ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Vf

First I would like to thank our Almighty God for giving me this

opportunity in my life and to achieve this educational attainment and also

for giving me this knowledge, strength and vitality and the ability to finish

this study.

My Deepest thanks to my family that never stop on Cheering me up to

finish my study, and believing that I could even Pass the trials that I will

encounter in college. For giving me such moral, financial and even spiritual

support when I badly at worst, and an endless love to me and my siblings.

To my “mama” Editha Burgos who thought me this kind of courage to

finish this study. You are the one who give yourself to us, your children,

mama and my brother are always be my strength. You are the best mother

that I could have in this World. You’re the woman that let others to see the

pain and suffer in work just to give us this kind of life. She didn’t even

think about her health just to support and give our needs. I salute you

mama your always be the woman that I’d bow.

 To my “Lola” Fe Guillermo i alwaysthank you for the strength, love

and for the support from financial, spiritual at emotional for until I finish

this study.

I’d also want to express my warm thanks to our Professors, especially

to our Head, Felix Lor Valdueza for giving us knowledge that we will

need to finish this course. Teaching and guiding us to the path that we

really want to tread. That we going to be needed in the near future.To

achieve our goals in this program.

THE RESEARCHER
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this study to our “ALMIGHTY GOD” as expression of my

gratitude for all the things he has done for me and for blessing he gave to

our family.

To all beloved one’s especially to my very cheerful and loving mother

EDITHA BURGOS, to my lovable, caring and kind grandmother FE

GUILLERMO, to the love of my life JOSEPH ROY RENDON and also to

my supportive brothers JOHN MICHAEL & ANGELO BURGOS.

To my Supportive classmate and friends in Department of Criminology

batch 2014-2018 the class “TAGALIGTAS” of University of Caloocan City

“Prosper you and not harm you, to give hope and a future” – Jeremiah 29:

JMB
 ABSTRACT

TITLE:An Assessment of Traffic Problem from R-10 Caloocan Navotas

Boundary going to 5th Avenue, Caloocan City

AUTHOR:Joana Marie G. Burgos

ADVISER:Felix Lor Valdueza

DEGREE:Bachelor of Science in Criminology

NAME OF INSTITUTION:University of Caloocan City

ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION:

Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, 12th Avenue Caloocan City

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The following are the problems that this study wanted to be solve

based on the researcher’s initial observation.

1. What are the causes of traffic congestion at the area of study and

how do respond to assessed the problem?

 2. What are the different vehicles that tents to contribute to traffic

problem at the area of study?

3. What are the different agencies that help to regulate and implement

traffic rules?

4. What are the programs to decongest at the area of study provided by

traffic agency?

5. What solution maybe offered to the above stated problems?

SUMMARY OFFINDINGS

The purpose of this study is to find way to improve the traffic congestion

along 5TH Avenue up to R-10 Caloocan Navotas-Boundary Vice versa

Caloocan City and the possible solution to lessen the traffic congestion. The

researcher observed that there is no particular period of time in a day that

limits or banning the trucks that passing through.

1. As stated hereon, the big volume of vehicles that passes through the

area of study and the direct result of the biggest problem of traffic

congestion since the abrupt traversing tricycle as to size and speed,

scaring small vehicles without thinking the rules and regulations

implemented in the area of study. The lack of traffic enforcer since

 nobody could administer, supervise, direct, organize, and manage the

flow of traffic and in the direction of the area of the study. The

undisciplined drivers and pedestrians who contribute to traffic

congestion fragrantly disregard and violate traffic rules even in the

presence of the traffic enforcer and the different vehicles that

contribute to traffic congestion according to the factors.

2. As the researcher observed to those vehicle contribute in traffic

congestion as to:

2.1 Light vehicle has the 20% includes the vehicles tricycle and

motorcycle contribution in the traffic congestion. It only

accommodate small amount of space. The only problem that

researcher noticed this vehicle are always trying to overtake to

big vehicles that causes of accident.

2.2 In Medium Vehicles the articulated vehicle such as Jeep, close

van, tricycle, bus, delivery van, company messenger 33% and

among the other vehicles because that is commonly used as

the beast of burden to deliver their goods. Private owner of

vehicles are one of the contributing factors. PUV’s are also one

factor that contributes to the congestion.

 2.3 In heavy Vehicles 50% are the trucks and buses they are the

major contributor of traffic congestion in the area of study.

They accommodate large amount of space in roads and

highways. Also one of the origin of accident.

3. The different agencies that will help in the traffic rules

implementation and can help control the traffic congestion for the

free flow of traffic as what have been stated above, The DPSTM

(Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management) is the primary

responsible to handling traffic congestion through driveways and

there’s LTO (Land Transportation Office) agency that provides

individual motorist the license to drive a vehicle with the registration

of the vehicle. The MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development

Authority) the one charged in the beautification and development of

the traffic ways along Metro Manila. POLICE to enforce, and

implement traffic rules and regulations and to inform the motorist of

their responsibilities while driving their motor vehicle.

4. The MMDA and DPSTM has their own program to improve the traffic

flow. They add different solution to solve congestion along the area

of study.
 4.1 The MMDA made new routes and recommend a new project

building new bridges and skyways.

4.2 While the DPSTM has orange lane for the vendors that will set

as there limit in occupying the roads, this help improve the

traffic congestion along area of study.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on all the studies and gathered results and information’s of the

researcher, it is concluded that:

1. The large Volume of vehicles that passes along 5TH Avenue up to R-

10 Caloocan Navotas-Boundary Vice versa Caloocan City since there

is no limitation or restriction as to the type of vehicles passes

through; it easily clogs whenever tricycles and motors simultaneously

pass. Also the traffic congestion almost doubled during peak hours.

2. It is very effective if they enforce the action to the traffic authorities

as they strictly implementing traffic laws.

 2.1 That most of the light vehicle occupying small amount of space

but also a contributor of congestion in the area of study

because these are the major cause of accidents.

2.2 These Medium vehicles are occupying space by illegal parking

in the area of study.

2.3 These vehicles are the one who mostly contributed congestion

not only by the size they occupying but also to the time they

are traveling.

3. Some reasons of traffic congestion in the cited area of study are the

illegal activities of the pedestrians, motorist, drivers and road users.

4. PUV’s Tricycle, Private Vehicles, Motorcycles are factors that

contribute to traffic snarl UP

5. Traffic Law enforcement which relate deliver to observing, detecting,

and preventing traffic violations and taking appropriate action under

circumstances.

RECOMMENDATION

Given all the reason, it is being recommended by the researcher;

1. There should be a specific time for trucks to pass through the area

of study. Footbridge for person who wants to cross the road and

avoid accidents. Add of traffic light and traffic sign. Also at night

light to enlighten the road to guide the road users.

2. The best if the number of traffic enforcer increase in proportion to

the number of vehicles each day.

2.1 Add of enforcer that only job is to catch those who try to

overtake to big vehicles without any valid grounds.

2.2 Those vehicles that are not that useful or parked near in

the area of study should get by tow a way truck even it

has valid reason.

2.3 The time for truck should be at night only and there

should be bus waiting shed for those passengers to avoid

bus stop anywhere.

3. Strict implementation of traffic rules and regulations. Add more

traffic enforcer to regulate the traffic.

4. Traffic officers should have seminars to widen their knowledge on

how to implement traffic laws and regulations

4.1 More highways and bridges also give the road user the

sharp of fang of the traffic rules and regulations

4.2 Observed properly the major cause of traffic congestion.

Give proper instruction to road users.

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page I

Approval sheet II

Acknowledgement III

Dedication IV

Abstract V

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I: The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Statement of the problem

Assumption

Significance of the study

Scope and Delimitation

Definition of Terms

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Literature

Local

Foreign

Local Studies

Foreign studies

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Paradigm

Relevance of the Review Literature and studies

to the present studies

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH PROCEDURE

Research Design

Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

Validation of Instrument
 Administration and Retrieval of the Instrument

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DATA

ANALYSIS

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

Curriculum Vitae
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

The first human steps were designed to facilitate movement as

effectively and as fast as possible from one point to another.

In the last five years traffic management systems have grown from

obscure and exotic technology to a standard part of server configurations.

