59 - Defendants Motion in Limine Re Joffe Immunization
59 - Defendants Motion in Limine Re Joffe Immunization
59 - Defendants Motion in Limine Re Joffe Immunization
Defendant.
The Special Counsel has made Rodney Joffe a cornerstone of its case against
Mr. Sussmann. Most conspicuously, the Special Counsel charges that Mr. Sussmann falsely told
James Baker that he was not conveying information on behalf of a client when Mr. Sussmann was
actually conveying it on behalf of Mr. Joffe. While Mr. Joffe is prepared to testify in Mr.
including that Mr. Joffe’s work was not connected to the Clinton Campaign—the Special Counsel
is making it impossible for Mr. Sussmann to call Mr. Joffe as an exculpatory witness at trial. The
Special Counsel is doing so by manufacturing incredible claims of continuing criminal liability for
Mr. Joffe that are forcing Mr. Joffe to assert his Fifth Amendment right. It is now April 2022. It
is simply inconceivable that Mr. Joffe faces any real continuing criminal exposure in connection
with the Special Counsel’s investigation. The Special Counsel is yet again overreaching, and
doing so in violation of Mr. Sussmann’s Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights. Accordingly, and
consistent with the law of multiple circuits confronting prosecutorial misconduct of the sort here,
Mr. Sussmann asks that this Court present the Special Counsel with the option of granting Mr.
BACKGROUND
A criminal defendant “has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense.
This right is a fundamental element of due process of law.” Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19
(1967). Pursuant to this right, D.C. Circuit law makes clear that the government cannot improperly
interfere with a defendant’s ability to call exculpatory witnesses at trial. See United States v. Davis,
974 F.2d 182, 186 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (“[P]rosecutorial and judicial actions aimed at discouraging
defense witnesses from testifying ha[ve] been deemed to deprive the criminal defendant of his
Sixth Amendment compulsory process right.” (citing Webb v. Texas, 409 U.S. 95 (1972) (per
curiam))). Indeed, where the government has prevented exculpatory witnesses from testifying by
impermissibly threatening their prosecution, D.C. courts have reversed those defendants’
convictions. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 478 F.2d 976, 979 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (reversing
convictions because “the prosecutor’s warning was plainly a threat that resulted in depriving the
In Smith, for example, the D.C. Circuit reversed the defendants’ convictions because the
prosecution advised an exculpatory witness “that if he took the stand . . . he ‘would’ be prosecuted
. . . . He was then not charged with any offenses and the plain inference from the circumstances
was that if he did not testify he would not be prosecuted for any of said offenses.” United States
v. Simmons, 670 F.2d 365, 369 & n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (describing Smith, 478 F.2d at 978-79).
The D.C. Circuit explained that “[t]he admonition that the prosecutor gave to [the witness] was
obviously calculated to induce him not to testify for the defense. It was a threat over and above
any advice that the record indicated was timely, necessary or appropriate.” Id. And, in United
States v. Blackwell, but for the defendant’s failure to “call[] [the exculpatory witness] as a defense
witness” at trial, the D.C. Circuit noted that it “might have concluded that . . . misinformation”
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provided by the prosecution to the exculpatory witness about the potential for reinstatement of
charges “constituted harmful and reversible error.” 694 F.2d 1325, 1343 (D.C. Cir. 1982).
In other circuits too, courts are clear that the government cannot prevent exculpatory
witnesses from testifying through improper threats of criminal exposure. See United States v.
