International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 5 Issue 6, September-October 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Cost Optimization of Construction Projects by Using

Advance Methods and Advanced Materials
Prof. Yogita Fulse1, Aniket R. Zolekar2
1
Assistant Professor, 2M Tech Construction Management,
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology,
Sandip University, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Prof. Yogita

Construction industry could be considered as a very important sector Fulse | Aniket R. Zolekar "Cost
for development all over the World and the construction cost is the Optimization of Construction Projects
most important element in it. The construction project can vary from by Using Advance Methods and
Advanced Materials" Published in
extremely profitable to barely worth it and sometimes end up costing
International
the contractor more than what he or she is getting paid to complete it.
Journal of Trend in
In construction industry the aim of project control is to ensure the Scientific Research
projects finish on time, within budget and achieving other project and Development
activities. Time and cost are two main concerns which increase (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
importance of cost reduction techniques. Reduction of cost of 6470, Volume-5 |
construction is a constant goal for construction industry. One way of Issue-6, October IJTSRD46322
reducing construction cost is to develop innovative technologies as 2021, pp.1671-
well as methodologies to increase productivity. This study was 1683, URL:
carried out to identify the factors affecting construction cost. The www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46322.pdf
factors were identified based on case studies and market surveys. In
this paper, we have studied different techniques for optimization. To Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
minimize the construction cost and duration at each phase is
Scientific Research and Development
important. It is a need to meet the present day requirements and to Journal. This is an
complete the project within the estimated time, cost, and available Open Access article
resources. Mainly affecting the factor on cost of project is delay in distributed under the
project and material. Several methods have been developed and terms of the Creative Commons
applied to analyze the time-cost problems, but they can optimize only Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
one parameter. Various low cost material also suggested for (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
optimizing the cost of project along with maintaining the quality and
strength of the project. Also various mathematical method and
software based models studied for optimization. This study centers
on assessing the cost of construction project and compare the
construction cost with the optimized cost of the same building by
using advance construction techniques and materials. Outcomes of
cost study suggest that the construction cost of residential building
project is reduced by 20-30%, 10-20% in infrastructural projects and
25-35% in industrial projects than the construction cost.
KEYWORDS: Construction, Cost Reduction, Value Engineering,
Cost, Value, Project, Cost Optimization Techniques, Cost Reduction
Techniques, Advance methods, Advance Material, Material
Management, etc
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is considered one of the In general, there are three sectors of construction:
most resource-intensive industry sectors in the global buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building
economy and is often exposed to several risks such as construction is usually further divided into residential
resource scarcity, availability, and prices of globally and non-residential. Infrastructure, also called heavy
traded commodities. Decreasing the power of assets civil or heavy engineering, includes large public
used in construction is, in this way, critical for works, dams, bridges, highways, railways, water or
expanding industrial and economic resilience. wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial

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construction includes offshore construction (mainly
of energy installations), mining and quarrying,
refineries, chemical processing, power generation,
mills and manufacturing plants.
There are also other ways to break the industry into
sectors or markets. For example, Engineering News-
Record (ENR), a US-based construction trade
magazine, has compiled and r Engineering News-
Record (ENR), reported data about the size of design
and construction contractors. In 2020, it split the data
into nine market segments: transportation, petroleum,
buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing,
sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste, and a tenth Fig -1: Residential Construction
category for other projects. Engineering News-Record
Residential construction practices, technologies, and
(ENR) used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous
resources must conform to local building authority
waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.
regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily
The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer available in the area generally dictate the construction
North American Industry Classification System materials used (eg. brick versus stone versus timber).
classify companies that perform or engage in Costs of construction on per square meter (or per
construction into three subsectors: building square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically
construction, heavy and civil engineering based on site conditions, access routes, local
construction, and specialty trade contractors. There regulations, economies of scale (custom-designed
are also categories for professional services firms homes are often more expensive to build) and the
(e.g., engineering, architecture, surveying, project availability of skilled trades people. Residential
management). construction actually addresses the housing needs of
A. Building Construction society. Housing construction takes many forms:
Building construction is the process of adding individual homes, apartments, condominiums,
structures to areas of land, also known as real townhouses, and prefabricated units like modular and
property sites. Typically, a project is instigated by or manufactured homes. Individual homes are classified
with the owner of the property (who may be an as single-family dwellings. Apartment condominiums
individual or an organisation); occasionally, land may and townhouses are all referred to as multi-family
be compulsorily purchased from the owner for public dwellings.
use. II. Non-residential Construction :-
I. Residential Construction :- Depending upon the type of building, non-residential
Residential construction may be undertaken by building construction can be procured by a wide
individual land-owners (self-build), by specialist range of private and public organisations, including
house-builders, by property developers, by general local authorities, educational and religious bodies,
contractors, or by providers of public or social transport undertakings, retailers, hoteliers, property
housing (eg. local authorities, housing associations). developers, financial institutions and other private
Where local zoning or planning policies allow, companies. Most construction in these sector s is
mixed-use developments may comprise both undertaken by general contractors.
residential and non-residential construction (eg. retail,
leisure, offices, public buildings, etc).