Traffic management systems are a distinct blend of network and

information processing, neither a network device nor a server, but

something in-between, requiring purpose built hardware and software

systems.

Over the next five years, the Internet will utterly transform business by

connecting an enterprise to customers, prospects, employees, suppliers,

business partners, as well as the public at large. The Internet is the basis

for that universal access, carrying your business presence, at electronic

speed, anywhere, worldwide. With that opportunity come a set of

challenges and obligations, not the least of which is the implementation

and operation of server systems capable of providing high-performance,

reliable, interactive response for the large and unpredictable access loads

that the Internet is capable of delivering. Building effective server systems

and applications is a critical part of exploiting the potential of the Internet.

Traffic management systems are an increasingly important part of those

servers and applications.

Traffic management systems sit between the network and the servers

and function to direct traffic, at line speeds, from the Internet to the

individual systems and appliances (e.g., firewalls) that collectively

constitute the “server.” Traffic management systems grew out of relatively

straightforward need to scale server capacity beyond the limits of the

largest, standard multi-processor configurations. Subsequently, many

innovative applications have been developed, and this system technology

has significantly influenced the much broader topics of server system and

application design.

Traffic Management had its beginning in the ancient times the classical

example was during the time of Julius Ceasar the entrance of chariot and

arts of business centers in Roman Empire are prohibited in certain laws. A

system of traffic control and management was in existing in Babylon in the

year 200 B.C to prevent congestion from there on traffic management

become a must of to our present time.

When the first self-propelled road vehicle was invented by French

engineer and mechanic, Nicholas Joseph Cugnot on 1769, it was motivated

by many engineers around the world and invented until such now were

having millions of vehicles and people behind it never stop to improve and

invent new cars. Among of this, is the problem of regulating the increased

numbers of public and private vehicles.

The researcher live in Caloocan –Navotas Boundary for almost 7 years

and its annoying for her travel from home to school and vice versa yet

traffic congestion is conspired during 7 in the morning and 5 in the

afternoon.

This is researcher way to say her opinion in resolving this traffic

congestion. Choosing this topic she can freely expressed and suggested the

solution in the said problem. In her observation there are a lot and

different problem need to be solve. In order to end this problem the

researcher conducted her study well and right.

 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Traffic Congestion is a serious problem conspired by all countries. There

are different agencies responsible for regulating and supervising traffic

congestion. But the problem isn’t only the cycle of congestion of the

vehicles rather to the flagrant manner and behavior of the road users that

are improper.

There are a lot of politician suggest and order to build more roads and

highways to minimize the flow of traffic congestion. But is neither it

enough nor right? Still this resolution is under study by the government.

As for today happening traffic congestion will always be encountered in

everywhere in the Philippines especially in metro manila. The most

common reason for heaving traffic congestion is the increase of Public and

Private Vehicle with the different types, size, price, age, and brand. It

boost together as the development of individuals in an economy.

Many Road users brought numbers of cars even it looks old as long as

it satisfy them from other people saying. As long as this vehicle are

affordable even without their own parking area. The process of selling

vehicle in our country is very easy. Unlike in the other country they were
giving more attention on the development for their state. The government

never let people buy cars without their own space to park their cars

development for their state. The government never let people buy cars

without their own space to park their cars. When there is a car which

release dark smoke it will be crease and throw it in plunk spot moreover

the government will pay for it. However, these increasing numbers of

vehicles there is also a large need for the traffic regulator that will

supervise and direct while it flows along highways or roads.

In the Philippines there are 1,580, 753 units of motor vehicles

registered only in LTO-NCR in the year 2005. In LTO-Caloocan, the total

number of registered of motor vehicles was about 64,502 or 4.08% of the

LTO-NCR registration.

In Caloocan City, Urban transportation depends highly on exiting roads.

The condition, efficiency, and level of transportation services are

proportionate to the pace road infrastructure development. Currently, the

road network system serving Caloocan City consist of two circumferential

roads. About 170.36 kilometers serve South Caloocan and 156.84

kilometers serve in North Caloocan or a total length of 327.20 kilometers.

These roads are classified as local and national roads, under the
supervision of the City Government and the Department of Public Highways

(DPWH) respectively.

Legally this study focused upon the problem of traffic administration

along 5th Avenue going to R-10 Caloocan- Navotas Boundary. This road has

the total length of 6.71 km. The Run has a total ascent of 0.72 m and has

a maximum elevation of 7.83 m.

There are different articulated vehicles that pass in the area of study

such as truck, motorcycle, delivery van, bus, PUV, SUV, and Jeepney’s.

Countless of vehicles passes during peak hours. The flow of traffic

congestion is very heavy; this is what the researcher noticed in conducting

this study.

I choose this topic for me to identify the different vehicles contributed to

traffic congestion along the area of study. And to give some solution to

resolve the problem conspired for a long years.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The following are the problems that this study wanted to be solve

based on the researcher’s initial observation.

 1. What are the causes of traffic congestion at the area of study and

how do we assesed the problem?

2. What are the different vehicles that tents to contribute to traffic

problem at the area of study?

3. What are the different agencies that help to regulate and implement

traffic rules?

4. What are the programs to decongest area of study provided by traffic

agency?

5. What solution may be offered to the above stated problems?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY

This study documented by the researcher entitled as Assessment of

Traffic Problem from 5TH avenue going to R-10 Caloocan-Navotas Boundary

Vice Versa Caloocan City. To identify the possible causes and the solution

might resolve the congestion causes in the area of study during peak

hours. As a B.S Criminology student this will test the knowledge of the

researcher to give her opinion in order to solve the problem conspired by

everyone in their everyday living. This will also contribute to the

community, commuters, drivers, pedestrians and to the future researchers.

 To community this will give them hints to the happening in the area of

study. For the commuters this will give them hint the time were in heavy

traffic is conspired. Also for the drivers to give them alternative routes in

order to be in there decided destination. Pedestrians will be safe for any

danger cause by the vehicle also to avoid such accident. This will be the

guide of the future researcher in order for them also to study the traffic

congestion that will be conspired in the following years.

This research is hardly studied and review by the researcher not only

for her to solve the problem of traffic congestion but also to test her

learning in her study for four years from her very inspirable Dean.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study aimed to give some possible resolution to solve traffic

congestion in the area of study. The research conducted by the researcher

will resolve the said causes of traffic congestion in the area of the study.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

The researcher has reviewed studied different number of literature and

study such as traffic rules and regulations in the Philippines, writers,

publisher, solutions Issued by the government and agencies, articles both

local and foreign reports on traffic management scheme manuals of

different cities to develop a better understanding of the implementation

and effectiveness of traffic rules. This strengthens my study as my guide in

arrived a factual solution of a problem.

RELATED LITERATURE

This part deals on the findings made from articles, and other magazines

related to present study. Strengthens my study as my guide in arrived a

factual solution of the problem. Traffic management is a term used to

embody the undertaken by the highways transportation agency to improve

road way system safety, efficiency and effectiveness for both providers and

consumers of transportation services. There are two distinct types of traffic

management. The first one utilizes traditional traffic engineering tools or

simple devices to regulate traffic control. The second relies more on

advanced technology through the use Intelligent Transportation System

(ITS).

In the Philippines, there are several government agencies which deals

with the traffic management These agencies includes the Metro Manila

Development Authority (MMDA), Development of Transportation and

Communications (DOTC), Department of Public Works and Highways

(DPWH), Traffic Engineering Center, Philippine National Police- Traffic

Management Group, and the Land Transportation Office (LTO). According

to Lidasan as mentioned in the news report, poor coordination among

government agencies occurs since their function and responsibilities often

overlap. Moreover, even if policy making and implementation or

enforcement were assigned in the specific agencies, this organization

usually disregard or bypass one another in the performance of their

functions. The following paragraphs further identify the key roles of the

different agencies for an effective traffic management

The responsibility for road construction and maintenance is divided

between DPWH national roads and LGUs for Local roads. The DPWH Traffic

Engineering Center has taken the responsibility for road planning that

requires traffic engineering. DOTC is in charge regulating vehicle fleet and

driver licensing through its Land Transportation Office. The Land

Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board regulates public transport

services and fares. DOTC also plans the extensions to Metro Manila‘s rail

system through the light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) and the Philippine

National Railways.

