 Surface Coatings—All coatings and other surface
conditions, such as, paint, plating, corrosion, etc. shall be
removed from the area to be examined prior to penetrant
examination. The penetrant examination shall precede any
surface finish, such as anodize, except for inservice parts that
may be examined without removing the anodize.
6.9 Material and Process Limitations—Not all penetrant
sensitivity levels, materials, and process methods are appli-
cable to all examination requirements. The sensitivity level
shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination.
Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cogni-
zant engineering organization, the following selections are
mandatory or forbidden, as indicated:
6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry powder and water soluble)
developers shall not be used with Type II (visible dye)
penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a
Form f developer that has been qualified with a particular Type
II system in accordance with AMS 2644.
6.9.2 Type II penetrant examination shall not be used for
final acceptance examination of aerospace products. In
addition, Type II penetrant examination shall not be used prior
to a Type I penetrant examination of the same surface. This is
not intended to eliminate the use of in-process Type II FIG. 1 Process Flow Chart

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contaminants to be removed and shall not be detrimental to the [30 cm], when possible between the spray nozzle and the part.
component or its intended function. Washing shall be conducted under appropriate illumination.
7.1.1 One or more appropriate cleaning methods such as Caution shall be exercised to ensure that over-washing does not
solvent cleaning, vapor degreasing, ultrasonic cleaning, occur. If over-washing occurs, the component(s) shall be
aqueous-based cleaning, or methods agreed upon with the thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water
cognizant engineering organization shall be used for the from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting
removal of oils, greases, and waxes, and as the final step before with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than
penetrant examination. If etching is required, the parts shall be 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling in cavities, recesses, and
appropriately cleaned, then etched and delivered to penetrant pockets. (Warning— Over-removal of the surface penetrant
examination. shall require that the component be cleaned and reprocessed. A
7.1.2 Chemical cleaning shall be used for the removal of good indicator of over-wash or over-removal of the surface
paints, varnishes, scale, carbon, or other contaminants that are penetrant is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may
not removable by solvent cleaning methods. (Warning— occur on all or a specific area of the part, see Test Method
Caution should be exercised when using chemicals because E165.)
they may irritate the eyes or skin.) 7.3.1.2 Automated Spray—For automated spray systems,
7.1.3 Mechanical cleaning shall be used for the removal of the wash parameters shall be such that the requirements of
soils and other contaminants that cannot be removed by solvent 7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall be maintained between
or chemical cleaning methods. 50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C].
7.1.4 Grit blasting without etching may be an acceptable 7.3.1.3 Manual Wipe—Excess penetrant shall be removed
cleaning method if it can be demonstrated that a sufficiently with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or absorbent toweling. The
fine abrasive (150 grit or finer) will not cause peening and can remainder of the surface penetrant shall then be removed with
be removed by a detergent or alkaline cleaner. a water-dampened cloth or towel. The surface shall not be
7.1.5 Etching, unless otherwise specified, shall be per- flushed with water and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated
formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface with water. The component shall be examined under appropri-
treatments, or service usage has produced a surface condition ate illumination to ensure adequate removal of the surface
that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant examination. Etch- penetrant. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a clean,
ing processes shall be developed and controlled to prevent dry towel or cloth, or by evaporation.
damage to the component under test. Etching is not required 7.3.1.4 Immersion—Immersion wash may be utilized if the
for those features such as close tolerance holes, close tolerance water is air agitated and good circulation is maintained
surfaces, faying surfaces, etc., where the function of the throughout the wash operation. Water temperature shall be
component or assembly would be degraded. Etching is not maintained between 50 and 100°F [10 and 38°C].
required for intermediate examination when the surface(s) are
7.3.2 Method B Process—Lipophilic post-emulsifiable pen-
not retained in the final part/component configuration or when
etrant shall be removed by air agitated water immersion or with
the final penetrant examination is preceded by etching.
a water spray or hydro-air spray rinse after application of an
7.2 Penetrant Application—Unless otherwise specified, the emulsifier and an appropriate emulsifier dwell time. Water
entire surface of the component shall be covered with pen- pressure and temperature and air pressure shall meet the
etrant. Large components may be examined in sections. Pen- requirements specified in 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4.