Fig -2: Non-residential Construction

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This act of the industry primarily addresses the needs infrastructure through the Sustainable Development
of commerce, trade and government and makes up Goals, especially Sustainable Development Goal 9
about a third of the total construction market. This is "Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure".
the category that includes banks, schools, office
C. Industrial Construction
buildings, hotels, shopping malls, religious facilities,
basketball stadiums, theatres, universities, amusement
parks, hospital, courthouses, government buildings,
and other facilities where people gather. These
projects may range in size from small medical office
to large high-rise office buildings to state-of-the-art
biotechnology facilities. The building cost are
significantly higher than with residential construction,
and the project duration is much longer. It is not
uncommon for commercial project last three years or
more.
B. Building Construction Fig -4: Industrial Construction
Civil engineering covers the design, construction, and
maintenance of the physical and naturally built Industrial construction includes offshore construction
environment, including public works such as roads, (mainly of energy installations: oil and gas platforms,
bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, airports, water and wind power), mining and quarrying, refineries,
sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways. breweries, distilleries and other processing plants,
power stations, steel mills, warehouses and factories.
Industrial construction is a specific form of building
that requires expert training and highly experienced
workers who can multi-task. Many industrial
construction companies are large, multi-national
firms. Projects are run by a bevy of managers,
engineers and architects.
2. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Some construction projects are small renovations or
repair jobs, where the owner may act as designer,
paymaster and laborer for the entire project.
However, more complex or ambitious projects
Fig -3: Infrastructure Construction usually require additional multi-disciplinary expertise
and manpower, so the owner may commission one or
Some general contractors have expertise in civil more specialist businesses to undertake detailed
engineering; civil engineering contractors are firms planning, design, construction and handover of the
dedicated to work in this sector, and may specialize in work. Often the owner will appoint one business to
particular types of infrastructure. Infrastructure is oversee the project (this may be a designer, a
composed of public and private physical structures contractor, a construction manager, or other advisor);
such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water such specialists are normally appointed for their
supply, sewers, electrical grids, and expertise in project delivery, and will help the owner
telecommunications (including internet connectivity define the project brief, agree a budget and schedule,
and broadband access). In general, infrastructure has liaise with relevant public authorities, and procure the
been defined as "the physical components of services of other specialists (the supply chain,
interrelated systems providing commodities and comprising subcontractors). Contracts are agreed for
services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance the delivery of services by all businesses, alongside
societal living conditions" and maintain the other detailed plans aimed at ensuring legal, timely,
surrounding environment. Especially in light of the on-budget and safe delivery of the specified works.
massive societal transformations needed to mitigate
and adapt to climate change, contemporary
infrastructure conversations frequently focus on
sustainable development and green infrastructure.
Acknowledging this importance, the international
community has created policy focused on sustainable