Responsibilities for traffic management, however, should not just be

relied upon the government agencies but a collaborative effort among the

policy makers, implementers as well as ordinary people- even children in

the grade school to senior citizen. In the Philippines, poor education

general misconception, and a low level of road safety impact only in vehicle

owners. But the fact that everybody who uses streets; pedestrians,

motorist, peddlers, and beggars, all of us must realize that has strike in the

issue. The lack of road safety knowledge and the lack of discipline to apply

our knowledge exact a straggling cost of lost lives: limbs and economic

opportunities. Every citizen has to be educated about the road safety rules

and signs. Narsico D. Santiago III has filed house bill 4745 which aim to

have a separate subject integrated in the grade school and high school

curricula that includes the teaching of road traffic safety and signs since

young people are the easiest to train.

 Traffic Management is the planning, monitoring, controlling and

influencing of traffic for the free flow of vehicles on roads. Traffic

Management minimize the use of existing infrastructure, ensure reliability

safety, ensure roads are shared spaces for all stakeholders (motorist,

bicyclist, pedestrians, and other non-motorist)and also take environmental

aspects into considerations.

In an Urban city like Kathmandu, Nepal with the large population, it is

obvious that the number of traffic increase as the population increases too.

Traffic Congestion become normal on the streets in Kathmandu. In Such

situation road have congested; therefore planners need to develop

transportation and traffic policies to address such demographic changes.

Traffic chaos and congestion cause direct losses in economical, societal,

environmental and productivity terms. Disturbed traffic flow result in long

queues on roads resulting in fuel consumption without productivity and

emission affect in the environment. Congestion result in time and energy

wastage affecting societal activities and productivity. The lost time in

congestion could be better used for visiting relatives, learning, working,

etc. Often Congestion increases people’s annoyance levels. Therefore,

Traffic Management is essential tool to increase efficiency and transport

safety as well as improve productivity, enabling free flow of traffic urban is

based highly on the efficiency in mobility o move people, labor, and freight.

Along with road expansion, the government has planned to construct

flyovers at main junctions like New Baleshwar and several overhead

bridges. These developments are crucial and will show the immediate

impact on the valley’s traffic system.

Infrastructure improvements are not long term solutions either; they

should accompanied by management strategies for sustainable traffic and

transport system. The traffic system needs programs on parking

management, public transport system and technology based traffic

management can always be improve. Therefore, management should be

placed at high priority.

Vehicles spend most of the time parked. Increase in vehicles has

increased the demand for parking spaces, which has created a space

allocation and consumption problems. In Kathmandu, the parking problem

is a big issue. There are no proper parking rules regulations and adequate

parking places. Therefore, vehicles are parked wherever spaces are

available. Some park vehicles on the side of the roads even through its
prohibited, resulting narrower spaces for the movement of vehicles. The

roads are already narrow, and if vehicles are park such as narrow places,

there would be little room for vehicular movement causing traffic n and

accidents.

RELATED STUDIES

This part deals on the readings made by the researcher from these

dissertations, journals, and others articles she read.

This Chapter highlights the Effects of Traffic Congestion as from R-10

Caloocan Navotas Boundary going to 5th Avenue, Caloocan

City perceived by its administrators and local tourists. The materials

presented which includes the opinions, principles, and theories of experts

are obtained to relate and be used in the study. Traffic conditions in many

areas are reaching an alarming state of chaos and confusion. The efficient

and orderly movement of people and things play a major role in the social

life and behavior of citizens and in the economic growth of all nations.

Traffic engineering has a purpose, to design roadway facilities so as to

lessen the frequency of accidents and amount of congestion and

thus facilitate safe, rapid movement.  The study aims to examine the

causes of traffic congestion in. It stated in this study that the most of

peopletodaythinkof congestion as a “new” problem, while another common 

belief held is that trafficcongestion is a problem that needs to be fixed. The

attitude is prevalent among the public, transportation professionals, and

elected politicians. However, despite broad acceptance that the United

States has a “congestion problem”, it is possible to step back and consider

congestion as a socially determined concept rather than objective fact.

Philippine National Center for transportation Studies, traffic congestion

in Metro Manila has aroused more than P101 billion in

losses.Effects of Traffic Congestion includes Negative Economic Impact. 

When compared with the growth of population, growth of vehicles have

more influence on traffic system directly. It has been growing rapidly in the

past ten years, since the growing number of population and more related

to people’s growing incomes.

Situation varies from motorcycle to other kinds of vehicles. The number

of motorcycle increased at a relatively lower rate than private cars, from

202 000 in 2001 to 320 000 in 2009 by 58%. The majority of this increase

happened in Xiao Shan District and Yuhang District, rather than in

Hangzhou’s urban areas. The reason for this is that the Government did

not permit motorcycles, and Motor Tricycles to go into Hangzhou’s urban

areas (Standing Committee of Hangzhou Municipal People’s Congress,

2003). Another kind of transport, which exerts great influence on people’s

commuting is electric bicycles. This electric bicycle usually runs at the

speed between 20 km/h and 30 km/h, and they do not belong to motor

vehicles in Chinese traffic laws. That means every one could use this

transport without 6 driving license. High accessibility of electric bicycles

encourages more people to use it, especially mobile people with low

income. The rapid growth of electric bicycles has contributed to reduction

of motor cycles. People formerly using motorcycles have switched to

electric bicycles after the ban of motorcycle in urban districts.

There is only one north- south expressway named Shang tang elevated

bridge crossing Hangzhou urban districts, but no transmeridional

expressway across Hangzhou’s urban districts. This Shangtang Elevated

Bridge is always congested during peak hours. And most of vehicles have

to drive on the ground, mixing with each other, and the high density of

traffic lights make things worse. Public buses, regarded as main public tool

for people’s trips, runs less efficiently, since they are mixed with low speed
of traffic flows. There is no Mass Rapid Transit in Hangzhou, although more

than 2 million people live there. The newly built BRT two lines are only

available for few people, but criticized those drivers whose roads capacity

was occupied by BRT. When the bicycle system emerged in Hangzhou it

was encouraged by most of citizens, but some problems still need to be

solved. Also more parking space is needed. Many drivers drive on the roads

just looking for available parking space, which even makes traffic more

congested.

The problems in the traffic system affect the quality of people’s lives,

and development of society in all fields. Traffic congestion in Hangzhou will

get worse without useful measures to solve those problems.

The things we don’t charge for are the things we run out of. Both the

car and the gas we put into it are not free, and that price plays the key role

in why we don’t run out of cars or gas. But since space on roads is free, we

regularly run out of it. This lack of an adequate pricing mechanism isn’t

just a clever frame for economist that has little bearing on the complicated

real world. Precisely the opposite is true: pricing is the only concept worth

grasping in order to understand traffic congestion.

 Now, it might seem like basic fairness comes into play here- after all,

roads are public space and it seems only right that all people should have

equal access. But the very equality of access is what leads to overuse and

eventual degradation of the road’s usefulness. When we make the choice

not to create the kind of market for roads that would prevent overuse and

allow for a higher degree of mobility, we are effectively choosing traffic

over mobility as a preferred policy outcome.    

Road pricing in the form of tolls has recently gained momentum in

several places, including Los Angeles. Since the unpredictability of traffic is

one of the most stressful parts of congestion, the feature that makes HOT

lanes most attractive to all drivers is the consistent availability of a swift

travel lane as an option. HOT lanes are often tarred as “Lexus lanes’ for

the well-off, but research on toll lane equity reveals little evidence that

HOT lanes harm low-income drivers– the low-income food service worker

late for a child’s school play also appreciates the “emergency option”

feature of HOT lanes.

Traffic is often cast as a drag on the economy, but congestion would be

more accurately described as an expression of the economy: as the

economy improves, more people drive to work, more people buy cars and

gas, and we see an increase in travel to all kinds of places. When the

economy falters, people travel less because they cannot afford to do

everything they were doing before. Ask Youngstown, Flint, or Reno: the

only thing worse than terrible traffic congestion is none at all.