Morrison, 535 F.2d 223, 227-28 (3d Cir. 1976) (“repeated [Fifth Amendment] warnings which
culminated in a highly intimidating personal interview” were found to have “infringed defendant’s
constitutional right to have [the witness’s] freely-given testimony”); United States v. MacCloskey,
682 F.2d 468, 479 (4th Cir. 1982) (“the U.S. Attorney’s eleventh hour call . . . suggesting that [the
witness] would be well-advised to remember the Fifth Amendment” “independently warrants the
grant of a new trial”); United States v. Hammond, 598 F.2d 1008, 1012 (5th Cir. 1979) (finding
“substantial governmental interference” with defense witness based on prosecutorial threat that
witness would have “nothing but trouble” in another pending trial if he continued to testify);
United States v. Aguilar, 90 F. Supp. 2d 1152, 1164-68 (D. Colo. 1998) (finding “defendant’s due
process/compulsory process claim . . . meritorious” in part due to prosecutor’s warning that “there
might be a problem with [the witness’s] plea bargain”); United States v. Lord, 711 F.2d 887, 891
(9th Cir. 1983) (“record can also be read to suggest . . . prosecutorial misconduct,” because
exculpatory witness “testified that . . . the prosecutor told him that whether he would be prosecuted
depended on his testimony” and because “[t]he prosecutor indicated that he told [the witness] about
the self-incrimination privilege and that the government would not prosecute [the witness] if he
exculpatory witness from testifying, courts typically present the government with a choice—either
dismissing the case or granting use immunity “pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 6002, 6003.” Morrison,
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535 F.2d at 229; see also Lord, 711 F.2d at 892-93 (“the court should enter a judgment of acquittal
for [defendant] unless the prosecution requests use immunity for [witness] at a new trial”); United
States v. Bahadar, 954 F.2d 821, 826 (2d Cir. 1992) (Second Circuit leaves “the immunity decision
to the executive branch but interpos[es] the judicial power to subject the government to certain
choices of action . . . requiring the government to grant defense witness immunity at the risk of
dismissal of the indictment.”). To determine whether to present the government with such a
choice, courts typically employ a two-prong test requiring the defendant to show: (1) the
government has forced a potential witness to invoke the Fifth Amendment through misconduct,
such as (a) “threats, harassment, or other forms of intimidation,” (b) conferring immunity “on some
witnesses and not on others” unmoored from “legitimate law enforcement concerns,” or (c)
“deliberately den[ying] ‘immunity for the purpose of withholding exculpatory evidence and
gaining a tactical advantage through such manipulation;’”1 and (2) the relevant witness’s testimony
is “material, exculpatory and not cumulative and is not obtainable from any other source.” United
States v. Ebbers, 458 F.3d 110, 119 (2d Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).
Although the D.C. Circuit has not expressly adopted this analytical framework, there is no
reason it should not be applied here. In Smith and Blackwell, the D.C. Circuit demonstrated that
it will reverse convictions outright where the government has, in fact, impermissibly prevented
exculpatory witnesses from testifying. See Smith, 478 F.2d at 979; Blackwell, 694 F.2d at 1343.
It follows that the D.C. Circuit would also offer the government the pretrial alternative of granting
witness immunity short of the ultimate consequence of dismissal. Cf. Simmons, 670 F.2d at 371
1
Prosecutorial misconduct “does not require a defendant to show specific intent on the part of the
Government to interfere with his due process rights. . . ‘If the suppression of evidence results in
constitutional error, it is because of the character of the evidence, not the character of the
prosecutor.’” United States v. Quinn, 728 F.3d 243, 260 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v.
Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110 (1976)).
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(remanding for an evidentiary hearing on possible prosecutorial misconduct and noting that if “the
court decides to grant a new trial . . . [the witness] can be compelled to [testify] by a grant of
immunity”).2
ARGUMENT
The Special Counsel is engaging in tactics that are improperly preventing Mr. Sussmann
from calling Mr. Joffe as an exculpatory witness at trial. The Special Counsel’s astonishing
insistence that Mr. Joffe continues to face criminal exposure for conduct that occurred more than
five years ago, the Special Counsel’s discriminatory approach to immunity in this case, and the
Special Counsel’s unfair and unsupported threats all support a finding that the Special Counsel is
engaging in precisely the types of misconduct that justify dismissal of a criminal case. Should the
Special Counsel persist in refusing to immunize Mr. Joffe—a critical exculpatory witness who is
prepared to testify on behalf of Mr. Sussmann—this Court must dismiss the charge against Mr.
Sussmann to avoid a trial that “deprive[s] the criminal defendant of his Sixth Amendment
The Special Counsel’s misconduct will improperly and unfairly force Mr. Joffe to invoke
his Fifth Amendment right and interfere with Mr. Sussmann’s right to call witnesses in his defense.
First, the Special Counsel continues to threaten Mr. Joffe with potential prosecution. After
Mr. Joffe received a trial subpoena from Mr. Sussmann, counsel for Mr. Joffe asked the Special
Counsel’s Office whether Mr. Joffe remains a subject of its investigation. See Letter from Steven
2
The choice between immunity and dismissal is distinct from the government being “compelled
to grant a defense witness immunity,” a question upon which the D.C. Circuit has expressly
reserved. United States v. Lugg, 892 F.2d 101, 104 (D.C. Cir. 1989). Regardless, nothing in this
motion depends upon such a power.
