Designation: E1815 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)´1

Standard Test Method for

Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1815; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Research Report number and ISO Standards updated editorially in June 2013

1. Scope gradients G2 and G4 When Exposed to X and Gamma

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination Radiation
of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiog- ISO 11699-1 Non-Destructive Testing—Industrial Radio-
raphy. This test method establishes minimum requirements that graphic Film—Part 1: Classification of Film Systems for
correspond to system classes. Industrial Radiography
ISO 11699-2 Non-Destructive Testing—Industrial Radio-
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure- graphic Film—Part 2: Control of Film Processing by
type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The perfor- Means of Reference Values
mance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) inten- ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
sifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
method.
2.3 European CEN Standard:3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as EN 584-1 Non-Destructive Testing—Industrial Radio-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information graphic Film—Part 1: Classification of Film Systems for
only. Industrial Radiography
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. method, refer to Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.1 characteristic curve—curve showing the relationship
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 between the common logarithm of exposure logK, and the
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination optical density D.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3.2.2 diffuse density—quantitative measure of film blacken-
2.2 ISO Standards:3 ing (optical density) as determined by a densitometer. It is the
ISO 5-2 Photography Density Measurements—Part 2: Geo- sum of all transmitted and scattered light into the half sphere
metric Conditions for Transmission Density behind the film.
ISO 5-3 Photography and Graphic Technology—Density
Measurements—Part 3: Spectral Conditions 3.2.3 film gradient G—the slope of the characteristic curve
ISO 7004 Photography—Industrial Radiographic Films, De- at a specified optical density, D, and a measure of the contrast
termination of ISO Speed, ISO average gradient and ISO of the film system.
3.2.4 film system—the film and associated film-processing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on requirements in accordance with the criteria established by the
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on manufacturers of the film and processing chemicals.
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally 3.2.5 film system class—classification taking into account of
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1815 - 08. DOI: limiting values given in Table 1.
10.1520/E1815-08R13E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3.2.6 gradient/noise ratio—ratio of the gradient G and the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM granularity σD. It relates directly to the signal/noise ratio. All
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
further parameters determining the signal, such as the modu-
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., lation transfer function or the energy of the radiation, are
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. considered to be constant.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 E1815 − 08 (2013)´1
TABLE 1 Limiting Values for Gradient, Gradient/Granularity Ratio, and Granularity
Minimum Gradient G at Minimum Maximum
Gradient/ Granularity,
ASTM
Granularity σD, at D = 2.0
System
D = 2.0 D = 4.0 Ratio, G/σD, above Do
Class
above Do above Do at D = 2.0
above Do
Special 4.5 7.5 300 0.018
I 4.1 6.8 150 0.028
II 3.8 6.4 120 0.032
III 3.5 5.0 100 0.039
W-A 3.8 5.7 135 0.027
W-B 3.5 5.0 110 0.032
W-C <3.5 <5.0 80 0.039

The classification is only valid for the complete film system. In general, the classification for X-rays as described in 7.1 can be transferred to other
radiation energies and metallic screen types as well as films without screens and single coated films.
A certificate shall contain the following information:
–reference to this standard
–date
–measured values of gradient at D = 2 and D = 4 above fog and base
–measured granularity at D = 2 above fog and base
–calculated value of (D/σD) at D = 2 above fog and base
–Dose KS for D = 2 above fog and base
–Processing conditions:
–Manual or automatic
–Type of chemistry
–Developer immersion time
–Developer temperature
–Classification in accordance with Table 1
Table 2 gives an example for a classification result of different film types, a developer system and given developing conditions.

3.2.6.1 Discussion—The limiting values given in this stan- 4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and
dard are related to fixed radiation energies and specified noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and
screens. the noise by granularity.
3.2.7 granularity, σD—stochastic fluctuation in a radio- 4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets
graphic image, superimposed on the image of the object and the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at
typically caused by random, statistical groupings of individual D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at
silver particles in processed film. D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter:
3.2.8 ISO speed S—reciprocal value of the dose KS mea- granularity σD at D = 2.0.
sured in Gray, which results in a specified diffuse optical 4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be
transmission density D – D0 = 2 on the processed film, where measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be
D0 is the fog and base density: constructed.
1
S5
KS
(1) 4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems
and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method.
3.2.9 signal/noise ratio—in industrial radiography the ratio
The result is a classification table as shown by the example
of a local film density to the granularity σD at this density level.
given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for
It is correlated to the gradient/noise ratio.
user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems
3.2.10 specular density—quantitative measure of film may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this
blackening (optical density) when light passing the optics of a test method, provided that the required test equipment is used
microdensitometer transmits the film. and the methodology is followed strictly.
4. Significance and Use 4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classifi- film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting
cation of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable
system consists of the film and associated processing system of providing known image qualities. See 8.
(the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe
describes specific parameters used for this test method. In the same method for classification of film systems for industrial
general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in radiography, but its class definitions and number of classes do
Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and not align exactly with this test method. International users of
metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The these standards should be aware of these differences for their
usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges particular applications.
specified may result in changes to a film/system performance
classification. NOTE 1—ASTM research report E07–1005 contains documentation of