Additionally, while it appears that traffic congestion exerts a profoundly

negative influence on our ability to move around the region, this again

becomes a matter of perspective. Some people are infuriated by traffic as

the economy improves, but other people are happy to be driving (in traffic)

to a new job or making trips to stores for purchases they couldn’t

previously afford. Most costs of congestion also usually fail to account for

the much wider array of economic and social opportunities on offer in

congested cities. If a company needs access to a top-notch music producer

or a person seeks a date with a lawyer who likes cats and jazz music, they

can find more options more quickly in a crowded city, even one that is

congested.

Traffic congestion persists despite expensive projects such as adding

new lanes on freeways and expanding rail transit systems. The expectation
that these efforts will relieve congestion mistakenly assumes that the

current amount of traffic represents the finite amount of driving we would

like to do on our roads.

For an example, we can look closer at the number of drivers on the 405

freeway at 6 pm on an average weekday. These drivers are only a portion

of the people who would like to drive on that road at that time of day.

Another significant category of would-be “405 at 6 pm” drivers can be

classified into three sub-groups, drivers currently traveling earlier or later

on the 405 to avoid congestion, drivers using either alternate roads or

alternate modes (rail, bus, bicycling) to the 405 at 6 pm, and potential

drivers who are not traveling at all at 6 pm despite a desire to do so. Any

improvement in speeds on the 405 at 6 pm will therefore attract people

from each of these three groups of travelers and congest the road again.

“Latent demand” is one of the firmest behavioral laws in the field of

transportation. Any effort to increase speeds in congested cities will have

only temporary success because there is so much latent demand for road

space that almost any form of supply will be devoured by new drivers. This

goes for public transit as well as added highway lanes: when the BART
train opened a new passage between Oakland and San Francisco in the

Bay Area, car congestion on the Bay Bridge briefly improved as people

flocked to the train. But within months traffic congestion on the bridge was

back to previous levels.

Each of these three ideas is worth keeping in mind when the next

report is issued about the extraordinary time and money Americans lose

every year due to traffic congestion. Congestion was a problem in ancient

Rome, and it was a problem in US cities long before cars were even

invented. There are many untold behavioral stories lurking within the travel

landscape, and they go far beyond who might start taking a new train or

whose commute has become an even lengthier burden. Figuring out how

to tell the story of pricing might be the biggest scoop of them all.

SYNTHESIS OF THE REVIEWED STUDIES

All the proceeding studies and researches were carefully reviewed and

researcher believes that the said materials and studies to the new

application of traffic scheme are considered are vital the guide effective

and efficient traffic management implementation.

 With the rapid changing of technological and political environment, it is

generally accepted to come up with a new traffic management place as

well as system so that the economy and efficiency of public transport

operation to be acquired.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS

These study from Stephen King that been researcher used and

believes that through it is almost next to the impossible traffic flow can be

still improved, both in the area to choose the study within Metro Manila.

Traffic management planners and enforcers must always bear in

mind the three (3) E’s: Enforcement, Engineering, and Education. A more

responsive, relevant and innovative interplay of these three (3) elements

might just lead to a better traffic management in the days ahead.

Yet, this research believes that among the three (3) E’s Engineering is the

most important. It can lead the road users to a better road and high ways

and the free flow of traffic. It can lead also to organized pedestrians who

can ultimately travel more awareness courtesy, and discipline having the

power disposition attitudes and values while in the road.

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study was come from Sir Walter Scot. The researcher believe that

his study well help her in order to finish this study.

Scientific literature lacks a model which combines exposure to risk, and

the relationship between them. This study presents a conceptual road

safety framework comprising mutually interacting factors that causes traffic

congestion, volume of vehicles, and distribution of traffic during peak hours

and for the safety of road users provided by the government. The

framework's three determinants is to identify the causes of traffic

congestions, the locations of activities, resistances the possible solutions

opportunities, and abilities of the traffic enforcers.

Safety risks are modeled by the three ‘safety pillars’: infrastructure,

road users and the vehicles they use. Creating a link in the framework

between causes and solutions are important because of the ‘non-linear

relationship’ between them, a cause tends to decrease as exposure

increases. Furthermore, ‘perceived’ causes plays a role in mode choice, the

perception that a certain type of vehicle is unsafe can be a deterrent to its

use. This study uses theories to explain how the elements in the area of

study connected with the congestion.

Cycling is an area where governments typically have goals for both

mobility and safety. To exemplify application of the model, this study uses

the framework to link research on cycling to land use and infrastructure.

The model's value lies in its ability to identify potential consequences of

measures and policies for both causes and solutions. This is important from

a scientific perspective and for policy makers who often have objectives for

both mobility and safety.

PROGRAMS TRAFFIC

AGENCIES

TRAFFIC
CONGESTION

TRAFFIC
IMPLEMENTORS TRAFFIC RULES AND
REGULATIONS
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

These are the terms used by the researcher in her study. That might be

useful for the readers.

Accident (Legal meaning). An accident is any happening beyond the

control of a person the consequences of which are not foreseeable.

Articulated Vehicle. Shall mean any motor vehicles with a trailer

having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest

upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the

trailer and of its load is born by the motor vehicle.

Benz Patent-Motorwagen. (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded

as the first automobile.

Box Junction. Is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent

congestion and gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction marked

with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit.

Chain of Events. Is the making up of accident or the link which

explains the occurrence of the accident and its components are present

in every accident.
Compressed Air Car. Is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor

powered by compressed air. The car can be powered solely by air, or

by air combined.

Crosswalks. Are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can

be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the

flow.

Defensive Driving. Is an act of driving while preventing accidents

despite of the wrong actions of others aggravated by the existence

of adverse driving conditions.

Force Majure. Is an inevitable accident or casualty, an accident

produced by any physical cause which is irresistible. In other words

it is an Act of Man, such robbery, fire, fault, negligence,

rebellion.

Fortuitous Event . An event which takes place by accident and could

not have been foreseen. In other words it is an Act of God which

could neither be foreseen nor resisted, such as earthquake,

lightning, flood, and the like.

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle. FCHV was developed by Toyota in 2005. The

vehicle is powered by the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen

to power the motor driving the vehicle.

Geneva Convention on Road Traffic. September 19, 1949. Promotes

the development and safety of international road traffic by establish.

Hit-and-run. Is the act of causing (or contributing to) a traffic

accident (such as colliding with a person or a fixture), and failing

to stop and identify oneself afterwards. It is considered a crime in

most jurisdictions.

Imprudence. Indicates deficiency of action. If a person fails to

take the necessary precaution to avoid injury to a person or damage

to property, there is imprudence. Imprudence usually involves lack

of skill.

Negligence. Indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails

to pay proper attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury

or damage impending to be caused there in negligence. Negligence

usually involves lack of skill.

Pavement Markings. Are markings on the roads and surfaces whereby a

message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected

for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.

Pedestrian Crossing. Is a place designated for pedestrians to cross

a road.

Skid Marks. Are marks caused by tires on roads which occur when a

vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of

the road.

Scuff Marks. Are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or

scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.

Traffic . Is a movement of vehicles along a route where passengers

and cargoes are carried by transportation.

Traffic Accident. Occurs when a vehicle collides

with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other

stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter of the study refers to the set of rules and procedures

employed in the systematically arriving at the solution of the research

problem. It is an explicit presentation of the research plan formulated, the

research design to be used and sampling plan to be implemented, the

treatment to be research to be employed, including the appropriate

statistical treatment to be implemented.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research basically aims to gather insights, identify, define,

interpret, and analyze these data in the convert the problem of traffic

administration which includes in regulating traffic rules and public safety.

To be research instrument to be employed, including the appropriate

statistical treatment to be implemented.

Similarity method of collecting data is through a survey questionnaire

while the research design can be both considered as descriptive and casual

since aside from answering question; who, what, when, or how much the

research study answer question on why.

 And lastly, with the respect of the time dimension, the research design

is cross dimensional, considering that it will be conducted over span time.