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A. Tyrrell (Apr. 1, 2022), attached hereto as Exhibit A. Incredibly, the Special Counsel’s Office
advised that Mr. Joffe remained a subject. Moreover, when pressed and “[r]ather than provide any
additional information . . . [the Special Counsel’s Office] stated that . . . Mr. Joffe’s status in the
investigation was sufficient to establish a good faith basis to invoke the privilege against self-
concern that the [Special Counsel’s Office] has advanced extremely aggressive, if not
evidence,” Mr. Joffe informed defense counsel that he “will invoke his rights under the Fifth
When asked how Mr. Joffe could remain a subject of the Special Counsel’s investigation
given that more than five years had elapsed since the events described in the Indictment,
see 18 U.S.C. § 3282 (“no person shall be prosecuted . . . unless the indictment is found or the
information is instituted within five years”), the Special Counsel’s Office vaguely noted that:
“continued to ‘percolate through various branches of the government and around the private sector
after that date, in various forms;’” that “certain fraud statutes have longer than a five-year
limitations period, although [the Special Counsel’s Office] did not specify what statutes might be
implicated by the events in question;” and that the Special Counsel’s Office “was unable to put an
end date on [its] investigation at this point.” Ex. A at 2. This “justification” for the continuing
criminal exposure of Mr. Joffe is utterly without merit and transparently pretextual. Mr. Sussmann
has received hundreds of thousands of pages of discovery and scores of witness statements in this
matter (including related to YotaPhones), even though Mr. Sussmann has not been charged with
any crime related to YotaPhones. The defense is unaware of any information suggesting that
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Mr. Joffe took any action to promote YotaPhone allegations to the government in any way that
could give rise to any conceivable criminal liability following April 2022. The defense is also not
aware of any theory of criminal liability that could be predicated on allegations that “percolated”
through the government—let alone allegations that percolated through the “private sector.”
It is preposterous for the Special Counsel to suggest that he might bring a case against Mr.
Joffe or anyone else involving YotaPhone allegations. The Special Counsel has not brought a
single such charge so far; indeed, its 27-page Indictment in this case, replete with pages of
extraneous information, does not even mention YotaPhones, and the Special Counsel has not even
charged a conspiracy to defraud the government in any form, let alone a conspiracy to defraud the
government involving YotaPhone allegations. And the notion that the Special Counsel’s Office
believes it has potentially several more years to do its work and to bring charges in this matter is
nothing short of jaw-dropping. See id. (vaguely pointing to “fraud statutes [with] longer than . . .
five-year limitations period[s]” and stating an inability “to put an end date on the investigation”).
The defense was not aware that the Special Counsel’s appointment and work have the life
Since there is no meaningful likelihood that Mr. Joffe can or will be prosecuted in relation
to the Special Counsel’s investigation, the Special Counsel’s refusal to confirm that Mr. Joffe is a
witness only—and his tacit threats of potential prosecution—have had the expected effect of
precluding Mr. Joffe from testifying on Mr. Sussmann’s behalf, are “over and above [what] that
the record indicate[s is] timely, necessary or appropriate,” Simmons, 670 F.2d at 369 (describing
Smith, 478 F.2d at 979), and therefore amount to prosecutorial misconduct. See MacCloskey, 682
F.2d at 479 (“the U.S. Attorney’s eleventh hour call . . . suggesting that [the witness] would be
well-advised to remember the Fifth Amendment” “independently warrants the grant of a new
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trial”); Hammond, 598 F.2d at 1012 (finding “substantial governmental interference” based on
prosecutorial threat that witness would have “nothing but trouble” in another pending trial if he
claim . . . meritorious” in part due to prosecutor’s warning that “there might be a problem with [the
Second, although he refuses to confer immunity on Mr. Joffe, the Special Counsel has
granted immunity to one other witness for whom he has produced material pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 3500, and the defense understands that the Special Counsel is also considering granting
immunity to at least one additional witness for whom § 3500 material has likewise been produced.
Both witnesses are wholly peripheral to the sole charge brought in this case—whether Mr.