2
 E1815 − 08 (2013)´1
TABLE 2 Typical Film System Classification
Automatic Film Processing
Developer: Type A
Developer immersion time: XXX seconds
Developer temperature: XX°C/YY°F
Minimum
Minimum Gradient G at Gradient/ Maximum
ASTM System Granularity Granularity, σD, ISO Speed Dose, Ks, m Gy,
Film TypeA
Class D = 2.0 D = 4.0 Ratio, G/σD, at at D = 2.0 above S D = 2.0
above Do above Do D = 2.0 above Do
Do
A Special 5.4 9.1 360 0.015 32 29.0
B I 4.5 8.4 281 0.016 64 14.0
C I 4.4 7.6 232 0.019 100 8.7
D I 4.4 7.6 169 0.026 200 4.6
E II 4.4 7.6 142 0.031 320 3.2
F III 4.0 5.2 114 0.035 400 2.5
G W-A 4.2 6.5 225 0.019 100 8.6
H W-B 4.1 5.3 170 0.025 200 5.0
A
Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.

technical methods used during the development of this test method.4 in selecting and storing samples as described above is to ensure
the film characteristics are representative of those obtained by
5. Microdensitometer Requirements
a consumer at the time of use.
5.1 The influx aperture of the microdensitometer shall be
approximately circular in shape, with a diameter (referred to 7. Test Method
the plane of the specimen) not less than 1.2× or more than 2×
the diameter of the efflux aperture. 7.1 Preparation
5.2 The reduction of the influx aperture by the influx optics 7.1.1 The film samples shall be exposed to X-rays from
and the magnification of the specimen onto the efflux aperture tungsten target tubes. Inherent filtration of the tube, plus an
by the efflux optics shall lie in the range from 20 to 100×. The additional copper filter located as close to the X-ray tube target
two magnifications need not be equal. as possible shall provide filtration equivalent to (8.00 6 0.05)
mm of copper. The potential across the X-ray tube shall be
5.3 The efflux (or measuring aperture) shall be preferably
adjusted until the half-value-absorption is obtained with (3.5 6
circular in shape. Its effective diameter referred to the speci-
men plane shall be 100 6 5 µm. 0.2) mm of copper. A potential of approximately 220 kV
generally meets this requirement.
5.4 The spectral response of the microdensitometer system
7.1.2 The film system shall include a front and a back screen
shall be visual, as specified by ISO 5-3.
of 0.02 to 0.04 mm lead. If single coated films are used, the
5.5 An electronic band-pass filter, used to reduce the un- emulsion coated surface shall face the X-ray tube. Good film
wanted signal caused by system artifacts, shall have its screen contact shall be ensured.
low-frequency boundary set so the system response is 3 dB
7.1.3 Exercise care to ensure that the film specimen does not
down at a temporal frequency corresponding to a spatial
contain density variations arising from the exposing equipment
frequency of 0.1 cycles/mm. Its high-frequency boundary shall
(such as non-uniform beam filters or damaged, or defective
be set so that the system response is 3 dB down at a temporal
lead screens) or processing system. During and after exposure,
frequency corresponding to the first zero in the spatial fre-
quency response of the circular aperture. Mathematical proce- prior to processing, maintain the film specimen at the tempera-
dures that can be shown to produce equivalent reductions in the ture of 23°C 6 5°C and relative humidity of 50 6 20 %. The
effects of system artifacts are acceptable alternatives to the use film processing chemicals and procedures shall be the same for
of this filter (see 7.3). determining gradient and granularity, and they shall be used
and described completely as specified.
6. Sampling and Storage 7.1.4 Use manufacturer certified film test strips in accor-
6.1 For product specification it is important that the samples dance with ISO 11699-2 to test the specified developer system
evaluated yield the average results obtained by users. This will with the specified immersion time and developer temperature.
require the evaluation of several different batches periodically The speed index Sx shall be within 65 % of the manufacturer’s
under conditions specified in this standard. Prior to evaluation, certificate. The developer temperature may differ by 61°C
the samples shall be stored according to the manufacturers’ from the certified value to adjust SX within 65 % of the
recommendations for a length of time to simulate the average manufacturer certificate value. The obtained SX and used
age at which the product is normally used. The basic objective developer temperature shall be documented in the test report.
This test shall be done, on a daily basis, before and after the
4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may development of the exposed films for classification with the
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E07-1005. same developer temperature and immersion time.