etrant shall be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other 7.3.2.1 Lipophilic emulsifiers shall be applied by immersion
method to provide coverage as required. The component, or flowing. Lipophilic emulsifiers shall not be applied by spray
penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall all be in the range or brush and shall not be agitated while on the surface of the
from 40 to 125°F [4 to 52°C] unless otherwise specified. component. Maximum dwell times, unless otherwise specified,
7.2.1 Penetrant Dwell Time—The dwell time, unless other- shall be 3 min for Type I systems and 30 s for Type II systems,
wise specified, shall be a minimum of 10 min. For temperatures or as recommended by the manufacturer. Actual dwell times
between 40 and 50°F [4.4 and 10°C], dwell time shall be a shall be the minimum necessary to produce an acceptable
minimum of 20 min. It is recommended to rotate or otherwise background on the component.
move components as necessary, during dwell to prevent 7.3.2.2 Rinsing—After the appropriate emulsifier dwell
pooling of the penetrant. For dwell times greater than two time, emulsification shall be stopped by immersion or water
hours, the penetrant shall be reapplied as required. spray. For spray removal of the penetrant/emulsifier mixture,
7.3 Penetrant Removal: the parameters of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 apply. Dwell
7.3.1 Method A Process—Water-washable penetrants shall time in an agitated immersion rinse, if used, shall be the
be removed with a manual or automated water spray, or a minimum required to remove the emulsified penetrant. Exam-
manual wipe, or an air agitated immersion wash. ine the components under appropriate illumination after rins-
7.3.1.1 Manual Spray—For handheld spray guns water pres- ing. Clean and reprocess those components with excessive
sure adequate to remove the penetrant shall be used but shall background. After rinsing, drain water from the component and
not exceed 40 psi [275 kPa]. Water temperature shall be utilize repositioning, suction, blotting with clean absorbent
between 50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C]. When hydro-air nozzles are materials or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to
used the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi [172 kPa]. A prevent pooling. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that the
coarse spray shall be used with a minimum distance of 12 in. air nozzle is held at a sufficient distance from the part to ensure

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that the developing indication is not smeared by the air blast. If systems shall require the use of appropriate black light illumi-
over-emulsification is observed, the component must be nation to ensure adequate penetrant removal.
cleaned and reprocessed. 7.4 Drying—The components shall be dried prior to the
7.3.3 Method C Process—Solvent-removable penetrants are application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or exami-
removed by first wiping the excess penetrant with a clean, nation without developer. The components should be drained
lint-free, dry cloth or absorbent toweling. The remainder of the of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous
surface penetrant is then removed with a solvent-dampened soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be
lint-free cloth or towel. The surface of the component shall not dried after the application of aqueous developers.
be flushed with solvent and the cloth or towel shall not be 7.4.1 Drying Parameters—Components shall be air dried at
saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall
shall be observed under appropriate illumination to ensure not exceed that specified in 6.6.2. Drying time shall only be
adequate removal of the surface penetrant. Over-removal of the that necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be
surface penetrant shall require the component to be cleaned and removed from the oven immediately after drying. Components
reprocessed. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a shall not be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled
lint-free, dry cloth or towel, or by evaporation. Method C can aqueous solutions/suspensions.
also be used for water-washable penetrants using water or
solvent for removal of excess penetrant. 7.5 Developing—Unless otherwise specified, developers
shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Type I penetrants
7.3.4 Method D Process—Hydrophilic post emulsifiable
that are qualified to AMS 2644 may be used without developer
penetrant shall be removed with a water prerinse, application
under either one of the following conditions: manufacturing
of the hydrophilic emulsifier and then a postrinse.
examination of aluminum and magnesium castings classified
7.3.4.1 Rinse—The water prerinse shall be applied for the by AMS 2175A as Class 3 or 4, or with the expressed approval
minimum amount of time required to achieve removal of the of the cognizant engineering organization. Minimum and
bulk surface penetrant. The rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1 or maximum penetrant bleedout times without developer shall be
7.3.1.2 shall apply. 10 min and 2 h respectively. When developer is used, compo-
(1) For spray application of the emulsifier, a water prerinse nents that are not inspected before the maximum bleedout time
may be omitted. shall be cleaned and reprocessed. When developer is not used,
7.3.4.2 Hydrophilic emulsifier shall be applied by components that are not inspected before the maximum bleed-
immersion, flowing, or spray. Hydrophilic emulsifier shall not out time shall be reprocessed.