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H. Reputation of Engineer
I. Regulatory Requirements
J. Insurance Requirements
K. Size and Type of Construction Project
L. Location of Construction
M. Engineering Review
N. Contingency
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In many construction projects, project managers and
contractors find difficulties like poor planning of
project, poor material, labour shortages, increased
cost of material, delays in deliveries, wastage of
material, over budgeting, unexpected weather
changes, lapse in management and control, loss of
material, poor communication etc. This result into
cost and time overruns conflicts in project. So there is
need to study costs included in projects and to
Fig -5: Construction Process identify cost reduction or cost control techniques for
A. Construction Cost carrying construction projects effectively. Reduction
Expense incurred by a contractor for labour, material, of cost of construction is a constant goal for
equipment, financing, service utilities etc. plus construction industry. One way of reducing
overheads and contractors’ profit. Cost of land, construction cost is to develop innovative
architectural design, fee of consultant and engineer technologies as well as methodologies to increase
are not construction costs. Construction costs form productivity. Due to cost reduction techniques cost of
part of the overall costs incurred during the project is managed so that contractor does not suffer
development of a built asset such as a building. Very losses while carrying different activities of projects.
broadly, construction costs will be those costs The principal aim of this study is to optimize cost of
incurred by the actual construction works themselves, construction projects.
and on some projects may be determined by the value A. Aim of the Study
of the contract with the main contractor. India is a country where every family dreams of
In addition, the contract is likely to allow for the staying in the house they own. But with the current
contract sum to be adjusted as a result, for example, increase in land costs, construction material prices
of variations to the works, claims for loss and and labour charges, it is becoming difficult for middle
expense, or fluctuations (a way of dealing with class families to fulfill their dream of living in their
inflation on large projects that may last for several own homes. So I thought of putting forward some
years). It is because of these unknowns that clients are conclusion that can be helpful for such families to
advised to hold a contingency. As a result, what is build the house of their dreams. Reduction of cost of
considered the actual 'construction cost' of a project construction is a constant goal for construction
must be clearly defined and may not be finally industry. One way of reducing construction cost is to
determined until well after the actual construction develop innovative technologies as well as
works have been completed. This is true, even if a methodologies to increase productivity.
contract is described as having a 'fixed price' or B. Objectives of the Study
'guaranteed maximum price’. 1. To study different construction projects with
B. Factors Affecting Construction Cost respect to cost and material, this includes
A. Similar Construction Projects residential project, infrastructure project and
B. Construction Material Costs industrial project.
C. Labour Wage Rates 2. To minimize total cost of construction projects
with respect to different factors. (Direct cost and
D. Construction Site Conditions Indirect cost).
E. Inflation Factor 3. To study cost reduction methods and advance
F. Project Schedule materials for construction projects.
G. Quality of Plans & Specifications

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4. To compare cost of projects before and after using B. Select different construction projects for
advance methods and materials. conducting study with respect to cost and
material,
C. Need of the Cost Optimization
The optimization of cost is necessary as it could C. Study the different factors which are responsible
minimize the total cost of project. This optimization for increasing cost of construction projects,
in cost helps to achieve the greatest benefit. D. Study of direct and indirect cost for reducing total
cost of construction,
D. Methodology of the Study
The different phases of this project of work are shown E. Study of different cost reduction techniques and
in the following diagram. The figure simply describes advance materials,
the experimental strategy of this study step by step. F. Comparative analysis of different projects with
A. Review the existing literature for cost respect to cost,
optimization of construction projects, G. Interpretation of results and conclusion.
E. Different Projects for Case Studies
Table -1: Overview of the Investigated Projects
Sr. No. Project Description Location
Prangan Residential Flat Project (G +
1 Residential Project Nashik
20 Residential Building)
2 Infrastructural Project Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul Nashik
3 Industrial Project Industrial Shed, Sinnar MIDC Sinnar
F. Cost Reduction Techniques
There are various cost effective techniques of construction. Many of them are also energy efficient and easily
adoptable. Since India is a developing country, the economy haves importance. There is a need for the adoption
of strong, durable, environment friendly, ecologically appropriate, energy efficient and yet cost effective
materials and appropriate technologies in construction. In construction project reduction in cost can be achieved
by some of the following techniques:
1. Value Engineering
2. Material Management
3. Budgetary Control
4. Cost Optimization Techniques
5. Cost Reduction Techniques at site
4. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
A. Project 1 : Residential Project
“Prangan” is an ongoing premium 2BHK and 3BHK residential flats project. This residential project “Prangan”
consists of two wings namely ‘Wing A’ and ‘Wing B’. Both wings are same, so for our study, we take ‘Wing
A’. “Prangan” residential flat project consists of G + 20 floors over 36 lifestyle amenities.
Table -2: Technical Data of Residential Project
Name of Project Residential Project
Description “Prangan” Residential Flat Project (“A” Wing)
Location “Prangan”, 4th Ave, Serene Meadows, Gangapur Road, Nashik – 422 013
No. of Floors G + 20 Floors
Odd Floors 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21
Even Floors 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
Odd Floor : 1026 sq. ft. (95.36 sq. m)
Carpet Area
Even Floor : 1023 sq. ft. (95.04 sq. m)
Odd Floor : 313 sq. ft. (29.05 sq. m)
Usable Area
Even Floor : 289 sq. ft. (26.83 sq. m)
Odd Floor : 2365 sq. ft. (219.79 sq. m)
Built-up Area
Even Floor : 2158 sq. ft. (200.55 sq. m)