3
 E1815 − 08 (2013)´1
7.1.5 If a manufacturer certificate is not available, film test film, exposure, and processing techniques as used for the
strips shall be manufactured and calibrated according to ISO granularity film specimen. The specimen film shall be scanned
11699-2 by the user. using identical microdensitometer settings. A limited range of
7.2 Measurement of Gradient G: densities can typically be measured for a given microdensi-
tometer gain setting.
7.2.1 Gradient G relates to a D versus log10 K curve. In the
7.3.5 The stepped series of densities shall lie within that
scope of this test method, G is calculated from the slope d D⁄dK
range.
of a D versus K curve at density (D − Do), as follows:
7.3.6 The calibration shall be made from the diffuse vs
dD K dD specular density plot with at least five values between diffuse
G5 5 3 (2)
d log10 K log10 e dK density 1.5 and 2.8 (including fog and base). The conversion
where: can be performed on basis of a linear regression analysis of the
K = dose required for density D − Do, and log (diffuse density) vs. log (specular density) plot. The
Do = fog and base density. determined coefficients shall be used for the conversion of the
specular density into diffuse density values.
7.2.2 The D versus K curve is approximated by a polyno- 7.3.7 The conversion shall be performed before the numeri-
mial of third order. To obtain a reliable curve, a series of cal determination of the standard deviation σD, which is a
exposures are made with the same film sample to obtain at least measure of the granularity. σD is calculated by:
twelve uniformly distributed measuring points covering at least
density 1.0 and 4.5 above D0. The polynomial approximation
shall include all measured values between 1,0 and 4,5. For the
σD 5 Œ 1 N

· ~ D i 2 D̄ !
(
N 2 1 i51
2
(3)

numerical approximation (fit procedure) no zero value shall be

7.3.8 The diffuse optical density of the measured film shall
included. At least six gradient measurements shall be made on
be above fog and base. The determined σD value shall be
different film samples to determine the mean gradient value G.
corrected on the basis of the diffuse mean density above fog
The densitometer used shall be calibrated regularly up to a
and base of this film. The corrected σD-value is calculated by:
diffuse density of D ≥ 4.8. For the calibration, a certified film
step tablet shall be used. This shall be generated from double σ D2corr 5 σ D · =2/D̄ (4)
sided X-ray film of System Class 1 or special.
7.3.9 As an alternative, three or more samples of the film
NOTE 2—Densitometers may have limited accuracy for measurements specimen at different density levels, within the range from 1.80
at D > 4 and need careful calibration correction in the full range. Small
deviations of the density values at D > 4 have considerable influence to the to 2.20, may be measured, and the granularity value at a diffuse
accuracy of the G at D – D0 = 4 – value due to the properties of the density of 2.00, above base plus fog, shall be taken from a
polynomial approximation procedure. linear regression analysis of the plot of granularity as a
7.2.3 The mean gradient values shall be determined with a function of the square root of diffuse density above fog and
maximum uncertainty of 65 % for the gradient at D = 2 above base.
fog and base (G2) at a confidence level of 95 % and 67 % for 7.3.10 The scanning length on the radiographic film shall be
the gradient at D = 4 above fog and base (G4) at a confidence at least 116 mm. The diameter of a circular measuring aperture
level of 95 %. of the microdensitometer shall be (100 6 5) µm. A square
7.2.4 Measurement laboratories, which certify film systems, aperture of 88.6 µm by 88.6 µm has the same area as a circular
shall participate in a proficiency test on a periodical basis. A one of 100 µm diameter and is concerning the measured
new film, exposed in accordance with this standard, shall be granularity equivalent to a circular one with 100 µm diameter.
used in all participating laboratories and for each periodical 7.3.11 The determined σD-corr-value shall be corrected on the
test. basis of the real (measured) aperture diameter Ad (in µm) of a
circular aperture. The corrected σD-value is calculated by:
7.3 Measurement of Granularity σD
σ D2corr2a 5 σ D2corr· ~ A d /100! (5)
7.3.1 The granularity is measured by linear or circular
scanning of a film of constant diffuse optical density with a 7.3.12 If a square aperture of the microdensitometer is used,
microdensitometer. Both emulsion layers shall be recorded; the corrected σD-value is calculated by:
this means that the depth of focus of the microdensitometer has
σ D2corr2b 5 σ D2corr· =~ 4·A a / ~ π·10000!! (6)
to include both layers.
7.3.2 The granularity value shall be determined in terms of where Aa is the aperture area in µm2.
diffuse density. 7.3.13 The scan path of the microdensitometer may be
7.3.3 If the optical density is measured as specular density, linear or circular. If circular, the radius of the path shall not be
it shall be converted into diffuse optical density, using the plot less than 16 mm. In either case, the total scan length shall not
of the curve of diffuse density versus specular density at the be less than 116 mm.
mean density value of the granularity film specimen. The 7.3.14 In order to limit the low frequency noise the data,
diffuse density of each step shall be measured with the measured with the microdensitometer, shall be filtered after
calibrated densitometer. conversion to diffuse density with a highpass filter with a
7.3.4 Determine this curve using a film having a stepped cut-off spatial frequency of 0.1 line pairs per millimetre (3 dB).
series of densities, which is prepared using the same type of This shall be performed by subtraction of the measured scan