Sussmann falsely told Mr. Baker that he was not acting on behalf of clients. The Special Counsel’s
gamesmanship.” Blissett v. Lefevre, 924 F.2d 434, 442 (2d Cir. 1991) (affirming judgment because
the “record [t]here does not reveal such a discriminatory use of immunity”); see also Earl v. United
States, 361 F.2d 531, 534 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1966) (suggesting that “arguments could be advanced”
that the immunity “statute as applied denied [defendant] due process,” “had the Government in
th[at] case secured testimony from one eyewitness by granting him immunity while declining to
Third, given the Special Counsel’s repeated entreaties to Mr. Joffe to cooperate in the
Special Counsel’s investigation against Mr. Sussmann, including only weeks ago, the Special
Counsel’s refusal to confer immunity on Mr. Joffe, and the Special Counsel’s insistence that
Mr. Joffe continues to face criminal exposure, seems to be not only retaliatory, but tantamount to
a “deliberate[] deni[al] [of] ‘immunity for the purpose of withholding exculpatory evidence and
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gaining a tactical advantage through such manipulation.’” Ebbers, 458 F.3d at 119 (citation
omitted). As in Smith, “[i]f the witness were guilty of [the threatened offenses], he should have
been charged with those offenses whether he testified or not. The [Special Counsel is] obviously
threatening the witness to stop him from testifying-even truthfully.” Simmons, 670 F.2d at 369
The Special Counsel well knows the central and exculpatory role that Mr. Joffe would—
and must—play in Mr. Sussmann’s defense. Given that this case centers, in part, on Mr.
Sussmann’s attorney-client relationship with Mr. Joffe, there are only two witnesses who can offer
first-hand testimony about that relationship: Mr. Sussmann and Mr. Joffe. Mr. Sussmann has a
Fifth Amendment right to refrain from testifying. Cf. United States v. Thomas, 488 F.2d 334, 336
(6th Cir. 1973) (reversing and remanding due to prosecutorial misconduct, which “substantially
interfered with any free and unhampered determination the witness might have made as to whether
to testify and if so as to the content of such testimony. . . . [T]he Government’s misconduct had a
direct bearing on the defense counsel’s trial strategy, suggesting that had [the witness] testified
relationship is Mr. Joffe himself. And the defense believes that, if called to testify, Mr. Joffe would
offer critical exculpatory testimony, including that: (1) Mr. Sussmann and Mr. Joffe agreed that
information should be conveyed to the FBI and to Agency-2 to help the government, not to benefit
Mr. Joffe; (2) the information was conveyed to the FBI to provide a heads up that a major
newspaper was about to publish a story about links between Alfa Bank and the Trump
Organization; (3) in response to a later request from Mr. Baker, Mr. Sussmann conferred with Mr.
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Joffe about sharing the name of that newspaper before Mr. Sussmann told Mr. Baker that it was
The New York Times; (4) the researchers and Mr. Joffe himself held a good faith belief in the
analysis that was shared with the FBI, and Mr. Sussmann accordingly and reasonably believed the
data and analysis were accurate; and (5) contrary to the Special Counsel’s entire theory, Mr. Joffe
was neither retained by, nor did he receive direction from, the Clinton Campaign.
CONCLUSION
The Special Counsel cannot have it both ways. He cannot make Mr. Sussmann’s
representation of Mr. Joffe central to his case against Mr. Sussmann, while at the same time
effectively preventing Mr. Sussmann from calling Mr. Joffe to offer exculpatory testimony at trial
through pretextual, hollow claims and threats about Mr. Joffe’s continuing criminal exposure. The
Special Counsel’s conduct here is exactly the sort of bad faith gamesmanship forbidden by the
Fifth Amendment’s guarantee of due process and the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of compulsory
process. Indeed, Mr. Joffe’s testimony is essential to Mr. Sussmann’s ability to demonstrate to the
jury that he is not guilty. As such, Mr. Joffe’s testimony, through grant of use immunity, is critical
For these reasons, should the Special Counsel fail to promptly grant Mr. Joffe immunity
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 6002 and 6003, Mr. Sussmann requests that the Court dismiss this case.