be applied by brush. Foaming application of hydrophilic 7.5.1 Dry Developers—Components shall be dry before the
emulsifier is permissible when approved by the CEO. developer is applied. Dry developer shall be applied in such a
(1) For immersion applications, the concentration, percent manner as to contact all surfaces to be inspected. Excess dry
volume, shall be no higher than specified by the penetrant developer may be removed after the development time by light
system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system tapping or light air blow-off not exceeding 5 psi [34 kPa].
was qualified. While immersed, the emulsifier or part should be Minimum and maximum developer dwell times shall be 10 min
mildly agitated. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for and 4 h, respectively. Dry developers shall not be used with
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise Type II penetrants.
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not 7.5.2 Nonaqueous Developers—Components, or areas re-
exceed 2 minutes. quiring examination, shall be dry before application of the
(2) For spray or flowing applications, the concentration developer. Nonaqueous developer shall be applied by spraying.
shall not exceed 5 %. Spray applications may include fixed For Type I penetrants, the developer shall be applied as a
spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected.
provided the concentration is tested and meets the requirments For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the
of 7.8.2.6. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for entire surface to form a uniform, white coating to provide
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise suitable color contrast for the penetrant indications. The
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not uniformity and thickness of the developer coating is important
exceed two minutes per surface area. for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating
7.3.4.3 Postrinse—After the application and dwell of the thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic
hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned
rinsed with water. The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1, and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and
7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are
require the part to be cleaned and reprocessed. Excessive 10 min and 1 h respectively. For nonaqueous suspendable
background may be removed by additional (touchup) applica- developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated
tion of the hydrophilic emulsifier provided its maximum between applications.
allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the 7.5.3 Aqueous Developer—Aqueous soluble developers
touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A
the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of penetrants. Aqueous suspendable developers can be used with
the hydrophilic emulsifier does not produce an acceptable both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may
background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be

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 E1417/E1417M − 16
applied by spray, flowing, or immersion. The applied developer indication shall be carefully evaluated under appropriate light-
shall not be allowed to puddle and shall completely cover all ing (white light for visible dye penetrant and black light for
surfaces to be inspected. Components shall be air dried or oven fluorescent penetrant), after the required development or rede-
dried to the requirements of 7.4.1. Minimum and maximum velopment time as applicable. Measure the indication size at its
development times, after the component is dry, are 10 min and largest dimension with a measuring device and the appropriate
2 h. Aqueous suspendable developers must be either constantly light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1.
agitated to keep the particles from settling out of suspension or 7.6.4.2 Discontinuity Sizing—When sizing discontinuities
they must be thoroughly agitated prior to use to ensure that for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the area
particles are in suspension. may be carefully wiped with a solvent-dampened cotton swab
7.6 Examination—The interpretation area shall meet the or brush, ensuring rapid evaporation so that the area for
appropriate requirements of 7.8.4.5. Components shall be examination is not flooded with solvent. Immediately measure
interpreted before the maximum developing time, and if the discontinuity using a measuring or comparison device and
required by specific procedures, monitored periodically during the appropriate light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1.
the developing time. Components not interpreted before the 7.7 Postcleaning—Components shall be cleaned after ex-
maximum developing time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. amination to remove developers and other examination mate-
7.6.1 Type I Processes—Inspector’s vision shall be dark rial residues if these are detrimental to subsequent operations
adapted for a minimum of 1 min prior to examining compo- or the components’ intended function.