4
 E1815 − 08 (2013)´1
values minus the smoothed measured scan values. The smooth- TABLE 3 Determination of ISO Speed S from dose, Ks, Needed
ing shall be performed by convolution with a rectangular for a Film Density, D = 2.0, above Do
window function with a width of 6.0 mm (61 values with 0.1 log10Ks
ISO Speed SA
mm distance). The scanning step width shall be 100 µm in that From To
case. The first and last 30 data points of the scan shall not be −3.05 −2.96 1000
−2.95 −2.86 800
used after filtering for the further calculation of σD. The filter −2.85 −2.76 640
is based on the following formula: −2.75 −2.66 500
−2.65 −2.56 400
1 30 −2.55 −2.46 320
D ifilter 5 D imeas 2 ( D meas
61 j5230 i1j
(7) −2.45 −2.36 250
−2.35 −2.26 200
7.3.15 Due to the risks of errors in the measured data during −2.25 −2.16 160
−2.15 −2.06 125
the scan, resulting from artifacts in the film such as dust and −2.05 −1.96 100
other sources of distortion, the filtered scan shall be divided −1.95 −1.86 80
into n groups of 1.9 mm length (20 values with 0.1 mm −1.85 −1.76 64
−1.75 −1.66 50
distance) and 0.1 mm distance between groups. σDgl shall be −1.65 −1.56 40
determined for each group, whereby at least 55 groups shall be −1.55 −1.46 32
used. The calculated σDgl values are rearranged in dependence −1.45 −1.36 25
−1.35 −1.26 20
on their size and the central value (this is the 28th value in case −1.25 −1.16 16
of 55 groups) is the MEDIAN of all groups. The median value −1.15 −1.06 12
σDM shall be multiplied with 1.0179 to get the median unbiased −1.05 −0.96 10
−0.95 −0.86 8
estimation σD. −0.85 −0.76 6
NOTE 3—k is the number of consecutive observations within a group −0.75 −0.66 5
−0.65 −0.56 4
and C is the critical value of the chi-square distribution for σ = 0.5 with
A
k – 1 degrees of freedom. For the σD estimation the median value σDM See ISO 7004.
shall be multiplied by sqrt((k – 1) ⁄ C). In case of 20 observations the
median value σ DM shall be multiplied with 1.0179 for statistical
correction.
NOTE 4—An increased number of data points and groups yields a better
(lower) uncertainty of the result. It is important not to modify the group
length of 1.9 mm (plus 0.1 mm distance between groups) and the 8.3.1 All determined mean values of G at D – D0 = 2 and 4
statistical correction if using 1.0179 as correction value. shall exceed or equal the minimum values of a system class in
7.3.16 Subdivision of the scanned data in groups, determi- accordance with Table 1. The mean value of G at D – D0 = 2
nation of σDgl and median procedure have an inherent filter and 4 may fall short below the values of Table 1 by less or
effect which is equivalent to the described highpass filter of equal to 5 %, if the mean value of (G/σD)min at D – D0 = 2 is
scanned data. Therefore, the highpass filtering may be omitted, greater than or equal to the minimum value of Table 1.
if the MEDIAN procedure is applied. Differences in the 8.3.2 The mean value of the measured granularity may
determined granularity will be less than 61.5 %. exceed the values of Table 1 by 10 % to account for measure-
7.3.17 At least six measurements shall be made on different ment uncertainty, if the mean value of (G/σD)min at D = 2 above
samples to estimate the mean value of granularity. The deter- D0 is greater than or equal to the minimum value of Table 1.
mined granularity mean value shall not exceed an uncertainty NOTE 5—The value (G/σD)min at D – D0 = 2 determines the human
of 610 % at a confidence level of 95 %. perceptibility of flaws shown by the radiograph as seen on an illuminator.
7.3.18 Measurement laboratories, which certify film Increased G-values compensate increased granularity and vice versa
systems, shall participate in a proficiency test on a periodical decreased granularity compensates low G-values in a certain range.
Furthermore, (G/σD)min at D – D0 = 2 is chosen in Table 1 to be always
basis. A new film, exposed in accordance with this standard, greater than the quotient of G/σD at D – D0 = 2.
shall be used in all participating laboratories and for each NOTE 6—Changes of the developer activity cause a systematic error due
periodical test. to the shift of the values of G at D – D0 = 2 and 4 and σD. But, the effect
of the developer does not influence the quotient G/σD at D – D0 = 2 as
7.4 Measurement of ISO Speed S—The ISO Speed S is much as the values G at D – D0 = 2 and 4 and σD. In consequence, the
evaluated for an optical density, D = 2.0, above fog and base, uncertainty for G/σD at D – D0 = 2 is less than the uncertainty of σD.
Do. Use Table 3 for determination of the ISO speed.
8. Limiting Values for Classification 9. Procedure
8.1 The film system classes are defined by limiting values, 9.1 Measurement equipment, other than that described
which are determined in accordance with Section 7. above, can be used for classification, if this equipment and the
corresponding procedures provide same results with an uncer-
8.2 In order to assign a film system class, the determined tainty of less than 5 % and a confidence of 95 % for gradient
parameters of the film system shall meet all the limiting values G2, less than 7 % and a confidence of 95 % for gradient G4 and
of the gradient, the granularity and the gradient/noise-ratio of less than 10 % and a confidence of 95 % for granularity. This
the system class in accordance with Table 1. shall be in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 in comparison to
8.3 For classification of film systems the following proce- the test method of 7.1 to 7.4 for the film systems to be
dure shall be applied: classified.