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/s/Sean M. Berkowitz
Sean M. Berkowitz (pro hac vice)
LATHAM & WATKINS LLP
330 North Wabash Avenue
Suite 2800
Chicago, IL 60611
Tel: (312) 876-7700
Fax: (312) 993-9767
Email: sean.berkowitz@lw.com
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EXHIBIT A
Case 1:21-cr-00582-CRC Document 59-1 Filed 04/04/22 Page 2 of 3
I am writing regarding your subpoena for testimony at trial in the above-referenced matter that I
accepted service of on March 30, 2022, on behalf of my client, Rodney Joffe. For the reasons set forth
below, my client will invoke his rights under the Fifth Amendment if called to testify at trial, even
though he very much wants to set the record straight about the allegations against him and believes he
can provide exculpatory information concerning the allegations against your client, Michael Sussmann.
On March 31, the day after receipt of the subpoena, I spoke by telephone with representatives of the
Office of Special Counsel ("OSC") in an effort to obtain sufficient information from which I could
assess and advise my client whether he has a credible fear of prosecution. I then explained that I had
requested an update because my client had received your trial subpoena. Given the impending trial date,
I stated that we wished to inform you as soon as possible whether Mr. Joffe intends to invoke his Fifth
Amendment rights if called to testify. I indicated that Mr. Joffe has a desire to testify, but he has
concerns about doing so ifhe is a subject of the OSC' s investigation. In response, Mr. Defilippis
confirmed that Mr. Joffe remains a subject of the investigation (as he has been since our first contact
with the OSC fifteen months ago). I then asked if Mr. DeFilippis could explain what basis remains for
Mr. Joffe's possible prosecution. Rather than provide any additional information to aid in our
assessment of the risk of prosecution, Mr. Defilippis stated that in his view, Mr. Joffe's status in the
investigation was sufficient to establish a good faith basis to invoke the privilege against self-
incrimination. Mr. Defilippis further stated that OSC did not want to get into any more detail, and
presumed that Latham would understand if Mr. Joffe decided to invoke.
I then stated to Mr. DeFilippis that more than five years has elapsed since the events that are described
in the indictment against your client and the OSC's related public filings, including the September 19,
2016, meeting with the FBI and the February 9, 201 7, meeting with REDACTED , and asked what other basis
the OSC might have to charge Joffe with criminal conduct. Mr. Defilippis replied in general terms that
Case 1:21-cr-00582-CRC Document 59-1 Filed 04/04/22 Page 3 of 3
while it was fair to say that the Alfa-related allegations tied back to Sussmann's September 19, 2016
meeting, the Yota phone-related allegations continued to "percolate through various branches of the
government and around the private sector after that date, in various forms." Defilippis further noted that
certain fraud statutes have longer than a five-year limitations period, although he did not specify what
statutes might be implicated by the events in question. Beyond that, Mr. Defilippis was W1willing to
comment further. In light of Mr. Defilippis' Wlwillingness to provide additional information, I asked
whether he ever envisioned an end to my client' status as a subject of the OSC's investigation, and if so,
when that might be. Mr. Defilippis indicated that he was Wlable to put an end date on the investigation
at this point, and that it would depend upon various factors, including the conduct in question and the
applicability of various limitations periods. Finally, I asked whether the OSC would be willing to let me
know if and when the investigation as to Joffe concludes, and Mr. Defilippis said that he would do so.
Based on these circumstances, as well as our concern that the OSC has advanced extremely aggressive,
if not unprecedented theories of prosecution, and has evinced an unwillingness to consider exculpatory
evidence that we have presented, my client will invoke his rights W1der the Fifth Amendment if called as
a witness at your client's upcoming trial. If you have any questions or would like to discuss this matter,
please let m know.
Case 1:21-cr-00582-CRC Document 59-2 Filed 04/04/22 Page 1 of 3
Defendant.
Counsel Does Not Immunize Rodney Joffe, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to
Dismiss this Case if the Special Counsel Does Not Immunize Rodney Joffe is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Pursuant to LCrR 47(h), the following is a list of the names and addresses of all attorneys
For Defendant
Andrew DeFilippis
SPECIAL COUNSEL’S OFFICE
145 N Street Northeast
Washington, DC 20002
Tel: (212) 637-2231
Email: andrew.defilippis@usdoj.gov
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Michael T. Keilty
DOJ-USAO
145 N Street, NE
Room 3E 803
Washington DC, DC 20530
Tel: (718) 938-5534
Email: michael.keilty@usdoj.gov
Brittain Shaw
DOJ-USAO
145 N Street, NE
Suite 3E 803
Washington, DC 20530
Tel: (202) 538-4256
Email: brittain.shaw@usdoj.gov