nents. Longer times for more complete adaptation should be 7.8 Quality Control Provisions—This section provides the
used if necessary. Inspectors shall not wear photochromic or controls necessary to ensure that the penetrant system, mate-
permanently darkened lenses while processing or reviewing rials and equipment provide an acceptable level of perfor-
parts under black light. Black lights shall meet the require- mance. The frequencies of the required checks in Table 1 are
ments of 7.8.4.1. All areas of fluorescence shall be interpreted. based on a facility operating daily. For facilities operating less
Components with no indications or only nonrelevant indica- frequently, the frequency of daily and weekly checks and those
tions shall be accepted. Components with relevant indications required at the start of each shift may be reduced accordingly,
shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable acceptance but must be performed prior to processing of parts. Monthly
criteria. Components with excessive background fluorescence and quarterly checks shall be performed at the same frequency
shall be cleaned and reprocessed. as for full-time operations. The NDT facility may perform
7.6.2 Type II Processes—All indications shall be inter- these process control operations or contract for their perfor-
preted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant mance with an independent, laboratory. Records of tests,
indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indi- except as noted in Table 1, shall be maintained and available
cations shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable for audit by the customer, the cognizant engineering
acceptance criteria. Components with excessive background organization, or regulatory agencies. Penetrant materials that
shall be cleaned and reprocessed. are provided ready-for-use and do not require mixing to a
7.6.3 Evaluation—All indications found during the exami- concentration, and are not recovered, or reused, or both, such
nation shall be evaluated in accordance with specified accep- as materials packaged in aerosol containers, closed drums or
tance criteria. materials poured into containers for use and are not reused are
7.6.3.1 Indication Verification—If allowed by the specific not subject to the in-use penetrant requirements of 7.8.2.
procedure, indications may be evaluated by wiping the indica- 7.8.1 New Material Conformance—Prior to being placed
tion with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing the area into use, the conformance of materials to the requirements of
to dry, and redeveloping. Redevelopment time shall be at least AMS 2644 shall be verified, usually by a certified report from
ten minutes, except nonaqueous redevelopment shall be three the supplier. Use of materials not conforming to AMS 2644
minutes minimum. If no indication reappears, the original shall require approval by the cognizant engineering organiza-
indication is considered false. This procedure may be per- tion prior to use and shall be allowed only when materials
formed twice for any given original indication. conforming to AMS 2644 are inadequate for the particular
7.6.3.2 Discontinuity Removal—When allowed by the spe- application.
cific examination procedure, discontinuity(ies) may be re- 7.8.2 Material Checks (In-Use)—The applicable tests speci-
moved by an approved procedure such as sanding, either fied in 7.8.2.1 through 7.8.2.9 shall be conducted on in-use
powered or manual, or grinding to determine the depth and materials at the intervals specified in Table 1. Operators shall
extent of the discontinuity(ies). After the mechanical operation, be alert to any changes in performance, color, odor,
the area shall be cleaned, etched (if permitted), and reexam- consistency, or appearance of all in-use penetrant materials and
ined. The process used for reexamination shall be at least as shall conduct the appropriate checks and tests if they have
sensitive as the original process. reason to believe the quality of the penetrant may have
7.6.4 Sizing—If the acceptance criteria are written in terms deteriorated. Penetrant examination shall be conducted only
of indication sizes, the indication size shall be measured. If the after acceptable quality of materials has been established.
acceptance criteria is written in terms of discontinuity or flaw 7.8.2.1 Penetrant Contamination—The in-use penetrant ma-
sizes, the discontinuity shall be measured. terials shall be viewed as specified in Table 1 to determine if
7.6.4.1 Indication Sizing—When sizing indications for judg- any of the following conditions are evident: precipitates, waxy
ment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the penetrant deposits, white coloration, surface scum, or any other evidence

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TABLE 1 Required Tests and Frequency Karl Fischer Method as described in Annex A1. If the water
Tests Frequency Paragraph content of the in-use penetrant exceeds 5 %, the penetrant shall
Penetrant ContaminationA Daily 7.8.2.1 either be discarded or sufficient unused penetrant added to
Penetrant Brightness Quarterly 7.8.2.2 reduce the water content to below 5 %.