5
 E1815 − 08 (2013)´1
TABLE 4 Standard Deviations of the Parameters Measured with the Procedure Described in this Test Method
Standard Parameter Intralaboratory Standard Deviation Interlaboratory Bias
Gradient at D – D0 = 2 2.5 % 5%
Gradient at D – D0 = 4 3.5 % 5%
Granularity, σD 5% 5%

10. Precision and Bias5 procedure. The inter laboratory comparison results in a bias of
10.1 The test method has been tested in a round robin test ≤5 % for all primary measurement parameters as gradient at
between two major film manufacturers and a research institute. D – D0 = 2, gradient at D – D0 = 4 and granularity. Table 4
All parameters of film systems were measured in the three test provides the achievable standard deviations and bias values.
labs. All measurement laboratories could perform the tests with
the required accuracy of this standard as inter laboratory 11. Keywords
11.1 ASTM system class; film system; film system classifi-
5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may cation; gradient; gradient/noise; granularity; industrial radio-
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: RR:E07-1005. graphic film; speed

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

X1.1 The purpose of this test method is to classify industrial subjective way. In accordance with this guide, a range of films
radiographic film systems based on their image quality perfor- was classified in order of increasing speed and decreasing
mance over the practical working range of densities (for image quality (contrast and graininess). Image quality was
example, from 2.0 to 4.0). The classes are differentiated in optimized for a given speed.
image quality performance based on limiting values for four X1.2.2 This test method has similar classes: Special, I, II,
measurable image quality parameters, that is, gradient at and III (see Table 2). The film systems that will generally fit
density 2.0 and 4.0 and granularity and gradient/granularity this classification are of high-contrast technology. Image qual-
ratio at density 2.0 above fog and base. See Table 2. ity is optimized for every speed. Granularity increases with
X1.1.1 The result of classification can be documented in a speed, and gradient is a maximum for the slower speed film
table with the following details: systems.
X1.1.1.1 Description of the film system (film and
X1.2.3 The slower film systems give the highest image
processing),
quality, through a combination of low granularity and high
X1.1.1.2 Values for four image quality parameters and the
gradient for both Density 2.0 and 4.0 and a corresponding high
corresponding system class, and
gradient/granularity ratio.
X1.1.1.3 Speed of the film system.
X1.1.2 The optimal film system based on system classifica- X1.2.4 Four classes of this test method were selected to
tion (imaging performance) and speed (exposure time) can be correspond to the former film classification standard table of
selected with this information. See Table 2 for an example. Guide E94 – 83. See Table X1.1.
X1.2.5 Table X1.2 provides classification of wide-latitude
X1.2 Significance of Classes: film systems. In comparison to traditional high-contrast