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Table -3: Construction Cost of “Prangan” (Wing A) Residential Project
Total Carpet Area 21516 sq. ft. (1996.63 sq. m)
Total Usable Area 6333 sq. ft. (588.57 sq. m)
Total Built-up Area 47595 sq. ft. (4423.33 sq. m)
Construction Cost 1500/- per sq. ft.
1500 x 47595 = 7,13,92,500 INR
Total Cost
Seven Crore Thirteen Lacs Ninety Two Thousand and Five Hundred
Construction costs form part of the overall costs incurred during the development of a built asset such as a
building. Very broadly, construction costs will be those costs incurred by the actual construction works
themselves, and on some projects may be determined by the value of the contract with the main contractor.

Fig -6: 3D View of Prangan Residential Flat Project

However, the construction contract may include costs that might not in themselves be considered literal
construction costs (hard costs), such as fees, profits, overheads, and so on. Many projects will also include costs
that it is not possible to determine when the construction contract is awarded (such as prime cost sums and
provisional sums), and there may be construction works that are awarded by the client outside of the main
contract. There are some other charges like scrutiny fees, construction development charges, ancillary charges,
cess charges, drainage charges, tree plantation charges, land development charges etc. are not considered in
construction cost. It is because; our objectives are to minimize Cost Construction Projects by using Advance
Construction Techniques and Materials.

Fig -7: Floor Plan of “Prangan” Residential Flat Project (Odd Floor)

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Fig -8: Floor Plan of “Prangan” Residential Flat Project (Even Floor)
B. Project 2 : Infrastructural Project
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul is in Nashik city, Dwarka area and located on National Highway 3 (India).
It starts from Pandavleni caves and ends near Panchavati Stadium, it is India's first externally strutted segmental
box girder bridge used over 2100 and having capacity of 100 Ton each and India's Second Longest road bridge.
It was approved by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2002.
Table -4: Technical Data of Infrastructural Project
Name of Project Infrastructural Project
Official Name Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul
Location Nashik
Carries 4 lanes not allowed for pedestrians, bicycles, Motor-Cycles, and Auto Rickshaws.
Characteristics
Maintained by Ashoka Buildcon, Larsen & Toubro, National Highways Authority of India
Material Steel
Total length 14 Km.
Width 120 ft.
Height 70 ft.
Clearance above 20 ft.
Clearance below 20 ft.
Constructed by Ashoka Buildcon and Larsen & Toubro
Statistics
Daily traffic 50,000 vehicles
Toll Free both ways in City.

Fig -9: Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul, Nashik

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Table-5: Construction Cost of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul, Nashik
Total Length 16 km
Cost of Construction per km 25,00,00,000/-
Total Cost 4,00,00,00,000 INR (Four Hundred Crore Rupees)
C. Project 3: Industrial Project
Table -6: Technical Data of Industrial Project
Name of Project Industrial Project
Official Name Amruta Industries, Sinnar Industrial Shed, Sinner MIDC
Location B-24, Sinnar Taluka Industrial Co. Opp Etate Ltd, Sinnar, Maharashtra
Length 40 m (131.23 ft)
Width 15 m (49.21 ft)
Plan Area 40 m X 15 m = 600 sq. m (131.23 ft X 49.21 ft = 6457.83 sq. ft)