Moreover, this study is basically statistical. Since conclusion will be on

quantitative data.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this study are the traffic enforcers, pedestrians,

drivers and other road users who regulate public safety and enforce traffic

laws, the area of study. There are 50 respondents, 30 of them are female

and 20 are all male, numbers traffic enforcers from the Reformed

Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management (RDPSTM) in

Caloocan City.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researcher instrument used in this study was the survey

questionnaire and achievement of test. The survey questionnaire was

actually come from respondent’s profile, which included data on gender,

age, status, highest educational attainment.

The achieve test was constructed by the researcher based on the

lesson taken by the students in traffic management. The lessons covered

the topics namely, traffic personnel, traffic sign, traffic equipment, traffic

violators, sidewalk vendors, commuters and drivers.

On the other hand, the questionnaire was used as instrument to

evaluate the developed ordinance in traffic management.

VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The revised questionnaire was pre-tested to the traffic enforcers who were

not among the sample. The purpose of the dry run was to find out if there

were still changes, confusing as unclear items in the questionnaire. The

results of this try-out were as the bases for more improvement of the

instrument.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

In data gathering procedure, the researcher obtained mostly on his

observations, interview and examination of structural composition of area

covered by his study. The researcher cost span of time visit the area of

study to be observed the flow of traffic and how the traffic enforcers

response in terms when it comes in traffic problems. The interview proceed

by oral questions or in a form of conversation to the subject list down

every statement that subject responded

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF STUDY

In getting the sample size, the researcher used the Sloven’s formula which

is, n= stands for the whole population of the whole interviewed traffic

enforcers, while e, stands for the margin of error, the researchers used

0.01 as the margin of error. The data collected were tabulated and

analyzed. Analyses of data were guided by mean and percentage.

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the researcher presented how she gathered information

and analyze the data with the statistical value. In ordered to take questions

answer through analyzing and interpretation of data.

TABLE 1

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION AT THE AREA

OF STUDY AND HOW DO THEY ASSESED THE PROBLEM?

FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 07:00 AM- 10:00 AM

VEHICLES COUNT

- PUJ
- 5TH AVENUE 110
- RECTO 120
- R.PAPA 80
- SANGANDAAN 90
- PAJO 60
- MONUMENTO 130
- GASAK 125
- LETRE 120

TOTAL 853

Table1 illustrate the volume count of Public Utility jeepney based on

their routes. The researcher conducted her volume between 7:00- 10:00 in
the morning. It results in total of jeepney passes in the area of study with

the total of 853. Which route is going to MONUMENTO.

TABLE 1.2
FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 04:00 PM- 8:00 PM
VEHICLES COUNT

- PUJ
- 5TH AVENUE 90
- RECTO 80
- R.PAPA 80
- SANGANDAAN 80
- PAJO 60
- MONUMENTO 130
- GASAK 225
- LETRE 220

TOTAL 965
Table1.2 illustrate the volume count of Public Utility jeepney based on

their routes. The researcher conducted her volume counting from 4:00 in

the afternoon until 08:00 in the evening. It results in total of jeepney

passes in the area of study with the total of 965. Unlike the first table

where in the Jeepney that has routes to monument has the highest count

it changes in the GASAK and LETRE has the highest count from125 to 225

and 120 to 220.

 TABLE 1.3
FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 07:00 AM- 10:00 AM
VEHICLES COUNT

TRICYCLE
- LEDTODA 70
- NB26TODA 60
- TORTODA 100
- TANTODA 60
- NBBLTODA 40
- MLTODA 50

TOTAL 380
Table1.3 illustrate the volume count of tricycle based on their

Organization. The researcher conducted her volume counting between

07:00 -10:00 in the morning. It results in total of tricycle passes in the area

of study with the total of 380. Where in the TORTODA has the its highest

count which is route going only to 5th Avenue which LRT is located that

commonly used by commuters to avoid traffic congestion.

TABLE 1.4
FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 04:00 PM- 08:00 PM
VEHICLES COUNT

TRICYCLE
- LEDTODA 60
- NB26TODA 40
- TORTODA 60
- TANTODA 50
- NBBLTODA 50
 - MLTODA 90

TOTAL 350
Table1.4 illustrate the volume count of tricycle based on their

Organization. The researcher conducted her volume counting from 4:00 in

the afternoon until 08:00 in the evening. It results in total of jeepney

passes in the area of study with the total of 350. Where in the ML TODA

has the its highest count. The routes of this vehicle inside Navotas are

Phase 1, Area 1, Tumana, Highway, Lapulapu, Langaray, Tumana,

Tanique, Dalagang bukid. Followed by LED TODA which from Libis

Caloocan With the same routes stated above.

TABLE 1.5
FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 07:00 AM- 10:00 AM
VEHICLES COUNT

- TRUCKS
- JM MOVERS 40
- MAGR 65
- JADE 50
- ARF 60

TOTAL 215
Table1.5 illustrate the volume count of trucks based on the company.

The researcher conducted her volume counting from 7:00-10:00 in the

morning. It results in total of trucks passes in the area of study with the

total of 215. Where in the MGAR has the highest count.

TABLE 1.6

FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 04:00 PM- 08:00 PM

VEHICLES COUNT TIME

- TRUCKS
- JM MOVERS 50
- MAGR 65
- JADE 55
- ARF 70

TOTAL 240
Table1.6 illustrate the volume count of trucks based on the company.

The researcher conducted her volume counting from 04:00 in the

afternoon-08:00 in the evening. It results in total of trucks passes in the

area of study with the total of 240. Where in the ARF has the its highest

count.

TABLE 1.7
FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 07:00 AM- 010:00 AM
VEHICLES COUNT

- BUSES
- CHER 25
- JOANNA JESH 40
- JASPER 25
 - NICHOLAS ALBERT 20
- STA.RITA 25
- COMMUTERS 15
- WORTHY 20

TOTAL 170
Table1.7 illustrate the volume count of Buses based on their company. The

researcher conducted her volume counting from 7:00-10:00 in the

morning. It results in total of trucks passes in the area of study with the

total of 170. Where in the JOANNAJESH has the its highest count with the

total of 40 Buses. This buses has different routes but mostly are the same.

TABLE 1.8
FEBUARY 2, 2018/ 04:00 PM- 08:00 PM
VEHICLES COUNT

- BUSES
- CHER 20
- JOANNAJESH 30
- JASPER 20
- NICHOLAS ALBERT 15
- STA.RITA 25
- COMMUTERS 10
- WORTHY 15

TOTAL 120
Table1.8 illustrates the volume count of Buses based on their company.

The researcher conducted her volume counting from 04:00 in the

afternoon until 08:00 in the evening. It results in total of trucks passes in

the area of study with the total of 120. Where in the JOANNAJESH has the

highest count with the total of 30 Buses.

The researcher assessed the study with a strong background in the

area of Study. She is a patient person who displays dynamism and

reliability and who “holds on” until results are achieved. Moreover, she

always continuously observed her area of study. Attentive to all that can

help her raise this level of efficiency, researcher makes use of her skills to

gather the information in her study. Moreover, there are a lot of problems

that she noticed. Motorcycle also appears as an excellent vehicle when it

comes to travel in land because of the space it was occupying but also to

the time they were using, While Jeepney and buses are convenient for

those who are trying save money in traveling, while trucks are the one

responsible for delivering such product because of its size that

accommodate large space in the area of study. When there is an accident

the common cause and subject are motorcycles likewise the trucks and the

common violator of traffic laws and regulations are the buses and jeepney

basically in loading and unloading passenger in the proper area. Thanks to

her sense of initiative and dynamism, she has this recommendation to

avoid accident and to decongest the traffic problem in the area of study. In
doing so, she always favors compromise and discussion over imposing her

choices, in order to resolve this problem. Endowed with a strong prowess,

Researcher would however gain from developing her ability to make a

decision when faced with in this kind of problem.

Table 2

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT VEHICLES THAT TENTS TO

CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRAFFIC PROBLEM AT THE AREA OF STUDY?

