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    Transistor As A Switch: Electronics and Communication Circuits Lab. Experiment #6

    Uploaded by

    Eng. Ahmad ELsamak
    This experiment aims to design and simulate a transistor switch circuit to turn an LED on and off. When the switch is open, the transistor is cut off with no base current or collector current, turning the LED off. When the switch is closed, the transistor saturates with maximum base and collector currents, turning on the LED. The document provides equations to calculate the resistor values to ensure the transistor operates in saturation and cut-off, switching the LED on and off. Components include a 2N2222 NPN transistor, LED, resistors, switch and 5V power source. The student will use Multisim to simulate the circuit and verify it switches the LED as intended.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Transistor As A Switch: Electronics and Communication Circuits Lab. Experiment #6

    Uploaded by

    Eng. Ahmad ELsamak
    153 views5 pages
    This experiment aims to design and simulate a transistor switch circuit to turn an LED on and off. When the switch is open, the transistor is cut off with no base current or collector current, turning the LED off. When the switch is closed, the transistor saturates with maximum base and collector currents, turning on the LED. The document provides equations to calculate the resistor values to ensure the transistor operates in saturation and cut-off, switching the LED on and off. Components include a 2N2222 NPN transistor, LED, resistors, switch and 5V power source. The student will use Multisim to simulate the circuit and verify it switches the LED as intended.

    Original Title

    EXP6

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    This experiment aims to design and simulate a transistor switch circuit to turn an LED on and off. When the switch is open, the transistor is cut off with no base current or collector current, turning the LED off. When the switch is closed, the transistor saturates with maximum base and collector currents, turning on the LED. The document provides equations to calculate the resistor values to ensure the transistor operates in saturation and cut-off, switching the LED on and off. Components include a 2N2222 NPN transistor, LED, resistors, switch and 5V power source. The student will use Multisim to simulate the circuit and verify it switches the LED as intended.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    153 views5 pages

    Transistor As A Switch: Electronics and Communication Circuits Lab. Experiment #6

    Uploaded by

    Eng. Ahmad ELsamak
    This experiment aims to design and simulate a transistor switch circuit to turn an LED on and off. When the switch is open, the transistor is cut off with no base current or collector current, turning the LED off. When the switch is closed, the transistor saturates with maximum base and collector currents, turning on the LED. The document provides equations to calculate the resistor values to ensure the transistor operates in saturation and cut-off, switching the LED on and off. Components include a 2N2222 NPN transistor, LED, resistors, switch and 5V power source. The student will use Multisim to simulate the circuit and verify it switches the LED as intended.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Electronics and Communication Circuits Lab.

    EXPERIMENT #6
    Transistor as a Switch
    Objective:
    - To understand and Design the use of NPN transistor as a Switch

    Theory Overview:
    - Transistor switches can be used to switch a low voltage DC device (e.g. LED’s,
    Relay) ON or OFF by using a transistor in its saturated or cut-off state.

    - The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as the Saturation Region
    and the Cut-off Region. This means then that we can ignore the operating Q-point
    biasing and voltage divider circuitry required for amplification, and use the
    transistor as a switch by driving it back and forth between its “fully-OFF” (cut-off)
    and “fully-ON” (saturation) regions as shown below.

    The shaded area at the bottom of the curves represents the “Cut-off” region while the
    shaded area to the left represents the “Saturation” region of the transistor. Both these
    transistor regions are defined as:
    1. Cut-off Region
    Here the operating conditions of the transistor are zero input base current (IB), zero output
    collector current (IC) and maximum collector voltage (VCE) which results in a large
    depletion layer and no current flowing through the device. Therefore the transistor is
    switched “Fully-OFF”.
    Cut-off Characteristics:

    B OFF
    E

    - The input is connected to low level logic.


    - VBE < 0.7 V
    - VCE = VCC
    - IC = 0
    V CC
    - Rcutoff = I must be very large in “kΩ” or “MΩ”
    CEO

    2. Saturation Region
    Here the transistor will be biased so that the maximum amount of base current is applied,
    resulting in maximum collector current resulting in the minimum collector emitter
    voltage drop which results in the depletion layer being as small as possible and maximum
    current flowing through the transistor. Therefore the transistor is switched “Fully-ON”.
    Saturation Characteristics:

    B ON
    E

    - The input is connected to high level logic


    - VBE > 0.7 V
    - VCE <= VCE(sat) from datasheet
    (V CC −V LED −V CE (sat )) V CC −V LED
    - I C(sat) =
    RC
    ≅
    RC
    IC
    - IB≅
    β min
    sat
    β in datasheet is hFE

    - I B ( sat )=( 5 :10 ) × I B

    IC
    - I B (sat) >
    β dc
    sat
    Ensure that the following condition is satisfied.

    (V ¿ −V BE)
    - R B=
    I B(sat)
    V CE
    - R sat = must be very small in “Ω”
    sat

    IC sat

    Materials Needed:
    - Multisim Simulator.
    - 2N2222 NPN Transistor.
    - LED (1.8-2.2 VDC, Max Current 20mA, and Suggested using current 16-18mA)
    from datasheet.
    - DC Ammeter.
    - 5V DC Power Source, 5V VCC.
    - Switch.
    - Resistors ( RC , RB) We want to calculate them
    Procedure:
    The transistor in Figure 1 is used as a switch to turn the LED on and off. For example,
    when the switch is opened (0 V), the transistor is in cutoff; and since there is no collector
    current, the LED does not emit light. When the switch is closed (5 V), the transistor
    saturates. This forward-biases the LED, and the resulting collector current through the
    LED causes it to emit light. Now we will design this circuit in order to achieve the work
    of the transistor as a switch, and through the previous equations and data, we will
    calculate RC, RB.

    Figure 1

    1- When the switch is opened (cutoff) Calculate:

    Note: Suppose LED using 2 V, 15 mA.

    - VCEO =

    - IC =

    - IB =

    - Rcutoff =

    2- When the switch is closed (saturation) Calculate:

    - RC =
    - IC(sat) =
    - IB =

    - IB(sat) =

    IC
    - Check I B (sat) >
    β dc
    sat

    - R B=¿

    - Rsat =

    3- Use RB and RC value and apply it to the circuit and verify that the transistor is
    operating in the cutoff and saturation.

    Conclusion:
    1- Compare with the discussion mathematical results with the practical
    result?

    2- Explain what you have concluded from this experiment?

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