Fig -10: Amruta Industries, Sinnar

Table -7: Construction Cost of Amruta Industries, Sinnar
Plan Area 40 m X 15 m = 600 sq. m (131.23 ft X 49.21 ft = 6457.83 sq. ft)
Cost of construction
240/- Rs.
per sq. ft
6457.83 X 240 = 15,49,879 INR
Total Cost
(Fifteen Lacs Forty Nine Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventy Nine Rupees)
D. Cost Reduction Programme
Cost reduction aims at improvement of human efforts. In a business organisation several persons are engaged in
diverse activities. It may be a short-term or long-term under special problems such as reduction in profit, specific
inefficiencies in certain spots (or fall in production). A special cost reduction programme is geared into action to
meet the situation and improve the position. Long-term cost reduction plans improve major reductions in costs
and may involve capital expenditure.
Briefly, a programme of cost reduction consists of the following:
A. Numerous centres or points where costs are incurred are located and grouped according to departmental
responsibility.
B. Each such point or group or points is then submitted a value analysis scheme to determine whether optimum
efficiency has been achieved in its performance or whether there is a norm for cost reductions.
C. Suitable techniques are, therefore, applied to reduce costs. No cost reduction programme can be effective
unless a joint effort is made by all the departments concerned and the plan is linked with responsible
management. Allocation of responsibility of the various cost reduction levels of management is an important
requirement for control of cost reduction of the operation and spheres under his control.
D. The programme for cost reduction should be clearly defined and responsibilities delegated. Thus, each
executive should be aware of his role in the over-all scheme of cost reduction and of the function he has to
perform.
E. Tools and Techniques of Cost reduction Programme
The various techniques and tools used for achieving cost reduction are practically the same which have been
suggested for cost control.

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Some of these are:
1. Budgetary control,
2. Standard costing,
3. Standardisation of products and tools and equipment’s,
4. Simplification and variety reduction,
5. Improvement in design,
6. Material control,
7. Labour control,
8. Overhead control,
9. Production planning and control,
10. Automation,
11. Operation research,
12. Market research,
13. Planning and control of finance,
14. Value analysis,
15. Quality measurement and research,
16. Cost benefits analysis.
17. Contribution Analysis
F. Effective Ways to Reduce Material Cost
1. Substitute Lower Cost Materials Where Possible
2. Reduce Waste
3. Eliminate Unnecessary Product Features
4. Negotiate, Negotiate, Negotiate
5. Leverage Suppliers
6. Buy Need, Not Potential
7. Trade Time for Discounts
8. Buy Bargains
9. Transform Buyers into Suppliers
10. Barter Finished Goods for Raw Materials
11. Provide Warehouse and Distribution Services
12. Offer Quick Payment for Lower Prices
13. Enter Into Cooperative Purchase Agreements to Gain Buying Muscle
14. Negotiate Long-Term Supply Agreements
G. Advance Construction Materials
1. Durable Concrete
2. High Performance Concrete
3. Self–compacting Concrete (SCC)
4. The Use of Mineral Admixtures
5. Fly Ash
6. High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFA)
7. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
8. Condensed Silica Fume (CSF)
9. Ternary Blends
10. Cement Silos
11. Durability Enhancing Products
12. Hydrophobic Concrete Waterproofing System
13. Reinforcement
14. Ternary Blended Cements
15. Photo-catalytic Cement
16. Insulated Concrete Form (ICF)
17. Exterior Self–leveling Concrete Topping
18. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
19. Corrosion Inhibiters for Reinforced Concrete
20. Coarse Aggregates for Concrete