Water Content— Weekly 7.8.2.3
Water-Based Penetrant (Method A) 7.8.2.5 Lipophilic Emulsifier Water Content—Water content
Water Content— Monthly 7.8.2.4 of lipophilic emulsifiers shall be checked at the intervals
Non-Water-Based Penetrant (Method A)
Lipophilic Emulsifier Water ContentB Monthly 7.8.2.5
specified in Table 1 in accordance with Test Method D95, Test
Hydrophilic Emulsifier Immersion, Weekly 7.8.2.6 Method D6304, or the Karl Fischer method as described in
Spray, or Flowing ConcentrationB Annex A1. If the in-use emulsifier exceeds the water content of
Dry Developer ConditionB Daily 7.8.2.7
Aqueous Developer Contamination— Daily 7.8.2.8
the original (un-used) emulsifier by more than 5 % it shall be
Soluble and Suspendable discarded or corrected, as appropriate.
Aqueous Developer Concentration— Weekly 7.8.2.9
Soluble and Suspendable
7.8.2.6 Hydrophilic Emulsifier Concentration—
Penetrant System PerformanceC Daily 7.8.3 Concentration of the emulsifier solution shall be checked at
Water-Washable Penetrant Removability As required 7.8.3.2 initial makeup, during additions and at the intervals specified in
per 7.8.3
Emulsifier Removability As required 7.8.3.3
Table 1 using a refractometer. A longer period may be used if
per 7.8.3 a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility
Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity As required 7.8.3.4 and approved by the CEO. Refractometer values obtained shall
per 7.8.3
Black Light IntensityB Daily 7.8.4.1
be compared to actual values obtained from known concentra-
Black Light Integrity Weekly 7.8.4.1 tions of emulsifier. For immersion applications, the
Special UV lighting Daily 7.8.4.2 concentration, as percent of volume, shall be no higher than
Battery Powered UV-A lights Prior to and 6.7.4.1,
after use 7.8.4.2(1)
that specified by the penetrant system supplier and shall not
Visible Light Intensity Weekly 7.8.4.3 exceed that for which the system was qualified. For spray or
Light Meter CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.4 flowing applications, the concentration shall not exceed 5 %.
Examination Area CleanlinessA Daily 7.8.4.5
Examination Area Ambient Light Intensity Quarterly 7.8.4.5 7.8.2.7 Dry Developer Condition—Recycled or reused dry
Water Wash Pressure CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6 developer shall be checked as specified in Table 1 to check for
working shift
Water Pressure Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
fluorescence and to ensure it is fluffy and not caked. Caked dry
Water Wash Temperature CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6 developer is unsatisfactory and shall be replaced. To check for
working shift fluorescence, apply a thin layer of in-use developer to a 4-in.
Water Temperature Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
Drying Oven CalibrationB Quarterly 7.8.4.7
[10-cm] or greater flat test panel using the same method of
Air Pressure Gauge Check Start of each 7.8.4.9 application used for production parts, and observe under a
working shift black light. Dry developer exhibiting ten or more fluorescent
Air Pressure Gauge Calibration Semi-annually 7.8.4.9
specks in a 4-in. [10-cm] diameter circle is unsatisfactory and
A
Need not be recorded. shall be replaced. The test panel selected shall be non-
B
The maximum time between verifications or checks may be extended when
substantiated by technical data and approved by the Cognizant Engineering fluorescent and non-reflective and have a working surface color
Organization.
C
which provides a good contrast with the developer powder.
Not required for Method C examinations.
7.8.2.8 Aqueous Developer Contamination—Soluble and
suspendable aqueous developers shall be checked as specified
in Table 1 for fluorescence and coverage. Immerse a clean
of contamination or breakdown. When any of the above aluminum panel, about 3 by 10 in. [8 by 25 cm] in the in-use
conditions are determined to be detrimental, the material shall developer, dry it, and observe it under a black light. Observed
be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. fluorescence or failure to uniformly wet the panel is unsatis-
7.8.2.2 Penetrant Brightness—Brightness tests of in-use factory and the developer shall be discarded or otherwise
fluorescent penetrants shall be conducted at the intervals corrected, as appropriate.