VEHICLES COUNT

LIGHT
- PUV’S
- Tricycles
- LEDTODA 60
- NB26TO 40
- TORTODA 60
- TANTODA 50
- NBBLTODA 50
- MLTODA 60
- Motorcycle 328

TOTAL 648

MEDIUM

- PUJ’S

- 5TH AVENUE 90
- RECTO 80
 - R.PAPA 80
- SANGANDAAN 80
- PAJO 60
- MONUMENTO 130
- GASAK 225
- LETRE 220
- Delivery Van 70

TOTAL 935

HEAVY

 Buses

- CHER 25
- JOANNAJESH 40
- JASPER 25
- NICHOLAS ALBERT 20
- STA.RITA 25
- COMMUTERS 15
- WORTHY 20
 Trucks
- JM MOVERS 40
- MAGR 65
- JADE 50
- ARF 60

TOTAL 385

TABLE 2, Illustrates that there are 1968 vehicles passes in the area

of study the most common vehicle passes in the area of study with the

count of 935 are the Public Utility Jeepney with the different routes stated

above the contribute to traffic congestion followed by Motorcycle and

tricycle with the count of 648, this vehicle has the least contribution as

researcher observed. They can easily find alternative routes that

accommodate even small space. Lastly the trucks and buses having 385

this are the most contributor of traffic as researcher observed.

Accommodate large space and improper parking are giving the other

vehicle problem not to move forward.

TABLE 3

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT AGENCIES THAT HELP TO REGULATE

AND IMPLEMENT TRAFFIC RULES?

AGENCY PERCENTAGE RANK

- DPSTM 90% 1

- MMDA 10% 2

- LTO 0%

TOTAL 100%

TABLE 3 Illustrates the different agencies that will help in the traffic

rules implementations and can handle traffic congestion for the free flow of

congested area. As what had been stated hereon, the DPSTM

(Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management) with the

Rank (1) has 70% the function of this agency is to provide public security,

formulate plans and programs that would improve public safety, and to

ensure an efficient traffic management system for Caloocan City. This

Agency tasked also to undertake protective and disaster relief response

during times of natural disaster and calamities.

The Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management is

mandated to provide public security formulate plans and programs that

would improve public safety, and the fore front of ensuring the efficient

traffic management system for Caloocan City. It also tasked to undertake

protective and disaster relief response during times of natural disaster and

calamities. Modifying the problems and places that the problems occurs

and implementing the right and absolute resolution to the problem. Rank

(2) is the MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority) was said to

the provision R.A 7924 “Metropolitan Manila Development

Authority” Section 7 “ Powers and Functions” The Authority shall

perform planning, monitoring, coordinating and implementing functions

where appropriate, and in the process, exercise regulatory and supervisory

authority over the delivery of metro-wide services within Metro Manila

 area, and in conformity with the national government policies without

diminution of the autonomy of the local government concerning purely

local matters.  Such powers and functions shall include the following:  

(a) Formulate, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium and

long-term plans and programs for the delivery of metro-wide services, land

use and physical development within Metropolitan Manila, consistent with

national development objectives and priorities; 

(b) Prepare, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium term

investment programs for metro-wide services which shall indicate sources

and uses of funds for priority programs and projects, and which shall

include the packaging of projects and presentation to funding institutions; 

(c) Undertake and manage on its own metro-wide programs and projects for

the delivery of specific services under its jurisdiction, subject to the

approval of the Council.  For this purpose, MMDA can create appropriate

project management offices; 

(d) Coordinate and monitor the implementation of such plans, programs and

projects in Metro Manila; Identify bottlenecks and adopt solutions to

problems of implementations; 
 (e) Set the policies concerning traffic in Metro Manila, and coordinate and

regulate the implementation of all programs and projects concerning traffic

management, specifically pertaining to enforcement, engineering and

education. Upon request, it shall be extended assistance and cooperation,

including but not limited to, assignment of personnel, by all other

government agencies and offices concerned; 

(f)  Install and administer a single ticketing system, fix, impose and collect

fines and penalties for all kinds of violations of traffic rules and regulations,

whether moving or non-moving in nature, and confiscate and suspend or

revoke drivers licenses in the enforcement of such traffic laws and

regulations, the provisions of RA 4136, and PD 1605 to the contrary

notwithstanding.   

        For this purpose, the Authority shall enforce all traffic laws and regulations

in Metro Manila, thru its traffic operation center, and may deputize

members of the PNP, traffic enforcers of local government units, duly

licensed security guards, or members of non-governmental organizations to

whom may be delegated certain authority, subject to such conditions and

requirements as the Authority may impose. 

(g) Perform functions of a Regional Development Council [RDC] for the

National Capital Region, inviting other agencies/offices/sectors as special

non-voting participants, when necessary; and 

(h) Perform other related functions required to achieve the objectives of

the MMDA, including the undertaking of delivery of basic services to the

local government units when deemed necessary, subject to prior

coordination with and consent of the local government unit concerned.

Rank (4) LTO (Land Transportation Office) under R.A 4136 “Land

Transportation and Traffic Code Section 2. “Scope of Act” The

provisions of this Act shall control, as far as they apply, the registration and

operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of owners, dealers,

conductors, drivers, and similar matters. Section 27 Authority to Suspend,

Revoke and Reinstate Driver’s License.” – Without prejudice to the

authority of the court in appropriate cases and except as herein otherwise

provided, the Director  shall have exclusive power and authority to suspend

or revoke for cause any driver’s license issued under the provisions of this

Act.
(a) The Director may suspend for a period not exceeding three months or,

after hearing, revoke any driver’s license and may order such license,

whether confiscated by, and/or in the possession of, any other law

enforcement agencies deputized in accordance with paragraph (d) (1) of

Section four of this Act, to be delivered to him whenever he has reason to

believe that the holder thereof is an improper person to operate motor

vehicles, or in operating or using a motor vehicle in, or as an accessory to,

the commission of any crime or act which endangers the public. Any

deputy of the Director may, for the same cause, suspend for a period not

exceeding three months any driver’s license issued under the provisions of

this Act; Provided, that such suspension may be appealed to the Director

who may, after reviewing the case, confirm, reverse or modify the action

taken by such deputy.

(b) Whenever during any twelve-month period a driver shall have been

convicted at least three times for the violations of any provisions of this Act

or of any regulations issued by the Director or any municipal or city

ordinance relating to motor vehicle traffic not in conflict with any of the

provisions of this Act, the Director may revoke or suspend the license of

such driver for a period not exceeding two years.

(c) The license suspended or revoked under the provisions of subsections

(a) and (b) of this section shall not be reinstated by the Director, unless

the driver has furnished a bond in accordance with Section twenty-nine of

this Act and only after the Director has satisfied himself that such driver

may again safely be permitted to operate a motor vehicle.

(d) A decision of the Director revoking or refusing the reinstatement of a

license under the provisions of this section may be appealed to the Minister

of Transportation and Communications

TABLE 4

WHAT ARE THE PROGRAMS TO DECONGEST AREA OF STUDY AS

PROVIDED BY THE TRAFFIC AGENCY?

There is created under the Department of Public Works and

Communications an office which shall be designated and known as the

Land Transportation Commission, composed of one Commissioner and one

Deputy Commissioner, who shall be vested with the powers and duties

hereafter specified. Whenever the word "Commission" is used in this Act, it

shall be deemed to mean the Land Transportation Commission, and

whenever the word "Commissioner" is used in this Act, it shall be taken to

mean the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner.

The Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioner shall be natural-born

citizens and residents of the Philippines, and they shall be appointed by the

President of the Philippines, with the consent of the Commission on

Appointments of the Congress of the Philippines: Provided, however, That

the present Administrator, Assistant Administrator and the personnel of the

Motor Vehicles Office shall continue in office without the necessity of

reappointment.

(b) The Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner shall hold office until

removed in accordance with the provisions of the Revised Administrative

Code.

(c) The Commissioner shall receive an annual compensation of twelve

thousand pesos and the Deputy Commissioner, an annual compensation of

ten thousand four hundred pesos. The Commissioner shall be assisted by

one head executive assistant (MV regulation adviser or chief), one

administrative officer, one registration regulation chief, one inspection,

examination and licensing regulation chief, one law and traffic enforcement
regulation chief, one provincial regulation chief, one utility and property

regulation chief, one accounting officer, one internal chief auditor, and one

personnel officer, who shall receive an annual compensation of nine

thousand pesos each; eight land transportation regional directors who shall

receive an annual compensation of eight thousand four hundred pesos

each and eight land transportation assistant regional directors, who shall

receive an annual compensation of seven thousand pesos each and ten

assistant regulation chiefs, who shall receive an annual compensation of

seven thousand pesos each.