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21. Recycled Aggregates
22. Lightweight Aggregates
23. High Performance Lightweight Concrete
24. Self–curing, Shrinkage-free concrete
25. Advanced Composite Reinforcement
26. Application of Nano Technology
H. Advance Construction Techniques
1. Precast Flat Panel System
2. 3D Volumetric Modules
3. Flat Slab Construction
4. Precast Cladding Panels
5. Concrete Wall and Floors
6. Twin Wall Technology
7. Precast Concrete Foundation
8. Concrete Formwork Insulation
I. Cost Optimization by Using Advance Construction Techniques and Materials
The problem of cost optimization is actually the lack of knowledge and inadequate planning for the
implementation coupled with the poor management of construction resources. General methods that are used by
Builders for cost optimization methods are as follows:
1. Comparison with a cost standard.
2. Subdivision by detail.
3. Integration with other functions.
The availability of qualified experts is the main problem faced by Builder in optimizing the costs of construction
projects. Project managers/ civil engineers don’t have cost Reconcile approach they do not prepare Cost control
documents for their Projects that’s why they don’t have expertise in Cost optimization.
1. As per study, 20-30% cost can be optimized in residential projects by using advance construction
techniques and materials.
2. 10-20% cost can be optimized in infrastructural projects by using construction and demolition waste
materials.
3. In industrial projects, 25-35% cost can be optimized by using Pre-Engineered Buildings.
Table -8: Cost Optimization of Different Projects
Sr. No. Description Construction Cost Optimizing Cost
Prangan Residential Flat Project (G +
7,13,92,500 INR 5,35,44,375 INR
Project 1 20 Residential Building)
Project 2 Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul 4,00,00,00,000 INR 3,40,00,00,000 INR
Project 3 Industrial Shed, Sinnar MIDC 15,49,879 INR 10,84,915 INR

Chart -1: Cost Optimization of Residential Project (Project 1)

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Contour Crafting technology can also be used for cost optimization of construction projects. Contour crafting is
a building printing technology being researched by Behrokh Khoshnevis of the University of Southern
California's Information Sciences Institute (in the Viterbi School of Engineering) that uses a computer-controlled
crane or gantry to build edifices rapidly and efficiently with substantially less manual labor. It was originally
conceived as a method to construct molds for industrial parts. Khoshnevis decided to adapt the technology for
rapid home construction as a way to rebuild after natural disasters, like the devastating earthquakes that have
plagued his native Iran.

Chart -2: Cost Optimization of Infrastructural Project (Project 2)

Chart -3: Cost Optimization of Commercial Project (Project 3)

4. CONCLUSIONS Several methods have been developed and applied to
In this paper, we have studied different techniques for analyze the time-cost problems, but they can optimize
optimization. To minimize the construction cost and only one parameter. Various low cost materials also
duration at each phase is important. It is a need to suggested for optimizing the cost of project along
meet the present day requirements and to complete with maintaining the quality and strength of the
the project within the estimated time, cost, and project. Also various mathematical method and
available resources. Mainly affecting the factor on software based models studied for optimization. This
cost of project is delay in project and material. study centers on assessing the cost of construction

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
project and compare the construction cost with the [2] Shafayet Ahmed and Ingrid Arocho, “Analysis
optimized cost of the same building by using advance of Cost Comparison and Effects of Change
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express my thanks to all those who contributed in Cost Estimation of Building Projects”,
many ways to the success of this study and made it an International Journal of Recent Trends in
unforgettable experience for me. I would like to Engineering & Research (IJRTER), Volume 03,
express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Yogita Fulse for Issue 04, pp. 379-387, April 2017.
her excellent guidance and continuous encouragement
during course of my work. I truly appreciate for her [7] AL Kulabi Ahmed and Hakob Avetisyanb,
vast knowledge and delight supervision and advice. “Reducing Time and Cost of Construction
My special thanks to Prof. Dr. P. L. Naktode, Head Projects by improving the Properties of Precast
of Civil Engineering Department, for his constant Normal-Weight Wall Panels”, Science Direct :
inspiration and all the facilities provided to Procedia Engineering, Volume 145, pp. 1066 –
successfully complete this work. I would also like to 1073, 2016.
thank Prof. Dr. A. S. Maheshwari, Associate Dean [8] Urmila A Mahadik, “Cost Reduction in
of the Institute who has provided me this opportunity Construction Projects”, International Journal of
to present this dissertation. I would also like to thank Engineering Technology, Management and
to all the faculty members of the department for their Applied Sciences, Volume 3, Special Issue, pp.
valuable guidance and support during the course of my 397-400, September 2015.
work. Also I would like to thank all my friends who
have directly or indirectly helped me in my project [9] Anuja Rajguru and Parag Mahatme, “Effective
work throughout the course. Finally I would like to Techniques in Cost Optimization of
thank my parents from whom I learnt the value of hard Construction Project: An Review”,
work and its fruitful results. International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume:
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