specified in Table 1. Tests shall be in accordance with Test 7.8.2.9 Aqueous Developer Concentration—Soluble and
Method E1135 with a representative sample of the unused suspendable aqueous developer concentration shall be main-
penetrant serving as the reference. Brightness values less than tained and checked with a hydrometer or in accordance with
90 % of the unused penetrant brightness are unsatisfactory and the manufacturer’s instructions at the intervals specified in
the in-use penetrants shall be discarded or otherwise corrected, Table 1. Concentration shall be in accordance with the manu-
as appropriate. facturer’s recommendation and shall be replaced or corrected
7.8.2.3 Water Content of Water-Based Water-Washable accordingly.
Penetrants—The water content of water-based Method A 7.8.3 Penetrant System Performance—The penetrant sys-
penetrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 tem’s overall performance shall be checked as specified in
using a refractometer. The water content must be maintained Table 1. The check shall be performed by processing a known
according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. defect standard through the system using in-use penetrant,
7.8.2.4 Water Content of Non-Water-Based Water-Washable emulsifier (if used) and developer and appropriate processing
Penetrants—Water content of non-water-based Method A pen- parameters. The resulting indications will then be compared to
etrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 in the indications obtained using unused penetrant, emulsifier (if
accordance with Test Method D95, Test Method D6304, or used) and developer. This comparison may be made with

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 E1417/E1417M − 16
records of previously obtained indications or with a similar penetrant or for determining the sensitivity level of the penetrant neither
known defect standard processed with unused materials from a of which can be performed using a starburst-type panel.
hold-out sample. When required by the CEO or when the 7.8.4 Equipment Checks—The following equipment checks
sensitivity or performance of the in-use materials falls below shall be conducted at the intervals specified in Table 1 and
the performance of the unused materials, the in-use materials recorded, as required. Records shall be maintained and avail-
shall be checked in accordance with paragraphs 7.8.3.2 through able for audit by the customer, cognizant engineering organi-
7.8.3.4 as appropriate, prior to conducting any further penetrant zation or regulatory agencies. The calibration of equipment
examinations. Unacceptable materials shall be discarded or shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
otherwise corrected in accordance with the manufacturer’s Technology (NIST) or other recognized national standards,
instruction. where applicable.
7.8.3.1 Known Defect Standards—The known defect stan- 7.8.4.1 Black Lights—Portable, hand-held, permanently
dard used shall be approved by the cognizant engineering mounted or fixed black lights used to inspect parts shall be
organization. The user shall establish and document effective checked for intensity as specified in Table 1 or prior to use, and
cleaning procedures based on the manufacturer’s instructions, after bulb replacement. A longer period may be used if a plan
if applicable. The user shall ensure that cleaning of the justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility and
standards between uses is adequate and that physical changes approved by the cognizant engineering organization. The
in the standard that make it unrepresentative of the indications minimum acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm2 (10 W/m2) at
found using the hold-out sample are detected. 15 in. [38.1 cm] from the front of the filter to the face of the
7.8.3.2 Water-Washable (Method A) Penetrant sensor. Black lights shall be checked at the intervals specified
Removability—When required in accordance with 7.8.3, the in Table 1 for cleanliness and integrity and shall be cleaned,
removability of water-washable (Method A) penetrants shall be repaired or replaced as appropriate.
tested using a AMS 2644-specified test panel or any other (1) Black lights that use an UV-A LED source shall comply
commercially available grit blasted panel. The test shall be with the requirements of Practice E3022.
performed using a sample of unused penetrant serving as a NOTE—Some UV-A sources other than mercury vapor, for
reference. Place a streak of the unused reference sample on one example, micro-discharge, LED, etc., have been shown to have
portion of a panel and a separate streak of the in-use penetrant emission characteristics such as excessive visible light, and UV
on a separate area of the panel. Allow the panel to drain for five intensity that may result in fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc.,
minutes and then wash the panel using the temperature, all of which can significantly degrade examination reliability.
pressure and wash times in use on the examination line. Dry (2) Since visible light contamination may interfere with
the panel, coat with developer, and examine under UV light. If UV-A inspection, it is recommended that a visible light
the background of the in-use sample is visibly greater than that contamination be taken at the viewing surface, when the UV-A
of the reference, then the in-use penetrant shall be discarded or lamp is on and is held at the angle and distance used for
otherwise corrected, as appropriate. interpretation. The white light reading shall not exceed 2 fc