(d) The Commission shall have its offices in Quezon City where the present

Motor Vehicle Office is located, and shall establish a regional branch office

each in Tuguegarao (Cagayan), Baguio City, Pasig (Rizal), Lipa City, San

Fernando (La Union), Naga City, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Cagayan de Oro

City, and Davao City, to be headed by a regional director who will have

immediate administration, supervision and control over activities and

administration of the Commission in the respective regions.

The Commissioner shall be responsible for the administration of this Act

and shall have, in connection therewith, the following powers and duties, in

addition to those mentioned elsewhere in this Act:

(1) With the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and

Communications, to issue rules and regulations not in conflict with

the provisions of this Act, prescribing the procedure for the

examination, licensing and bonding of drivers; the registration and

re-registration of motor vehicles, transfer of ownership, change of

status; the replacement of lost certificates, licenses, badges, permits

or number plates; and to prescribe the minimum standards and

specifications including allowable gross weight, allowable length,

width and height or motor vehicles, distribution of loads, allowable

loads on tires, change of tire sizes, body design or carrying capacity

subsequent to registration and all other special cases which may

arise for which no specific provision is otherwise made in this Act.

(2) To compile and arrange all applications, certificates, permits,

licenses, and to enter, note and record thereon transfers,

notifications, suspensions, revocations, or judgments of conviction

rendered by competent courts concerning violations of this Act, with

the end in view of preserving and making easily available such

documents and records to public officers and private persons

properly and legitimately interested therein.

(3) To give public notice of the certificates, permits, licenses and

badges issued, suspended or revoked and/or motor vehicles

transferred and/or drivers bonded under the provisions of this Act.

(4) The Commissioner of Land Transportation, with the approval of

the Secretary of Public Works and Communications, may designate

as his deputy and agent any employee of the Land Transportation

Commission, or such other government employees as he may deem

expedient to assist in the carrying out the provisions of this Act.

(5) The Commissioner of Land Transportation and his deputies are

hereby authorized to make arrest for violations of the provisions of

this Act in so far as motor vehicles are concerned; to issue subpoena

and subpoena duces tecum to compel the appearance of motor

vehicle operators and divers and/or other persons or conductors; and

to use all reasonable means within their powers to secure

enforcement of the provisions of this Act.

(6) The Commissioner of Land Transportation or his deputies may at

any time examine and inspect any motor vehicle to determine

whether such motor vehicle is registered, or is unsightly, unsafe,

overloaded, improperly marked or equipped, or otherwise unfit to be

operated because of possible excessive damage to highways, bridges

and/or culverts.

(7) The Philippine Constabulary and the city and municipal police

forces are hereby given the authority and the primary responsibility

and duty to prevent violations of this Act, and to carry out the police

provisions hereof within their respective jurisdiction: Provided, That

all apprehensions made shall be submitted for final disposition to the

Commissioner and his deputies within twenty-four hours from the

date of apprehension.

(8) All cases involving violations of this Act shall be endorsed

immediately by the apprehending officer to the Land Transportation

Commission. Where such violations necessitate immediate action, the

same shall be endorsed to the traffic court, city or municipal court for

summary investigation, hearing and disposition, but in all such cases,

appropriate notices of the apprehensions and the dispositions thereof

shall be given to the Commissioner of Land Transportation by the

law-enforcement agency and the court concerned.

Notation of all such dispositions shall be entered in the records, and

copy shall be mailed to the owner and to the driver concerned.

DPSTM PROGRAMS

 ANTI DISTRACTED DRIVING ACT

DPSTM acting head Engr. Jay Bernardo said he already set a

meeting with different transport groups in the city to inform them

about the implementation of the new law as well as the Children’s

Safety on Motorcycle Act that will prohibit small children from

riding motorcycles.  Engr. Bernardo admitted that a lot of drivers,

especially those driving UV Express along the roads in the city,

were using cellular phones and radios while driving while countless

irresponsible riders take their child for a ride on a motorcycle even

their feet cannot even reach the motorcycle’s foot peg.

      

Bernardo said local traffic enforcers in the city were already

deputized by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority

(MMDA) to implement traffic rules and regulation since they are

using a unified tickets which are similar to the traffic citation

tickets being used by the agency.

 

 OPLAN ALIS SAGABAL

DPSTM launched another program to decongest traffic

congestion “THE OPLAN ALIS SAGABAL” in Caloocan City where

in they are clearing the road that had been accommodate by the

people.

 ILLEGAL PARKING

Vehicle that is beside nor in the road parked illegally will

automatically hauling by the tow away trucks. This have the

penalty that will be paid by the violator.

 ORANGE LANE

The inner lane [on the sidewalk] will be for pedestrians’ use

while the outer lane will be for street vendors,” The street vendors
would be allowed to do business only from 4 p.m. to 5 a.m. Failure to

comply with the regulation and the orange lane rule will result in the

vendor not being allowed to sell his goods in the area. Expected the

orange lanes to help prevent traffic buildups in the city. Among the

main causes of traffic jams in the area are undisciplined sidewalk

vendors and commuters which we hope to address by our orange

lane program. This will be strictly implemented by the [DPSTM] which

will also regulate the vending time of the street peddlers.

MMDA PROGRAMS

 REPUBLIC ACT 10913 ANTI DISTRACTED DRIVING ACT

A law that prohibits a person who is driving a motor vehicle

from holding and using mobile communication devices and

electronic entertainment gadgets. The prohibition applies while the

motor vehicle is in motion or temporarily stopped on a traffic light

or an intersection. This law covers both public and private

vehicles. It also covers wheeled agricultural machineries,

construction equipment, and other forms of conveyances such as

bicycles, pedicabs, trolleys, "habal-habal", "kuligligs", wagons,

carriages, and carts that may either be human-powered or pulled

 by an animal as long as the same are operated or driven in public

thoroughfares, highways or streets.

 TRAFFIC NAVIGATOR

This site advised the road users to take another route that are not

congested to be in the desired location.

 TRAFFIC MONITORING CENTER

This monitor center roads incidents and traffic flow and

accidents.

 TRAFFIC SIGNALIZATION SYSTEM (TSS)

The advanced traffic management network will be based in

MMDA's new Command and Control Center in Makati City. Serve as the

brains for the monitoring and movements of the MMDA in its thorough

observations of the traffic situation, disasters and public security. Aside

from its quick communications technology, it can also observe over 400

intersections in Metro Manila. The system will initially manage 85 priority

intersections and 25 video surveillance locations. Phase 1 of the project

also includes the installation of 36 units of 45-inch video screens that will

monitor 150 CCTVs in the metropolis. It will also increase the number of

stoplights with countdown timers.

 EXPANDED UNIFIED VEHICULAR VOLUME REDUCTION

PROGRAM (UVVRP)

The expanded UVVRP or Number Coding Scheme from 7am to

8pm shall be be implemented starting November 2, 2016,

including the " NO WINDOW HOURS" on the following roads.

1. EDSA

2. C5

3. QUIRINO AVENUE

4. ARANETA AVENUE

5. C6

6. ROXAS BOULEVARD

7. TAFT AVENUE

8. SLEX

9. SHAW BOULEVARD

10. ORTIGAS AVENUE

11. MAGSAYSAY BOULEVARD

12. AURORA BOULEVARD

13. QUEZON AVENUE

14. COMMONWEALTH AVENUE

 15. A. BONIFACIO AVENUE

16. RIZAL AVENUE

17. DELPAN

18. MARCOS HIGHWAY

19. MACARTHUR HIGHWAY

20. ALABANG-ZAPOTE ROAD (MUNTINLUPA)

21. SAMSON ROAD (CALOOCAN)

22. A. MABINI ST. (CALOOCAN)

 HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANE

Only those with two passengers or more would have the

privilege to pass through the HOV Lane. Motorcycle riders can also

use the said lane aside from the motorcycle lane in the fourth

lane. Private car drivers with no companion can still use the

motorcycle lane (2nd) and third lane from the MRT. Violators will

be apprehended via no-contact apprehension policy and will be

meted P500 fine.