X1.2.1 Various codes and specifications require film selec- technology, these film systems are generally characterized by a
tion based on a class (Type 1, 2, or 3) from a version of Guide lower gradient for a given speed, producing wider exposure
E94 dated before 1984. In Guide E94 – 83, speed, contrast, and latitude and correspondingly lower image quality. The gradient
graininess were specified as limiting values, but only in a will be lower at density 2.0 and significantly lower at high

TABLE X1.1 Classification Comparison of Test Method E1815 and Guide E94 – 83 for High-Contrast Film Systems
Minimum
Test Method Minimum Gradient G at Gradient/ Maximum Description
Guide E94 – 83
E1815 System Granularity Ra- Granularity at
Film Type
Class D = 2.0 D = 4.0 tio at D = 2.0 Speed Contrast Graininess
D = 2.0
Special 4.5 7.5 300 0.018
I 4.1 6.8 150 0.028 1 low very high very low
II 3.8 6.4 120 0.032 2 medium high low
III 3.5 5.0 100 0.039 3 high medium high

6
 E1815 − 08 (2013)´1
TABLE X1.2 Test Method E1815 Classification of Wide-Latitude
Film Systems
Minimum Gradient G at Minimum
Gradient/ Maximum
Test Method
Granularity Granularity,
E1815 Film
D = 2.0 D = 4.0 Ratio, G/σD, σD at D = 2.0
System Class
above Do above Do at D = 2.0 above Do
above Do
W-A 3.8 5.7 135 0.027
W-B 3.5 5.0 110 0.032
W-C <3.5 <5.0 80 0.039

TABLE X1.3 Conversion of ISO and CEN-Classification to ASTM Classification

Film System Film System Minimum Gradient/ Maximum Granularity
Class ASTM Class ISO 11699-1, Noise-Ratio (G/σD) min σD max
E1815 CEN EN 584-1 at D = 2 at D = 2
Minimum Gradient G at above D0 above D0
D=2 D=4
above D0 above D0
Special C1 4.5 7.5 300 0.018
I C2 4.3 7.4 230 0.020
I C3 4.1 6.8 180 0.023
I C4 4.1 6.8 150 0.028
II C5 3.8 6.4 120 0.032
III C6 3.5 5.0 100 0.039

densities. Limiting values for image quality parameters are as low-contrast (medical) film technology in combination with
follows (classes of wide-latitude film systems do not corre- direct exposure technique.
spond directly to classes of former Guide E94 – 83): X1.2.7 Users applying international standards or certificates
X1.2.6 The wide-latitude system classes are described as on the basis of standard ISO 11699-1 or standard EN 584-1
follows: may use Table X1.3 for conversion of ASTM film system
X1.2.6.1 W-A and W-B—Films with ASTM System Class III classes into other international classifications and vice versa.
or better image quality. In general, these films use intermediate NOTE X1.1—The combination of Table X1.1 and Table X1.2 corre-
technology (between traditional high contrast and low con- sponds to Table 2.
trast). Applications are judged by comparing all four image NOTE X1.2—Fundamental differences between this test method and
Guide E94 – 83 are as follows: (1) with this test method, film systems are
quality parameters. classified instead of film types (as in Guide E94 – 83); and (2) in this test
X1.2.6.2 W-C—Film systems with lower image quality method, classification is based only on imaging performance. Speed is not
performance than ASTM System Class III. In general, this is a classification parameter.

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