7.8.3.3 Emulsifier Removability—When required in accor- [21.5 lx].
dance with 7.8.3, the removability of the in-use emulsifier shall 7.8.4.2 Special UV Lighting—As specified in Table 1 or
be tested using an unused sample of the same brand of prior to use, the light intensity of UV pencil lamps, UV light
emulsifier serving as a reference. The test shall be conducted guides, borescopes or remote UV examination equipment shall
using two test panels and processing parameters specified in be measured at the expected working distance and shall
AMS 2644 or any other commercially available grit blasted provide at least 1000 µW/cm2 (10 W/m2) at the intended
panel. The in-use emulsifier shall be used with the unused examination surface. When using borescopes or remote video
penetrant on one panel and compared to the reference system examination equipment, the image or interpretation area being
of unused emulsifier with unused penetrant on a second panel. viewed shall have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate
Allow both panels to drain for five minutes and then wash the area of examination.
using the temperature, pressure and wash times used on the (1) Battery powered black lights used to inspect parts shall
examination line. Dry both panels, coat with developer, and have their intensity measured prior to and at the end of each
examine under UV light. If the background is visibly greater use, inspection, shift or day as defined by the Written Proce-
than that of the reference system the emulsifier shall be dures (see 6.7.4.1). The minimum UV light intensity shall be
discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. 1000 µW/cm2 at 15 in. [38.1 cm].
7.8.3.4 Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity—When required 7.8.4.3 Visible Lights—For Type II visible dye
in accordance with 7.8.3, the comparative sensitivity of in-use examinations, the lighting systems shall be checked at intervals
penetrant shall be checked using the procedures in 7.8.3 except specified in Table 1 to ensure a minimum of 100 fc [1076 lx]
that the check shall be performed by comparing the in-use when measured at the examination surface.
penetrant to the reference (hold-out) unused penetrant by 7.8.4.4 Light Meters—Ultraviolet and visible light meters
processing both with unused emulsifier, if applicable, and shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in accor-
unused developer. If the comparative sensitivity of the in-use dance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540-1, or
penetrant is noticeably less than the reference penetrant, the ISO 10012-1.
in-use penetrant is unsatisfactory for use.
NOTE 4—More information on UV-A.visible lights and meters can be
NOTE 3—This test is not for determining the absolute sensitivity of the found in ASTM E2297.

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 E1417/E1417M − 16
7.8.4.5 Examination Area—The interpretation area for sta- move such identification, the records accompanying the com-
tionary systems for Type I penetrants shall be checked as ponent shall be marked or shall specify components to the
specified in Table 1 and shall be clean and free from excessive applicable documents. The methods of marking are listed in
fluorescent contamination and excessive visible light back- 7.9.2. Marking shall conform to MIL-STD-792, unless other-
ground. The ambient visible light background shall be checked wise specified.
at intervals specified in Table 1 or when any changes, or 7.9.2 Impression Stamping Ink Stamping, Dyeing, Laser
construction, or both, in the interpretation area are made. Marking, Vibro Engraving, Peening or Etching—The specific
Ambient visible light shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the method to be used shall be specified in the contract document
examination surface. (purchase order, drawing, specification, and so forth). If not
7.8.4.6 Water Wash Operating Pressures/Temperatures— specified, ink stamping shall be used. Marking shall be located
Indicators and controls shall be checked as specified in Table 1 in areas adjacent to the part number or an area specified by the
to ensure proper settings. Non-compliant water pressure and contract documents.
temperature settings shall be adjusted to the proper settings 7.9.3 Other Identification—Other means of identification,
prior to performing penetrant examinations. Indicators and such as tagging, may be applied when the construction, finish,
controls shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in or functional requirements of the component preclude etching,
accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or dyeing, or stamping. Items such as bolts, nuts, or other small
ISO 10012. parts may be identified by conspicuously marking each pack-
7.8.4.7 Drying Oven Calibration—The temperature control- age.
ling device and the temperature indicating device, if separate 7.9.4 Symbols—Each component that has successfully
from the controller, on the drying oven shall meet the require- passed examination shall be marked as follows:
ments of 6.6.2 and shall be calibrated at intervals specified in 7.9.4.1 When etching or stamping is applicable, symbols
Table 1 in accordance with the requirements of MIL-STD- shall be used. The stamping may contain an identification
45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO 10012. symbol or supplier number of the facility and a unique number
7.8.4.8 Timers—Timing devices used to measure or monitor or symbol identifying the examiner. Except for specialized
processing times, such as dwell times and eye adaptation times, applications, use the symbol “P” to denote 100 % examination.