Aside from the HOV lane, the MMC also approved to lower the

speed limit from a maximum of 60 kilometer per hour to 50 kph.

The said measure was to further minimize vehicular accidents .

 TABLE 5

WHAT ARE THE SOLUTION MAYBE OFFERED TO THE ABOVE

STATED PROBLEMS?

FACTORS PERCENTAGE RANK

 Remove old jeepney’s 25% 2

in the area of study

 Strict emplimenation of 20% 3

Rules and Regulations

 Truck ban 30% 1

 Built foot bridge 10% 4

 Additional traffic Sign 7% 6

 Additional Traffic Lights 6% 5

 Additional traffic enforcers 2% 7

TOTAL 100%

Table 5 illustrates the possible solution of traffic congestion at the area

of study. The researcher conducted survey try to know their opinions to

resolve traffic problem. Out of 6 question that answered by the 50

respondents 25% or total of 10 persons voted for removing old jeepneys

while 20% or total of 8 persons voted for more strict implementation of

traffic rules and regulations. While the truck ban during ay time got 30% or

15 total respondents, built more foot bridge for people wanted to cross

from one way to another has 10% or 5 persons. Additional traffic lights got

8% or the total 7 of respondents, Lastly 7% or total of 5 respondents

voted for additional traffic lights.

 CHAPTER V

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The following are the problems that this study wishes to resolve based

on the researcher’s initial observation.

1. What are the causes of traffic congestion at the area of study?

2. What are the different vehicles tent contribute to traffic problem?

2.1 Light

2.2 Medium

2.3 Heavy

3. What are the different agencies that help traffic rules and regulations

implementations?

4. What are the programs that had been introduce to contain the traffic

problem?

4.1 MMDA

4.2 DPSTM
 SUMMARY OFFINDINGS

The purpose of this study is to find way to improve the traffic congestion

along 5TH Avenue up to R-10 Caloocan Navotas-Boundary Vice versa

Caloocan City and the possible solution to lessen the traffic congestion. The

researcher observed that there is no particular period of time in a day that

limits or banning the trucks that passing through.

1. As stated hereon, the big volume of vehicles that passes through the

area of study and the direct result of the biggest problem of traffic

congestion since the abrupt traversing tricycle as to size and speed,

scaring small vehicles without thinking the rules and regulations

implemented in the area of study. The lack of traffic enforcer since

nobody could administer, supervise, direct, organize, and manage the

flow of traffic and in the direction of the area of the study. The

undisciplined drivers and pedestrians who contribute to traffic

congestion fragrantly disregard and violate traffic rules even in the

presence of the traffic enforcer and the different vehicles that

contribute to traffic congestion according to the factors.

2. As the researcher observed to those vehicle contribute in traffic

congestion as to:
 2.1 Light vehicle has the 20% includes the vehicles tricycle and

motorcycle contribution in the traffic congestion. It only

accommodate small amount of space. The only problem that

researcher noticed this vehicle are always trying to overtake to

big vehicles that causes of accident.

2.2 In Medium Vehicles the articulated vehicle such as Jeep, close

van, tricycle, bus, delivery van, company messenger 33% and

among the other vehicles because that is commonly used as

the beast of burden to deliver their goods. Private owner of

vehicles are one of the contributing factors. PUV’s are also one

factor that contributes to the congestion.

2.3 In heavy Vehicles 50% are the trucks and buses they are the

major contributor of traffic congestion in the area of study.

They accommodate large amount of space in roads and

highways. Also one of the origin of accident.

3. The different agencies that will help in the traffic rules

implementation and can help control the traffic congestion for the

free flow of traffic as what have been stated above, The DPSTM

(Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management) is the primary

 responsible to handling traffic congestion through driveways and

there’s LTO (Land Transportation Office) agency that provides

individual motorist the license to drive a vehicle with the registration

of the vehicle. The MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development

Authority) the one charged in the beautification and development of

the traffic ways along Metro Manila. POLICE to enforce, and

implement traffic rules and regulations and to inform the motorist of

their responsibilities while driving their motor vehicle.

4. The MMDA and DPSTM has their own program to improve the traffic

flow. They add different solution to solve congestion along the area

of study.

4.1 The MMDA made new routes and recommend a new project

building new bridges and skyways.

4.2 While the DPSTM has orange lane for the vendors that will set

as there limit in occupying the roads, this help improve the

traffic congestion along area of study.

5. The trucks passing in the area of study causes the traffic congestion

in the area of study it accommodate larger amount of space in the

 area of study it also has the large percentage in the survey

conducted by the researcher.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on all the studies and gathered results and information’s of the

researcher, it is concluded that:

1. The large Volume of vehicles that passes along 5 TH Avenue up to R-

10 Caloocan Navotas-Boundary Vice versa Caloocan City since there

is no limitation or restriction as to the type of vehicles passes

through; it easily clogs whenever tricycles and motors

simultaneously pass. Also the traffic congestion almost doubled

during peak hours.

2. It is very effective if they enforce the action to the traffic authorities

as they strictly implementing traffic laws.

2.1 That most of the light vehicle occupying small amount of

space but also a contributor of congestion in the area of study

because these are the major cause of accidents.

 2.2 These Medium vehicles are occupying space by illegal

parking in the area of study.

2.3 These vehicles are the one who mostly contributed

congestion not only by the size they occupying but also to

the time they are traveling.

3. Some reasons of traffic congestion in the cited area of study are the

illegal activities of the pedestrians, motorist, drivers and road users.

4. PUV’s Tricycle, Private Vehicles, Motorcycles are factors that

contribute to traffic snarl UP

4.1 MMDA Personnel are trying their best to improve the traffic

congestion. By programs they are launching which someday we will

feel the free flow of traffic.

4.2 DPSTM Personnel are doing their best resolving the problem in

the area of study. Not only by launching programs but also by giving

people it’s job.

5. The researcher had the different result in her study. She conclude that

in every hour during day time has the large amout and percent that there

will be congestion through the space they accommodate.

 RECOMMENDATION

Given all the reason, it is being recommended by the researcher;

1. There should be a specific time for trucks to pass through the area

of study. Footbridge for person who wants to cross the road and

avoid accidents. Add of traffic light and traffic sign. Also at night

light to enlighten the road to guide the road users.

2. The best if the number of traffic enforcer increase in proportion to

the number of vehicles each day.

2.1 Add of enforcer that only job is to catch those who

try to overtake to big vehicles without any valid

grounds.

2.2 Those vehicles that are not that useful or parked near in the

area of study should get by tow a way truck even it

has valid reason.

2.3 The time for truck should be at night only and there should

be bus waiting shed for those passengers to avoid

bus stop anywhere.

3 Strict implementation of traffic rules and regulations. Add more traffic

enforcer to regulate the traffic.

4 Traffic officers should have seminars to widen their knowledge on how

to implement traffic laws and regulations

4.1 More highways and bridges also give the road user

the sharp of fang of the traffic rules and regulations

4.2 Observed properly the major cause of traffic

congestion. Give proper instruction to road users.

5. Banning trucks during day time will be a great solution to te

problem in the area of study. The space they accommodate will be

given to the other small vehicle. It will gives the free flow of traffic.
Name:________________________(optional) Gender______

Age:___ Date: ______

Right check if you are one of the below (lagyan ng tsek kung ikaw ay isa sa
mga sumusunod)
o Driver
o Pedestrians
o Commuter

Write (/) if you STRONGLY AGREE, MODERATELY AGREE, AGREE,

STRONGLY DISAGREE OR DISAGREE to the possible solution of traffic
congestion along R-10 Caloocan Navotas Boundary going to 5 th Avenue
Vise Versa, Caloocan City.
S. M. S.
QUESTIONS
A A D D D

Remove old Jeepney's and Buses flights from R-

10 Caloocan-Navotas
Boundary going go 5th Avenue and Vice Versa
Caloocan City
Strict Implementation of Traffic rules And
Regulations
Truck Ban during day time

Built more foot bridge

Additional Traffic Sign

Additional traffic Lights

Additional Traffic Enforcer