need not be calibrated. All components, in the lot sampled, accepted on sampling basis
7.8.4.9 Air Pressure Gauges—Air pressure gauges that are shall be marked with the symbol “P” enclosed by an ellipse.
used to regulate air pressure of hydro-air spray guns, removal 7.9.4.2 When dyeing is used, maroon dye shall be used to
of water prior to drying, and blow off of dry developer shall be denote components accepted on a 100 % examination basis.
checked and calibrated at intervals specified in Table I and in Yellow dye shall be used to denote a sampling basis when
accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO sampling is permitted.
10012.
7.9 Marking and Identification—Components successfully 8. Keywords
passing the penetrant examination shall be identified and 8.1 dye liquid penetrant examination; dye penetrant exami-
marked as follows: nation; fluorescent liquid penetrant examination; fluorescent
7.9.1 Marking—Marking shall be applied in a manner and penetrant examination; liquid penetrant examination; liquid
location that is harmless to the component, or its intended penetrant testing; nondestructive; nondestructive evaluation;
function, and to preclude removal, smearing, or obliteration by nondestructive examination; nondestructive testing; penetrant
subsequent handling. When subsequent processing would re- examination; penetrant testing

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. METHOD FOR MEASURING WATER CONTENT

A1.1 Scope and Application—This modified Karl Fischer A1.2 Apparatus:

volumetric procedure is a practical alternative to Test Method A1.2.1 Buret, glass, 50-mL,
D95 for undiluted hydrophilic emulsifiers and water contami-
nation of in-use lipophilic emulsifiers and Method A pen- A1.2.2 Flask, wide-mouth Erlenmeyer type, 250-mL,
etrants. The amount of sample used is adjusted to meet the A1.2.3 Pipets, volumetric, two, 10-mL,
water equivalent capacity of the titration agent employed (1
mL = 5 mg H2O). For most materials required to meet the five A1.2.4 Weighing scale, reads to at least two decimal places,
percent (5 %) maximum allowable water content limit, 0.5 to and
1.0 g sample size is sufficient. A1.2.5 White paper.

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 E1417/E1417M − 16
A1.3 Reagents: A1.4.5 Record titrant reading.
A1.3.1 Buffer solution, Hydranal (Riedel de Haen) or A1.4.6 Place the flask on balance and add about 0.5 g of test
Hydra-Point (J.T. Baker), 500 mL, sample, and record weight. Gently swirl flask to mix sample.
A1.3.2 Titrant, Hydranal Composite 5 (Riedel de Haen) or A1.4.7 Place flask under buret and titrate back to the same
Hydra-Point Titrant 5, 1 L, and yellow-brown color and record the reading.
A1.3.3 Methanol, reagent grade, 500 mL. A1.4.8 Repeat and average % H2O readings.

A1.4 Analytical Procedure: A1.5 Calculate Water Content as follows:

A1.4.1 Charge buret with Hydranal titrant. % H 2 O 5 @ consumption titrant 3 titer value 3 100# ÷sample weight
(A1.1)
A1.4.2 Pipet 10 mL of methanol into clean dry Erlenmeyer
flask. where:
A1.4.3 Pipet 10 mL of Hydranal buffer into the same flask consumption = second buret reading of Hydranal Compos-
and gently swirl to mix. ite 5 Titrant minus the first buret reading,
mL,
A1.4.4 Place white paper below buret. Place the flask under titer value = 5 mg/mL H2O, mg/mL, and
the buret and slowly titrate, with gently swirling the Hydranal sample weight = weight of sample added, mg.
titrant into the flask until a light yellow-brown color persists
(about 3 mL). A1.6 Repeat and average % H2O readings.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E07 has identified the location of selected editorial changes to this standard since the last issue
(E1417/E1417M – 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 15, 2016).

(1) Added E3022 to the list of Reference Documents. (2) Revised 6.6.1.2 and 7.8.4.1(1) to refer to E3022.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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